高三英语完型填空解题指导(ppt)

No.6MiddleSchool,张玉勋,完形填空解题指导,一.完形填空题型特征：完形填空通常是一篇词数250-350左右的文章，设空20个。每空设四个选项，要求考生选择最佳选项，将所缺信息补上，以达到“完型”的目的。此题是在语篇的基础上考查语言运用能力、阅读能力和逻辑思维能力。完型填空题通常针对语篇话题相关的核心词在语境中的语义辨析和组合用法以及逻辑关联语等衔接成分设题，且每空干扰项与最佳选项在语法形式和语意上相当或近似。一些选项，如果脱离语篇，仅以句子单位分析，几个选项看似都正确，但在语篇背景下进行超句法分析，即考虑语句间的语义连贯，则只有一个符合语篇语境的最佳选项。所以解完型填空题必须聚精会神地阅读全文，把握全文中心主旨，利用文章中空格外的词、句信息，猜测推断所缺信息的意思，搞清句与句之间、段与段之间的联系，在全面理解全文的基础上解题。,近年完形填空的命题特点：1.题型稳定，突出语篇，记叙文和夹叙夹议为主，且第一句不设空。文章故事情节完整，中心明确、逻辑结构清楚。2.辨析词义，以实词为主。3.长句增加，句式灵活，结构复杂。,二、完形填空命题要点：通过对完形填空题的分析和归纳，完型填空中的各个小题的测试点大致可以把握以下几种方向：1.以实词为主，考查词义辨析能力;2.考查固定搭配；3.考查关联词语4.考查名词和代词一致性；5.考查文章主要内容；6.考查上下文线索。,三、解题策略建议,1.把握语境：语境是指语言活动在一定的时间和空间里所表现的境况，包括语言的参与者(who),话题(what),时间（when),地点（where),原因（why），结果(result)等。要准确理解词句的含义，首先应把握好语境。Eg.Theyareflyingkites.歧义：1.他们在放风筝。2.他们是飞舞的风筝。Thestudentsareenjoyingthemselvesoutside.Theyareflyingkites.-Lookatthosebirdsinthesky.-No.Theyarenotbirds.Theyareflyingkites.Eg.Wehidourfacesbehindpapersasusualwhenavoicerangout.“_.Thisisyourdriverspeaking.”A.NoteB.NoticeC.AttentionD.Becareful,2.把握词汇关系，捕捉前后联系一个语篇通过词汇的重复、同义、反义、互补、整体与部分等实现语义连贯。语篇中词汇的衔接关系有复现和同现两种。（1）复现关系：指某一词以原词、同根词、同义词、近义词、概括词等形式出现在语篇的不同地方，使句子间相互衔接。Eg1.Itwasdifficultforhimtoeven_around.Hisdoctortoldhimthathewouldlosetheabilitytomoveandeventuallydiefromthedisease.A.runB.passC.moveD.travel分析：句子通过move的复现和逻辑联系词even衔接起来。Even表示递进关系：difficulttomovelosetheabilitytomoveeventuallydie.其严重程度依次家具，符合逻辑。,Eg.2Theneighbourhoodwatchgroup_1_onthethirdWednesdayofeverymonth.ThatswhenTimgetstogetherwithabouttenofhisneighbourstodiscusscommunity_2_.Membersoftheneighbourhoodwatchgroupwanttohelpthepolicekeeptheirhomes,streetsandfamiliessafe.(02北京春）1.A.meetsB.quarrelsC.singsD.search2.A.politicsB.wealthC.healthD.safety分析：getstogether与meets为同义复现，使前后两句语义连贯。本语篇话题为社区安全，下句中的词safe与safety是同根词复现。,（2）同现关系：同现是指词汇共同出现的倾向性。在语篇中，某些词往往会同时出现，这些词语属于同一词汇套，形成词汇链；人们遇到其中一个词语时，便会联想到词汇套中的另一些词。比如，在上例中，围绕keepingwatchontheneighbourhood这一话题，我们会联想到communitysafety,keepsafe,police等。当然，同现关系还包括反义关系、互补关系和搭配关系等。Eg:Janeisagoodteacher,butsheisa_wifeandmother.A.goodB.favouriteC.perfectD.bad分析：前后分句中Jane与she相照应，逻辑联系词but表明前后为转折关系，因此选项应是good的反义同现，句子语意才连贯。Eg:Whilethelittleonesplayedandranaround,Ipreparedbreadandbutterforthechildren,andhotchocolateforthe_(07湖北）A.driversB.guestsC.customersD.adults分析：thelittleones与thechildren照应，由孩子联想到大人，children与adult构成互补关系。