管理学复习资料

1. Manager - is someone who coordinates and oversees the work of often people so that organizational goals can be accomplished.（经理是一个协调和监督人们使组织的目标可以被完成的职位） 2. Organization - A deliberate arrangement of people to accomplish some specific purpose (that individuals independently could not accomplish alone )（通过人的精心安排，以实现某种特地目的） 3. Human skills - The ability to work well with other people both individually and in a group.（与单独和一组的其他人合作的能力） 4. OB(organization behavior) - The field of study that research the actions(behavior) of people at work.（研究人们工作行动的领域） 5.Workplace spirituality - A culture in which organizational values promote a sense of purpose through meaningful work taking place in the context of community.（促使目的性意义的工作）6.Strong cultures - Organizational cultures in which the key values are deeply held and widely shared.7. Stereotyping- Judging a person on the basic of ones perception of a group to which he or she belongs. 8.Global sourcing - Purchasing materials or labor from around the world wherever it is cheapest.9.Workplace diversity - The ways in which people in a organization are different from and similar to one another.10. Glass ceiling - The invisible barrier that seperates women and minorities from top management position. 11. What are a mangers 4 functions, 3 roles and 3 skills? (Describe each function role and skill briefly) An: .Functions -Planning, Organizing, Leading, Controlling Planning - Setting goals, establishing strategies to achieve goals, and developing plans to integrate an coordinate activities. Organizing - Arranging and structuring work to accomplish organizational goals. Leading -Working with and through people to accomplish goals. Controlling - Monitoring, comparing, and correcting work. .Management Roles-Interpersonal, Informational, Decisional Interpersonal -Figurehead, leader, liaison Informational - Monitor, disseminator, spokes person Decisional - Entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, negotiator. .Skills - Technical skills, Human skills, Conceptual skills Technical skills -Knowledge and proficiency in a specific field. Human skills - The ability to work well with other people Conceptual skills - The ability to think and conceptualize about abstract and complex situations concerning the organization.12. Historically, from ancient times to 21st century, modern management has gone through four major approaches. Please list the four major approaches. An:Historically background - Classical Approaches. Quantitative Approach. Contemporary Approaches. 13. What are the classical approach, quantitative approach, behavioral approach and contemporary approach to management?An: Classical approach - Stereotyping Behavioral approach -The field of study that researches the actions of people at work.Quantitative approach - the use of quantitative techniques to improve decision makingContemporary approach: -Organizations are different, face different approaches and techniques. 14. List different types of international organizations.An:International organizations -Multinational Corporation(MNC), Multidomestic Corporation, Global Company, Transnational or Bordetless Organization 多国公司 跨国或无国界公司 全球化公司 跨国公司 15. How organizations go international?An:How - Global sourcing, Exporting, Importing, Licensing, Franchising, Strategic Alliance 企业战略联盟, Joint Veuture 合资企业, Foreign Subsidiary 16. List ten types of organizational stackholders.An: Stackholders - Employees, Unions, Shareholders, Communities, Suppliers, Media, Governments, Trade and Industry Associations, Competitors, Social and Political Action Groups, Customers 17. What is the Environmental Uncertainty Matrix? (You must draw the 4 square grid and give examples for each industry). An:Stable Cell 1(Simple) Stable and predictable environment Few components in environmentComponeuts are somewhat similar and remain basically the same Minimal need for sophisticated knowledge of componeuts DynamicCell 2(Simple) Dynamic and unpredictable environment Few components in environmentComponeuts are somewhat similar but are continually changing Minimal need for sophisticated knowledge of componeuts Cell 3(Complex) Stable and predictable environment Many components in environmentComponeuts are not similar to one another and remain basically the same High need for sophisticated knowledge of componeuts Cell 4(Complex) Dynamic and unpredictable environment Many components in environmentComponeuts are not similar to another and are continually changing High need for sophisticated knowledge of componeuts 18. What is organizational cultue?Employees learn an organizations culture in a number of ways .What are the most common ways? An:Organization culture - The shared values, principles, traditions, and ways of doing things that influence the way organizational members act.How - Stories, Rituals, Material artifacts and symbols, Language (the most common ways)19. What is workplace diversity? There are some diversity initiatives and programs.Describe four of them.An:Workplace diversity - The ways in which people in an organization are different from and similar to one another.The legal aspect of workplace diversityTop management commitment to diversityMentoringDiversity skills trainingEmployee resource group 20. List four Hofstedes dimensions of national culture. Individualistic / Collectivistic High power distance / Low power distance High uncertainty avoidance / Low uncertainty avoidance Achievement / Nurturing Long-term orientation / Short-term orientation 21. What are the stages of moral development? Give the 3 stages and the 6 descriptions? An:Level Descriptions Principled 6.Following self-chosen ethical principles even if they violate the law 5.Valuing rights of others and upholding absolute values and rights regardless of the majoritys opinion Conventional 4.Maintaining conventional order by fulfilling obligations to which you have agreed 3.Living up to what is expected by people close to you Preconventional 2.Following rules only when closing so is in your immediate interest 1.Sticking to rules to avoid physical punishment 22. What is ethics and what influences ethical behavior?An:Ethics - The principles, values, and beliefs that define right and wrong decisions an behaviour What - Stage of moral development Individual characteristics (values, ego strength, locus of control) Structural variables Organizations culture (value-based management) Issue intensity23. How to encourage ethical behavior?Describe and explain.An: 1.Employee selection (Hire individuals with high ethical standards) 2.Establish codes of ethics an decision rules3.Leadership (Lead by example) 4.Set realistic job goals and include ethics in performance appraisals5.Provide ethics training6.Conduct independent social audits7.Provide support for individuals facing ethical dilemmas. (Protective Mechanisms)24. Describe two views of the change process and three types of change.Describe five techniques for reducing resistance to change.An: The change Process The calm water metaphor- Lewins description of the change process as a break in the organizations equilibrium state Unfreezing the status quo Changing to a new state Refreezing to make the change permanent White-Water Rapids Metaphor-the lack of environmental stablity and predictability requires that managers and organizations continually adapt to survive.Tapes of change Strueture -Changing an organi zations structural componerts or its strutural design Tecnnology - Adoptiong new equipment, tools, or operating methods that displace old skills and require new onesAutomation-replacing certain tasks done by people with machinesComputerization People - Changing attitudes, expectations, perceptions, and behaviors of the workforce Structure - Struct