超详细的状语和状语从句讲解PPT课件

状语和状语从句,状语的定义和作用状语的位置和形式,.,状语的定义和作用,状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子等的句子成分。状语表示地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随情况等。,.,状语的形式和位置,在所有的语法范畴中，状语的形式最多样，它可以是单词、词组或从句；可以是副词（短语）、介词短语、分词（短语）、动词不定式（短语）、状语从句等。与其他语法范畴相比，状语的位置也最灵活，它可以出现在句首、句中或句末。例如：Immediatelyhereplied.（句首）Heimmediatelyreplied.（句中）Herepliedimmediately.（句尾）,.,副词（短语）作状语,Sheisalwayslosingherkeys.她总是丢钥匙。Johndrovetooslowly.约翰开车太慢。,.,介词短语作状语,Letsgohome.Thebestfishswimnearthebottom.好鱼居水底Ihavelivedhereforthreeyears.我住这已经3年了。,.,分词（短语）作状语,Shesattheredoingnothing.她坐在那里无所事事。（doing的逻辑主语是she，它们之间是主动的关系）Givenbetterattention,thetreescangrowwell.如果得到更好的管理，这些树可以长得很好。（given的逻辑主语是thetrees，它们之间是被动的关系）,.,为了表示明确的时间或条件，有时可在分词前加when,while,if等连词。例如：,Whenleavingtheairport,shewavedagainandagaintous.当离开机场的时候，她向我们频频招手。Whilewaitingforthetrain,IhadalongtalkwithJane.在等火车的时候，我与珍妮进行了长谈。Iftranslatedwordbyword,thesentencewillbemeaningless.如果逐字翻译，这个句子就没有意义。,.,分词有时也可以有自己独立的逻辑主语（即与句子的主语不一致），这种结构称为独立结构，在很多情况下表示时间、原因、条件或伴随的动作或情况。例如：,Theholidaysbeingover,theybegantogetdowntodotheirworkagain.假期结束了，他们又开始认真地工作。Somanypeoplebeingabsent,wedecidedtoputthemeetingoff.这么多人缺席，我们决定把会议延期。,.,【特别提醒】,现在分词表示主动的意思，表示动作正在进行；过去分词表示被动的意思，表示动作的完成。,.,动词不定式（短语）作状语,Shewasslowtomakeuphermind.她迟迟不能下决心。Tobehonest,Ididntenjoytheparty.说实话，我不喜欢这个聚会。Welivetoservethepeopleheartandsoul.我们活着是为了全心全意为人民服务。,副词性从句-状语从句,状语从句的种类对比训练与巩固,.,WhileIwaswonderingatthis,ourschoolmastertookhisplace.()2.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.()3.Nowthat/Sinceeverybodyishere,letsbeginourmeeting.（）4.Illspeakslowlysothatyoucanunderstandme.()5.Socleverwasheastudentthathewasabletoworkoutallthedifficultproblems.()6.Aslongasyoudontloseheart,youllsucceed.()7.Tryashemight,hecouldnotfindajob.()8.Theoldladytreatstheboyasifhewereherownson.(),时间,地点,原因,目的,结果,条件,让步,方式,状语从句的分类,.,状语从句,时间状语从句原因状语从句地点状语从句目的状语从句结果状语从句条件状语从句方式状语从句比较状语从句让步状语从句,状语从句有九种，时地原因条状补，目比结果方让步，连词引导各不同；主句通常前面走，连词引导紧随后，从句若在主前头，主从之间有个逗。,.,时间状语从句,引导词可分为两部分,whenaswhilebeforeafteruntil(till)sinceassoonas,everytimenexttimethefirst/lasttimethemomenttheminuteinstantlyimmediatelydirectly(一就),.,1、时间状语从句：,引导时间状语从句的从属连词有：when,while,as,whenever,before,after,since,till,until,assoonas,once等引导。如：,.,Whenhewasstillayoungman,hewasforcedtoleavehishomelandforpoliticalreasons.Ithasbeen15yearssinceheleft.IlltellhimthenewsassoonasIseehim.Onceyouhavegotusedtoit,youwilllikeit.Iwaitedtillhehadfinishedhiswork.,.,注意：（1）when,as,whilewhen即可引导持续性动作，又可引导短暂性动作。它可以表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生，或从句的动作发生在主句动作之前。如：,.,WhenIwasaboy,IusedtogototheseashoreonSundays.（同时）Whenthelessonwasover,webeganourwriting.（从句动作在前）,.,as引导持续性动作，侧重主句和从句的动作同时发生。Hehurriedhome,lookingbehindashewent.Isawyoursisterasshewasgettingonthebusyesterday.Hesangashewalked.,.,While：指的是“在某一时间里”，“在期间”，从句里的动作必须是持续性的，它也强调主句和从句动作的同时发生，往往侧重主句和从句动作的对比。,.,如：WhilehewasinLondon,hestudiedmusic.WhilewewerewatchingTV,hewaswritingacomposition.,.,while也可做并列连词，表示对照的意思。如：,Heistallwhilehisbrotherisshort.,当when,as,while表示“在一段时间里”，主从句的动作同时发生时，可以换用。如：,While(When或As)wewerediscussing,Mr.Smithcamein.,.,（2）如果when和before引导的从句位于主句之后，有时不能译成“当时候”和“在之前”，而要译成“就”、“才”、“这时”等。