上下句语义连贯。,3、利用语法关系，启示语义连贯：一个语义连贯的语篇往往会有照应、并列、对比、一致、省略、时间关联、地点关联、因果关联等语法关系，因此，解题时理应敏锐地利用这些关系进行分析。Eg1：YouandJanecanstayhere.Imsureyoullenjoy_.ButJanemayhaveahardtime,sinceshealwaysfindsitdifficulttoadjusttonewsurroundings.A.yourselvesB.yourselfC.usD.itEg2.Travellingwest,yousetyourclock1;travellingeast,yousetitaheadTravelling2todaybecomesyesterday;travellingwestitistomorrow.1.A.behindB.forwardC.backD.ahead2.A.southB.eastC.northD.west,Eg3:Sotheslavewaspardonedand_A.killedB.richC.happyD.freedEg4:Manyoldpeopledonthavegood_.TheycantwatchTV,buttheycanlistentomusicornewsovertheradio.A.hearingB.healthC.eyesightD.timeEg5:Lifespringsfromsorrowandcalamities(灾难)whiledeathdoesso_easeandpleasure.A.atB.fromC.toD.withEg.6:TinaStedman,presidentof_1_neighbourhoodwatchgroup,agreeswithTim.“Peopleseemtothinkthatcrimehappenstootherpeoplebutnot_2_them.Well,itsneverhappenedtome.”Shesaid,“but.”(02北京春）1.A.itsB.hisC.theirD.your2.A.roundB.onC.aboutD.to,Eg7:Hewaschattingonlineand,_,hewasplayingacomputergameawargame.(05浙江）A.firstofallB.justthenC.atthesametimeD.bythetimeEg8:Iraisedmyhead,andsawnobodyshowedanyinterest._,Irealizedthatpeopletherewerehavinganiceconversationwiththeirmachine,notwithpeople.（05浙江）A.FromthenonB.AtthatmomenC.InallD.AboveallEg9:Thetidewasrushingtotheentranceand_tothewildopensea.(05天津）A.besideB.beforeC.behindD.beyondEg10:andtheofficersthenbegantoeattheirmeal,sayingthatthemushroomshadaverystrange_quitepleasanttaste.A.besidesB.butC.andD.or,Eg:11:Atransistorradioissometimesverysmall.Itisveryeasytocarry_,radiobroadcastsarebetterforblindpeople.A.BesidesB.HoweverC.YetD.SometimesEg12:Beforeleaving,Ihadturnedtheheater_1_intheroadhouse,sothatwhenwewentin,itwasniceand_2_(07湖北）1.A.onB.offC.inD.over2.A.neatB.hotC.warmD.attractiveEg13:Isawtheirbodies,butIcouldntfeeltheirsouls_1_theirsoulsbelongedtothe_2_.(05浙江）A.becauseB.whenC.untilD.unless2.A.homeB.worldC.netD.cafe,Eg1:Heisagreatchatteraswell.Ifhedidnotknowthem,hewouldgreetthemwithafew49abouttheweather,50hedidknowthem,hewouldaskabouttheirfamiliesormake51,alwayscuttinghiscloth52hiscustomers.(05江西)49.A.SayingB.questionsC.wordsD.speeches50.A.andthenB.andsoC.evenifD.butif51.A.PreparationsB.jokesC.repairsD.friends52.A.accordingtoB.duetoC.insteadofD.upto,4、确认句型特点，驾驭句式；抓主干，理枝叶，划分意群，明确句子结构，简化长难句。