托福阅读专题——插入题.ppt

InsertTextQuestion,byMaxine,1,2,3,Introduction,Tips,Clue1指代关系,4,Clue2逻辑关系,5,Clue3结构关系,Introduction,设置在文章的倒数第二题出题会确保不会因为这个缺失的句子而影响到全文的大意，缺少的这个句子是可有可无的出题原理：指代线索/逻辑线索/组织结构和语义线索,Tips,做句子插入题必须先读句子而非先读段落找线索词并积极对插入句上下文做预测从第一个小黑方块前一句话开始读，逐一代入进行验证插入句必须满足前后两条线索，先前再后。（先用前线索再看后线索）,Somecompaniesinthepowerindustryareawareofthiswiderpossibilityandareplanningsizablewind-farmprojectsinstatesotherthanCalifornia.有些能源行业的公司意识到了这个更大的可能性，正在计划在美国除了加州以外的州建立大型的风力发电站项目。,Since1980,theuseofwindtoproduceelectricityhasbeengrowingrapidly.In1994therewerenearly20,000windturbinesworldwide,mostgroupedinclusterscalledwindfarmsthatcollectivelyproduced3,000megawattsofelectricity.MostwereinDenmark(whichgot3percentofitselectricityfromwindturbines)andCalifornia(where17,000machinesproduced1percentofthestateselectricity,enoughtomeettheresidentialneedsofacityaslargeasSanFrancisco).Inprinciple,allthepowerneedsoftheUnitedStatescouldbeprovidedbyexploitingthewindpotentialofjustthreestatesNorthDakota,SouthDakota,andTexas.,Clue1指代关系,指代词（the,this,these,their，such,another,other,they,it）必然有所指代指代词后边若有名词短语，则向前寻找名词短语的同义改写，指代词必然有所指代小黑方块附近出现指代词，则注意是否有所指代，若无指代，插入句往往放在代词前的方块插入句中出现插入语或从句，重点读主干定冠词the用于重复上文提到的事物,Whatdoyourememberaboutyourlifebeforeyouwerethree?FewpeoplecanrememberanythingthathappenedtothemintheirearlyyearsAdultsmemoriesofthenextfewyearsalsotendtobescantyMostpeoplerememberonlyafewevents-usuallyonesthatweremeaningfulanddistinctive，suchasbeinghospitalizedorasiblingsbirth.Lookatthefoursquaresthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Otherimportantoccasionsareschoolgraduationsandweddings.,Casesinwhichmanyspeciesbecomeextinctwithinageologicallyshortintervaloftimearecalledmassextinctions.TherewasonesucheventattheendoftheCretaceousperiod(around70millionyearsago).Therewasanother,evenlarger,massextinctionattheendofthePermianperiod(around250millionyearsago).ThePermianeventhasattractedmuchlessattentionthanothermassextinctionsbecausemostlyunfamiliarspeciesperishedatthattime.Lookatthefoursquaresthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Ingeneral,itisbelievedthatthesetwoextinctionsresultedfromdrasticenvironmentalchangesthatfollowedmeteoriteimpactsormassivevolcaniceruptions.,Accordingly,FrancesetouttoovercomeBritainbyextendingitsmilitarydominationfromMoscowtoLisbon,fromJutlandtoCalabria.Allofthisentailedtremendousrisk,becauseFrancedidnothavethemilitaryresourcestocontrolthismuchterritoryandstillprotectitselfandmaintainorderathome.Frenchstrategistscalculatedthatanavyof150shipswouldprovidetheforcenecessarytodefeattheBritishnavy.ThisadvantagewasdeemednecessarybecauseofBritainssuperiorseaskillsandtechnology,andalsobecauseBritainwouldbefightingadefensivewar,allowingittowinwithfewerforces.SuchaforcewouldgiveFranceathree-to-twoadvantageoverBritain.,Severalfactorsaffecttidalranges,includingabruptchangesinatmosphericpressureorprolongedperiodsofextremehighorlowpressure.Theyarealsoinfluencedbythedensityandvolumeofseawater,variationsinocean-currentvelocities,earthquakes,andthegrowingorshrinkingoftheworldsglaciers.Infact,anyofthesefactorsalonecanaltersealevel.Thegreaterandmorerapidthechangeofwaterlevel,thegreatertheerosiveeffectofthetidalaction,andthusintheamountofmaterialtransportedanddepositedontheshore.Stormsurges,suchastheheapingupofoceanwaterbyhurricanewinds,areyetanotherfactor.,Weallknowthatmanymorepeopletodayareright-handedthanleft-handed.Canonetracethissamepatternfarbackinprehistory?Muchoftheevidenceaboutright-handversusleft-handdominancecomesfromstencilsandprintsfoundinrocksheltersinAustraliaandelsewhere,andinmanyIceAgecavesinFrance,Spain,andTasmania.Whenalefthandhasbeenstenciled,thisimpliesthattheartistwasright-handed,andviceversa.Eventhoughthepaintwasoftensprayedonbymouth,onecanassumethatthedominanthandassistedintheoperation.Onealsohastomaketheassumptionthathandswerestenciledpalmdownwardalefthandstenciledpalmupwardmightofcourselookasifitwerearighthand.Of158stencilsintheFrenchcaveofGargas,136havebeenidentifiedasleft,andonly22asright;right-handednesswasthereforeheavilypredominant.Thestencilsofhandsfoundinthesesheltersandcavesallowustodrawconclusionsaboutwhichhandwasdominant.,Clue2逻辑关系,常见逻辑关系：并列、递进、转折、因果、比较并列递进：furthermore,also,aswell,too