自考英语词汇学-第九章课件

英语词汇学Chapter9EnglishIdioms英语习语,Idiom习语,Idiomsconsistofsetphrasesandshortsentences，whicharepeculiartothelanguageinquestionandloadedwiththenativeculturesandideas.习语由固定的短语和短句组成，它们所讨论的语言所独有的，而且带有本族的文化和观念。Strictlyspeaking，idiomsareexpressionsthatarenotreadilyunderstandablefromtheirliteralmeaningsofindividualelements.严格来讲，习语是不能从其个体成分的文字意思理解其意义的，Inabroadsense，idiomsmayincludecolloquialisms，catchphrases，slangexpressions，proverbs，etc.从广义上讲，习语包括口语词、时髦语、俚语、谚语等。,9.1Characteristicsofidioms习语的特点,9.1.1Semanticunity语义的整体性Idiomseachconsistofmorethanoneword，buteachisasemanticunity.习语有一个以上的词组成，但其语义又是一个整体。,Thoughthevariouswordswhichmakeuptheidiomhavetheirrespectiveliteralmeanings，intheidiomtheyhavelosttheirindividualidentity.尽管组成习语的不同词有各自的字面意义，但在习语中他们已失去个体的身份。Theirmeaningsarenotoftenrecognizableinthemeaningofthewholeidiom.Thepartofspeechofeachelementinnolongerimportant.Quiteoftentheidiomfunctionsasoneword.他们的意义在整个习语的意义中经常是无法识别的。同样，每一成分的词性不再重要。这条习语通常用作一个词。,ThesemanticunityofIdiomsisalsoreflectedintheisillogicalrelationshipbetweentheliteralmeaningofeachwordandthemeaningoftheidiom.习语的语义整体性也可体现在每个词的字面意义和习语的意义之间不合逻辑的关系中。Manyidiomsaresemanticallyinexplicable.许多习语在语义上是无法解释的。,9.1.2StructuralStability结构的稳定性,Thestructureofanidiomistoalargeextentunchangeable.一个习语的结构在很大程度上是不可改变的。First,theconstituentsofidiomscannotbereplaced首先,习语的组成部分成分不可替换。Secondly,thewordordercannotbeinvertedorchanged.习语的语序不能倒装或改变。,Thirdly,theconstituentsofidiomscannotbedeletedoraddedto，notevenanarticle.习语的组成成分不能删除或增加，甚至一个冠词。Finally,manyidiomsaregrammaticallyunanalysable.很多习语在语法上是不可分析的。,Theidomaticityofidiomsisgradableandmaybestbethoughtintermsofscale，withthe“true”idiomsestablishedattheupperendandregularcombinationsatthebottom.习语的习语性是分等级的，而且可能最好从等级上来研究。“真正的习语位于顶端，规则的组合处于末端。,Trueidiomsthemeaningoftheidiomcannotbededucedfromthoseoftheindividualconstituents.真正的习语语义是不能从单独组成成分的意义中推导出来的习语。Regularcombinationthespeakeroftheregularcollocations，themeaningoftheidiomcanbeunderstoodfromtheliteralmeaningoftheconstitute.规则组合其意义能从组成成分的字面意义中得以解释。,Semi-idiomsthemeaningsareinawayrelatedtothemeaningsoftheconstitutebutarenotthemselvesexplicit.半习语其意义在某种程度上与组成成分的意义相关联，但本身却不是很明确。Thefixityofidiomsdependsontheidiomaticity。Themoreidiomatictheidioms，themorefixedthestructure.习语的稳定性在于其习语性程度。习语的习语性越强，其结构也便越稳固。,9.2Classificationofidioms习语的分类ThestandardofClassificationofidiomsisThecriterionofgrammaticalfunction.习语的分类标准是语法功能的标准。,9.2.1Idiomsnominalinnature名词性习语Idiomsnominalinnaturehaveanounasthekeywordandfunctionasanoun.名词性习语都有一个名词充当关键词，而且在句中用作关键词。,9.2.2Idiomsadjectiveinnature形容词性习语functionasadjectivesbuttheconstituentsarenotnecessaryadjectives.功能是形容词，但其组成成分却未必是形容词,9.2.3Idiomsverbalinnature动词性习语Thisisthelargestgroup.这是习语中数量最多的一类。1）Phrasalverbsidiomswhicharecomposedofaverbplusaprepand/oraparticle.短语动词是由一个动词外加一个介词和/或小品词构成的习语。2）Othereverbphrasesthephrasesthatserveasverb其他动词短语,9.2.4Idiomsadverbialinnature副词性习语E.g.toothandnail：withgreatviolenceanddetermination拼命，竭尽全力innothingflat：inaverylittletime;soon立刻；在极短的时间内throughthickandthin：throughalldifficulties不畏艰险,9.2.5SentenceIdioms句式习语Theyaremainlyproverbsandsayingsincludingcolloquialismsandcatchphrases.主要是谚语和格言，包括口语词和时髦语Theformsandfunctionsofidiomsarenotnecessarilyidentical.习语的形式和功能并非完全相同。E.g.pepperandsaltHishairispepperandsalt.他的头发黑白相间,9.3Useofidioms习语的使用weneedtobeawareoftherhetoriccharacteristicsofidiomssuchasstylisticfeatures，Rhetoricalfeaturesandtheiroccasionalvariations.我们需要理解习语的修辞特点，如文体特征、修辞特征和其偶然的变异。,9.3.1Stylisticfeatures文体特征1）.Colloquialisms口语词2）.Slang俚语3）.Literaryexpressions书面表达式Thesameidiomsmayshowstylisticdifferencewhenitisassigneddifferentmeanings.同一条习语在不同意义时，可能会显示出一些文体差异。,9.3.2Rhetoricalfeatures修辞特征1.Phoneticmanipulation语音运用I.Alliteration头韵（法）II.Rhyme韵脚2.Lexicalmanipulation词汇运用I.Reiteration重复（同义的重复）II.Repetition重复III.Juxtaposition（ofantonyms）邻接（反义词）,3.Figureofspeech修辞手法I.Simile明喻II.Metaphor暗语Animaltorefertopeople.III.Metonymy借代Synecdoche提喻法.meansusingapartforawhole，anindividualforaclassamaterialforathingorthereverseofanyofthese.部分代替整体或整体代替部分,3.Figureofspeech修辞手法I.Simile明喻II.Metaphor暗语Animaltorefertopeople.III.Metonymy借代IVSynecdoche提喻法meansusingapartforawhole，anindividualforaclassamaterialforathingorthereverseofanyofthese.部分代替整体或整体代替部分,V.Personification拟人VI.Euphemism委婉语Someidiomsareusedinahumorousway习语一直以幽默的方式出现,9.3.3Variationofidioms习语的变化1).Replacementaconstituentmaybereplacedbyawordofthesamepartofspeech，resultinginsynonymousorantonymousidioms.替换。一个成分可能被同一词性的词所代替，结果导致同义或反义习语的产生。2).Additionordeletionsomeconstituentcanbeaddedordeletedwithoutanychangeofmeaning增词或减词。在有些情况下，可以增加或删去某些组成成分，而并不影响习语的意义。,3).Position-shiftingthepositionofcertainconstituentissomeidiomscanbeshiftedwithoutanychangeofmeaning。移位。有些习语中某些组成成分的位置是可以移位的，而它的意义不会改变。4).Shortinginproverbsandsayings，