,Eg2:OneafternoonIwassittingatmyfavoritetableinarestaurant,waitingforthefoodIhadorderedtoarrive.SuddenlyI36thatamansittingatatablenearthewindowkeptglancinginmydirection,37heknewme.(05全国I）36.A.knewB.understandC.recognizeD.noticed37.A.sinceB.evenifC.thoughD.asif,Eg.3:Thatwasthirty-eightyears(ago)whenIwasfifteen.Ihavenevertoldanyoneaboutitbefore,_,haveItriedtoexplaintomyselfwhynot.(06江苏）A.eitherB.neverC.norD.soEg.4:TheyearIwenttocollegewasaverydifficulttransition(过渡期）forme._isprobablytruewithmanypeople.Igotquitehomesickand(often)thoughtaboutgoinghome.(06全国II)A.IfB.SoC.AsD.What,5.通过词义辨析、固定搭配、生活常识或相关背景知识答题。,Eg1.Itwas_thanthat,forIfeltIhadbecomeapartoftheir(life).(06辽宁）A.lessB.leastC.moreD.mostEg2:Shewas_1_jeansandasweater,sittingatthetableIhadjust_2_,apileofpapersspreadaroundher.(06辽宁）1.A.hangingB.makingC.wearingD.changing2.A.cleanedB.washedC.sweptD.brushedEg3:Thewindhadpickedup,andangry,darkclouds_acrossthesky.A.droppedB.fellC.rolledD.coveredEg4:FinallyIturnedthekeyinthelockand_thedooropen,withDadstillcomplainingaboutahurtingkneeorsomething.A.knockedB.forcedC.pushedD.tried,四、解题步骤建议：1.抓首句，打开缺口，进入状态（1分钟）：根据首句判断文章的体裁，扑捉题材信息。如果首句交代了when,where,who,what等要素，就是记叙文，通常是通过一个故事来讲述一种道理；如果首句是说明某个新事物，一般是说明文；如果开门见山地提出一个观点或现象，很可能就是议论文；首句所采用的表达方式，包括时态、语态还是推断文章中心，为下一步把握全文中心的重要线索，对考生进入文章情景起着一定的铺垫作用。Eg1.Onemanwastomeethiswifedowntownandspendsometimeshoppingwithher.Hewaited_for15minutes.Thenhewaitedimpatientlyfor15minutesmore.Afterthat,hebecame(通过首句和其后的句子看，这篇文章可能是记叙文，从现有信息来看，首先要搞清“等待”这一事件的起因、发展和结果,以及作者讲述这个事件想要告诉人们一个什么道理.),Eg2.IknowIshouldhavetoldtheheadmasteratthetime.Thatwasmyreal_1_.(从本句shouldhavedone结构表达方式可以看出作者要为往事感到懊悔了。)Eg3.HaveyoueverhadtodecidewhethertogoshoppingorstayhomeandwatchTVonaweekend?Nowyou_dobothatthesametime.Homeshoppingtelevisionnetworkshavebecome(通过文章开头这几句可以看出，这可能是一篇介绍电视购物的说明文。这里提出了Homeshoppingtelevisionnetworks这个主题）Eg4.ThesurveyaboutchildhoodintheThirdWorldshowsthatthestruggleforsurvivalislongandhard.Butintherichworld,childrencan_fromadifferentkindofpoverty-ofthespirit.（从文章前两句来看，文章一开始提出观点：第三世界的儿童为生存而挣扎，而发达国家的儿童的日子也不好过，他们为精神贫困而痛苦，我们可以推断，下文将要为这一论点提供证据或解释。）,2.通读全文，把握脉络，领会中心（2-3分钟）IknowIshouldhavetoldtheheadmasteratthetime.Thatwasmyreal_1_.Hehadgoneoutofthestudyforsome_2_,leavingmealone.InhisabsenceIlookedtosee_3_wasonhisdesk.Inthe_4_wasasmallpieceofpaperonwhichwerewrittenthe_5_“EnglishWritingPrize1949:HistoryIsaSeriesofBiographies(人物传记）”(作者被一个人留在校长办公室，桌上有一份英语写作竞赛的题目。）