英语构词法总结

构词法前缀：通常改变词义 后缀：通常改变词性a- : amoral 不道德的 apathy 无情 dis: dishonest, disappear, disloyal, disorder in/ir/ il/im: incorrect injustice impossible illegal irregular non: non-scientist non-smoker non-stop un: unhappy, unreal, unofficial, unfair3）贬义前缀 mal-, mis-, pseudo-(伪,假)maltreat，malfunction 机能失常，malnutritionmislead, misinform, misfortunepseudoscientific, pseudo-realismwell: well-known, well-informed5) 表示态度或倾向的前缀anti-(反对，防止)：antiwar, antiaircraft防空袭的contra-(反对，相反)：contradict, contra-dancecounter-(反对，相反)：counteraction反作用pro-(亲，赞成)：pro-American, pro-slavery6) 表示时间或顺序ex-表示前任的，从前的：ex-wife, ex-presidentfore-前，先：forefather, forethought深谋远虑post-后的：post-war, postgraduatepre-前的：pre-war, prematurere-再：remarriage, reconsider7) 表示地点的前缀extra-以外的：extra-official, extralegalfore-在前边: forehead, forefather, foretellinter-在之间: international, interschooltele-远距离的: telecommunication, telescopetrans-穿越:transplantin-内,里: inside, inland, invadesuper-在之上: superstructure上层建筑8) 表数字的前缀uni-（统一的）：uniform, unisex(男女皆宜的)mono-(单一): monologue, monoxide一氧化碳bi-(二个): bicycle, bi-lingualdi-(双倍的，两重的): dialogue, dioxide二氧化碳multi-(多的)：multimedia semi-（半的） semiautomatic半自动的 hemi-(半的):hemisphere半球tri-(三个)：triangle, tricolor三色旗centi-(百分之一)：centimeter厘米，centigram厘克有些前缀可改变词性a-, be-, en/em-asleep, awakebefriend, belovedenforce, enable, endanger, encourage, enrich, enlarge常用后缀1. 1.指人的后缀- eer: engineer, pioneer, volunteer-er/or: singer, teacher, visitor, actor-ess: actress, hostess-ster: youngster, gangster-an, ian, ese国家的人：Australian, American-ant, ent: assistant, applicant, dependant-ician: electrician, technician-ist: scientist, communist, typist, chemist-ism: socialism, realism 2. 名词的后缀 -age, -al, -ion/-sion/-ation/-tion, -dom, -hood, -ity, -ment, -ness, -ship, -th, -ty, -ure, -ics, -logy3. 形容词的后缀 名词变形容词：-ed, -ful, -ish, -less, -like, -ly, -y, -c, -ous 动词变形容词： -able/ible: arguable, permissible -tive/sive: talkative, decisive 4. 副词的后缀 ly, -ward/wards5. 动词的后缀-ate: attribute, calculate-en: blacken, redden, broaden, deepen-ify: beautify, certify, modify-ize/ise: analyze, modernize名词可数名词的复数形式：1. 1.s2. 2.以s, x, ch, sh, +es3. 3.以辅音字母+y结尾的，变y为i+es.4. 4.o+es: heroes, potatoes, tomatoes, echoes a. 以两个元音结尾的，+s 例如：bamboo, zoo, radio, studio, shampoo b. 外来词+s：photo, piano, kilo, tobacco, memo, auto5. 以f/fe结尾的，变f/fe为ve, +s leaf, wife, knife, half, thief, wolf, shelf, life 有的直接+s roof, cliff, proof, chief, gulf, belief6. 不规则 man-men woman-women tooth-teeth foot-feet child-children goose-geese mouse-mice ox-oxen a. 外来词 （仍保持原有复数形式） phenomenon- phenomena criterion- criteria formula- formulae thesis- theses basis- bases analysis-analyses crisis- crises medium-media curriculum-curricula b. 单复同形 Chinese, Japanese, aircraft, sheep, deer, swine猪，means, series, shark7. 合成的名词，只将里面所含的主体名词变成复数 lookers-on, runners-up亚军，sons-in-law, grandchildren 如没有主体名词，在最后一词后+复数词尾 drawbacks缺陷 由man, woman构成的合成名词，里面所有的成份+复数 men-servants women doctors8. 有些名词常以复数出现 a. scissors, trousers, pants, shorts, shoes, spectacles, glasses b. 以ing结尾的：belongings, surroundings, doings, savings, findings, earnings, stockings c. contents目录，arms武器, statistics统计资料， fireworks, thanks, clothes, valuables, headquarters d. 有些名词在词组 take pains to do, make preparations, make arrangements, give regards to, be at odds with与不和， give respects to , be in high spirits9. 有些不可数名词，有时也可用复数。 experiences, failures, hopes and fears10. 与数词连用的名词，复数仍保持单数形式。 two dozen eggs, two hundred pe