如：,ThestrugglelastedfouryearsbeforetheNorthwonintheend.,.,Healmostknockedmedownbeforehesawme.IwaswalkinginthestreetwhenIsawhim.,.,(3)bythetime,eachtime,everytime,immediately,themoment,theinstant,theminute,soonafter,shortlyafter都可以作为连词，引导时间状语。如：,Bythetimehewasfourteen,hehadtaughthimselfadvancedmathematics.,.,Eachtimehecame,hewouldcallonme.Youmustshowhiminimmediatelyhecomes.IrecognizedhimthemomentIsawhim.,.,讲练结合:1.DidyouremembertogiveMarythemoneyyouowedher?Yes.Igaveittoher_Isawher.A.whileB.themomentC.suddenlyD.once2.Ithoughtherniceandhonest_Imether.A.firsttimeB.forthefirsttimeC.thefirsttimeD.bythefirsttime3._enteredtheofficewhenherealizedthathehadforgottenhisreport.A.HehardlyhadB.HadhehardlyC.HardlyhadheD.Hardlyhehad,B,C,C,.,小结：1一些词，如themoment,theminute,theinstant,immediately,directly,instantly,hardlywhen,scarcelywhen,nosoonerthan等也可引导一个时间状语从句，相当于assoonas的意思。Ididntwaitamoment,butcameimmediatelyyoucalled.2一些含有time的名词短语，如everytime,eachtime,nexttime,bythetime等，以及theday,theyear,themorning等，也可引导一个时间状语从句。Thedayhereturnedhome,hisfatherwasalreadydead.Nexttimeyoucome,pleasebringyourcomposition.3.如果hardly或nosooner或scarcely置于句首，句子必须用部分倒装结构。HardlyhadIgothomewhenitbegantorain.,.,(4)till和until如果主句谓语动词是持续动词，通常用肯定式的主句，表示“直到为止”。如：Iworkedtill(until)hecameback.,.,如果主句谓语动词是瞬间动词，则用否定式的主句表示“直到才”。如：,Ididntgotobeduntil(till)hecameback.,.,放在句首表示强调时一般用until。如：,Untilhereturns,nothingcanbedone.,.,【小结】,时间状语从句常由下列连词引导：when，whenever，as，while，before，after，since，assoonas，until，once。时间状语从句还可由一些名词（themoment,theinstant,everytime等）和副词（instantly,directly等）连接。例如：IlltelephoneyoutheinstantIknow.我一知道就立即给你打电话。EverytimeIcatchacold,mynoseruns.每次我感冒都流鼻涕。时间状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。例如：Youwillgettoknowwhenyougrowup.你长大后就会了解。,.,1.时间状语从句1.Wewereswimminginthelake_suddenlythestormstarted.A.whenB.whileC.untilD.before2.Hewasabouttotellmethesecret_someonepattedhimontheshoulder.A.asB.untilC.whileD.when3.Hetransplantedthelittletreetothegarden_itwasthebesttimeforit.A.whereB.whenC.thatD.until4.DidJackcomebackearlylastnight?Yes.Itwasnotyeteightoclock_hearrivedhome.A.BeforeB.whenC.thatD.until5.Hewasabouthalfwaythroughhismeal_afamiliarvoicecametohisears.A.whyB.whereC.whenD.while,A,D,B,B,C,.,6.ThecostoflivinginGlasgowisamongthelowestinBritain,_thequalityoflifeisprobablyoneofthehighest.A.sinceB.whenC.asD.while7._Iacceptthatheisnotperfect,Idoactuallyliketheperson.A.WhileB.SinceC.BeforeD.Unless,连接词while的用法小结,1.while引导的动作必须是持续性的，侧重主句动作和从句动作相对比。如：Pleasedonttalksoloudwhileothersareworking.2.while作为并列连词，意为“而，却”，表示对比。3.while可表示尽管，相当于although。,D,A,.,2、原因状语从句：,通常由连词：because,as,since,nowthat引导。区别是:,because：表示“因为”，直接而明确的原因和理由，语气最强，why提问的句子，一般都用because回答。,Hedidntcomebecausehewasill.,.,since：表示“既然”，语气比because弱。,Sinceyouarehere,youmustdoit.,as：表示“因为”语气比because轻，引导从句可放主句前也可放主句后。,Youneedntgowithme,asyouarebusy.AsIwasafraid,Ihidmyself.,.,nowthat意思与since相似，表示“既然”。,NowthatyouareinHighSchool,youwillprobablyspendmoreinreading.Nowthatalltheguestshavearrived,letshaveourdinner.,.,注意：在强调句中强调原因状语从句，只能用because引导，不可用as或since，如：Itwasbecausehewasillthathedidntgowithus.,.,because可以引导表语从句,而as,since不可以，这时状语一般都是it,this,that,Itsbecauseheistoolazy.,.,for也表示“因为”，但是并列连词，它连接的不是状语从句，语气比较强。,Itmustbemorning,forthebirdsaresinging.,.,原因状语从句,becausesinceasfornowthatconsidering(that)seeing(that),既然,考虑到鉴于,鉴于由于既然因为,.,3、地点状语从句：,通常由连词where和wherever引导。