由此我们进入情景，可以想象下文将要发生什么事。A(n)_6_boywouldhaveavoidedlookingatthetitleassoonashesawthe_7_.Ididnot.ThesubjectoftheEnglishWritingPrizewaskepta_8_untilthestartoftheexamsoIcouldnot_9_readingit.Whentheheadmaster_10_,Iwaslookingoutofthewindow.(作者果然忍不住偷看了试题，且装作没事的样子）,Ishouldhavetoldhimwhathad_11_then.Itwouldhavebeenso_12_tosay;“Imsorry,butI_13_thetitlefortheEnglishWritingPrizeonyourdesk.Youllhaveto_14_it.”ThechancepassedandIdidnot_15_it.Isattheexamthenextdayandwon.Ididnt_16_tocheat,butitwasstillcheatinganyway.(作者错过了道歉的机会，不光彩地赢得了成功)Thatwasthirty-eightyears_17_whenIwasfifteen.Ihavenevertoldanyoneaboutitbefore,_18_haveItriedtoexplaintomyselfwhynot.(那时作者15岁，秘密保持了38年）TheobviousexplanationisthatIcouldnotadmitIhadseenthetitle_19_admittingthatIhadbeenlookingatthethingsonhisdesk._20_theremusthavebeenmorebehindit.Whateveritwas,ithasbecomeagoodexampleofhowalittlemistakecantrap(使陷入）youinamoreseriousmoralcorner.(作者分析了原因，同时指出了文章要告诉我们的大道理：一个小小的错误往往会使人陷入“道德困境”而不能自拔。）,3.瞻前顾后，身临其境，从上下文中找线索，确定选项（10分钟）IknowIshouldhavetoldtheheadmasteratthetime.Thatwasmyreal_1_.1.A.planB.faultC.gradeD.luckHehadgoneoutofthestudyforsome_2_,leavingmealone.InhisabsenceIlookedtosee_3_wasonhisdesk.Inthe_4_wasasmallpieceofpaperonwhichwerewrittenthe_5_“EnglishWritingPrize1949:HistoryIsaSeriesofBiographies(人物传记）.2.A.reasonB.courseC.exampleD.vacation3.A.thisB.whichC.thatD.what4.A.drawerB.cornerC.middleD.box5.A.namesB.wordsC.ideasD.messages,A(n)_6_boywouldhaveavoidedlookingatthetitleassoonashesawthe_7_.Ididnot.ThesubjectoftheEnglishWritingPrizewaskepta_8_untilthestartoftheexamsoIcouldnot_9_readingit.Whentheheadmaster_10_,Iwaslookingoutofthewindow.6.A.honestB.handsomeC.friendlyD.active7.A.deskB.paperC.bookD.drawer8.A.questionB.keyC.noteD.secret9.A.helpB.considerC.practiseD.forget10.A.disappearedB.stayedC.returnedD.went,Ishouldhavetoldhimwhathad_11_then.Itwouldhavebeenso_12_tosay;“Imsorry,butI_13_thetitlefortheEnglishWritingPrizeonyourdesk.Youllhaveto_14_it.”ThechancepassedandIdidnot_15_it.Isattheexamthenextdayandwon.Ididnt_16_tocheat,butitwasstillcheatinganyway.11.A.existedB.remainedC.happenedD.continued12.A.tiringB.easyC.importantD.difficult13.A.sawB.gaveC.setD.made14.A.repeatB.defendC.c