,inaddition,moreover,besides,even,additionally,first,second,third.,notonly.butalso转折：although,conversely,however,instead,nevertheless,ontheotherhand,unlike,whereas,while因果：therefore,so,asaresult,consequently,accordingly,thus,hence比较：incontrast,onthecontrary,Clue2逻辑关系,插入句或黑方块附近出现转折对比标识词时：转折句中的主语前边可能提到过插入句或黑方块附近出现表示原因结果/总结结论标识词时：排除段首位置，注意因果逻辑关系/总结结论句中的元素，必与上一句有所对应,ThereactionoffarmerstotheinevitabledepletionoftheOgallalavaries.Manyhavebeenattemptingtoconservewaterbyirrigatinglessfrequentlyorbyswitchingtocropsthatrequirelesswater.Other,however,haveadoptedthephilosophythatitisbesttousethewaterwhileitisstilleconomicallyprofitabletodosoandtoconcentrateonhigh-valuecropssuchascotton.Theincentiveofthefarmerswhowishtoconservewaterisreducedbytheirknowledgethatmanyoftheirneighborsareprofitingbyusinggreatamountsofwater,andintheprocessaredrawingdowntheentireregionswatersupplies.Inthefaceoftheupcomingwatersupplycrisis,anumberofgrandioseschemeshavebeendevelopedtotransportvastquantitiesofwaterbycanalorpipelinefromtheMississippi,theMissouri,ortheArkansasrivers.Unfortunately,thecostofwaterobtainedthroughanyoftheseschemeswouldincreasepumpingcostsatleasttenfold,makingthecostofirrigatedagriculturalproductsfromtheregionuncompetitiveonthenationalandinternationalmarkets.Butevenifuncooperativefarmersweretojoinintheconservationefforts,thiswouldonlydelaythedepletionoftheaquifer.,Thesubjectsofthepaintingsaremostlyanimals.Thepaintingsrestonbarewalls,withnobackdropsorenvironmentaltrappings.Perhaps,likemanycontemporarypeoples,UpperPaleolithicmenandwomenbelievedthatthedrawingofahumanimagecouldcausedeathofinjury,andifthatwereindeedtheirbelief,itmightexplainwhyhumanfiguresarerarelydepictedincaveart.Anotherexplanationforthefocusonanimalsmightbethatthesepeoplesoughttoimprovetheirluckathunting.Thistheoryissuggestedbyevidenceofchipsinthepaintedfigures,perhapsmadebyspearsthrownatthedrawings.Butifimprovingtheirhuntingluckwasthechiefmotivationforthepaintings,itisdifficulttoexplainwhyonlyafewshowsignsofhavingbeenspeared.Perhapsthepaintingswereinspiredbytheneedtoincreasethesupplyofanimals.CaveartseemstohavereachedapeaktowardtheendoftheUpperPaleolithicperiod,whentheherdsofgameweredecreasing.Therefore,ifthepaintingswereconnectedwithhunting,someotherexplanationisneeded.,Clue3结构关系,西方人的思维总分结构来论证观点总分结构本质：先论点，后论证,Fantasyisoneofthemorecommontechniquesinadvertisingthatcouldpossiblymisleadayoungaudience.Child-orientedadvertisementsaremorelikelytoincludemagicandfantasythanadvertisementsaimedatadults.InacontentanalysisofCanadiantelevision,theauthorStephenKlineobservedthatnearlyallcommercialsforcharactertoysfeaturedfantasyplay.Childrenhavestrongimaginationsandtheuseoffantasybringstheirideastolife,butchildrenmaynotbeadeptenoughtorealizethatwhattheyareviewingisunreal.Fantasysituationsandsettingsarefrequentlyusedtoattractchildrensattention,particularlyinfoodadvertising.Advertisementsforbreakfastcerealshave,formanyyears,beenfoundtobeespeciallyfondoffantasytechniques,withalmostnineoutoftenincludingsuchcontent.Generally,thereisuncertaintyastowhetherveryyoungchildrencandistinguishbetweenfantasyandrealityinadvertising.Certainly,rationalappealsinadvertisingaimedatchildrenarelimited,asmostadvertisementsuseemotionalandindirectappealstopsychologicalstatesorassociations.Anotheraspectofadvertisingthatmayespeciallyinfluencechildrenisfantasy.,Clue3结构关系,分类列举式段落概述部分作为插入句：概述一般位于段首位置采用分类列举式的段落/文章通常以（数词+名词复数）的形式出现概述的标示词：reasons,groups,parts,types,sorts,ways,approaches,features分类列举式段落列举部分作为插入句（插入句中出现furthermore,moreover,inaddition,besides,also）：引出段落中一个新的方面，放在对应语句之前；插入句中的主语前边可能提到过。,Thechiefproblemwastechnological:HowweretheEuropeanstoreachtheEast?EuropesmaritimetraditionhaddevelopedinthecontextofeasilynavigableseastheMediterranean,theBaltic,and.toalesserextent,theNorthSeabetweenEnglandandtheContinentnotofvastoceans.Newtypesofshipswereneeded,newmethodsoffindingonesway,newtechniquesforfinancingsovastascheme.ThesheerscaleoftheinvestmentittooktobegincommercialexpansionatseareflectstheimmensityoftheprofitsthatsuchEast-Westtradecouldcreate.Spiceswerethemostsought-aftercommodities.SpicesnotonlydramaticallyimprovedthetasteoftheEuropeandietbutalsowereusedtomanufactureperfumesandcertainmedicines.Buteve