如：,Gobackwhereyoucamefrom.Whereveryougo,youmustwritetoyourparents.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.Wherethereistoomuch,thepoisonandwastemaydogreatharmtothethingsaroundus.,.,4、目的状语从句：,通常由sothat,inorderthat,sothat,lest,incase（以防、免得）等引导：,Hegotupearlyinorderthathecouldcatchtheearlybus.Shemarriedhimsothatshemighttendandcomforthim.Iexplainedagainandagainincaseheshouldmisunderstandme.,.,目的状语从句引导词,sothatinorderthatincase（以防、免得）forfearthat(生怕，以免）lest(以免，免得),.,Ihidthebooklest(=forfearthat)heshouldseeit.,【特别提醒】由lest，forfearthat引导的目的状语从句要使用虚拟语气，由should动词原形构成。,.,5、结果状语从句：,由sothat,sothat,suchthat引导：Itwasverycold,sothattheriverfroze.Thebookissowrittenthatitgivesaquitewrongideaofthefacts.Thereweresomanypeople(=suchalotofpeople)intheroomthatwecouldnotgetin.Hemadesuchanexcellentspeechthateveryoneadmiredhim.,.,6、条件状语从句:,由if,unless,aslongas(=solongas)(只要),incase(that)(如果，万一)等引导：,Ifplasticsandrubberareburned,theygiveoffpoisonousgases.,.,Unlessyouworkhard,youwillfail,Youcangoout,aslongas(solongas)youpromisetobebackbeforeeleven.,.,IncaseIforget,pleaseremindmeaboutthat.,注意：条件状语从句中的谓语动词的时态不可用将来时，只能用现在时态或过去时态表示将来时。,.,7、方式状语从句：,由连词：as,asif,asthough引导：Theteachertoldthestudentstodoashedid.Leaveitasitis.Heheardanoise,asifsomeonewasbreathing.Isawthemanlookingabouthimasifhewishedtoimpressuponhismindeverything.,.,asif和asthough意义和用法大致一样，引导的从句多用虚拟语气，但也可用陈述语气。HetreatsmeasifIwerehisownson.Hewalkedasifheweredrunk.,.,8、比较状语从句：,由连词asas,notso(as)as,than等引导：,Ihopeitwasasgoodastheoneyoulentme.Actuallytheoceanfloorarealmostasirregularastheexposedlandarea.,.,Noonecanbemorefitforhisofficethanheis.,Hecantrunsofastasshe.,.,注意：“the+比较级(接从句)，the+比较级(接主句)，这一句型也归在比较状语从句内。如：,Themoreyoustudy,themoreyouknow.Theharderwework,thehappierwefeel.,.,9、让步状语从句：,由though,although,as(虽然尽管),evenif,eventhough,wh-ever,nomatter-wh,whether引导.,.,whateverwhoeverwhicheverwheneverwhereverhowever,wh-ever,.,nomatterwhonomatterwhatnomatterwhichnomatterwhennomatterwherenomatterhow,nomatterwh-,.,Thoughheisold,yetheisactive.Althoughmostofthepeopleagreed,somewerenotwillingtoaccepted.Proudasthenoblesare,heisafraidtoseeme.Wewouldntloseheartevenifweshouldfailtentimes.,.,Whenever(=nomatterwhen)youcallonme,youarealwayswelcome.Wherever(nomatterwhere)youwork,youcanalwaysfindtimetostudy.Taketheoneyoulikebest,whichever(nomatterwhich)itis.,.,NomatterwhatIsayorhowIsayit,healwaysthinksImwrong.,Whetherhecomesornot,welldiscusstheproblemthisafternoon.,.,注意：（1）让步状语从句在句中的位置可放前也可放后，有时还可以插在主句中间，前置时，强调主句内容，后置时强调从句内容。,.,（2）though与although同义，用法基本一样，前者通俗，口语化；后者较正式，多放于句首，不能与but连用，但可以与yet,still（副词）等连用，用来加强语气。Though(Although)hewastired,yet(still)hewentonworking.,.,（3）as引导让步状语从句时从句部分语序要部分倒装。如：,Youngasheis,hecanreadandwriteinseveralforeignlanguage.（表语提前）,.,Childashewas,hehadtosupportthefamily.（表语名词提前并常省去冠词）Surroundedaswewerebytheenemy,wemanagedtomarchforward.（表语名词提前并常省去冠词）,对比训练与巩固,.,1.Wewereabouttoleave_itbegantorain.2.ShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherson,_,infact,Iwastalkingaboutmyson.3.HardlyhadIfinishedmycomposition_thebellrang.A.whenB.whileC.asD.during,对比训练,A,B,A,.,1.Child_sheis,sheknowsalot.2.Hedidtheexperiment_hewastold.3.Thep