英语语法虚拟语气和非谓语动词

,虚拟语气Subjunctive,虚拟语气,虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，一是用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而是一种假设、猜测、怀疑等(在条件从句中)；二是表示说话人的愿望、要求、命令、建议等(在宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)。,虚拟语气的概念,虚拟语气,一、在条件从句中(叫虚拟条件句)，表示与事实相反的条件。分三种情况(以do为例)：,虚拟语气在在条件从句中,过去式(did)(be常用were),Would/could/might/should(用于第1人称)+动词原形(do),过去完成式(had+done,过去式(did)should+doweretodo,Would/could/might/should+动词原形(do),虚拟语气,例句Ifyouhadcomeafewminutesearlier,youwouldhavemethim.要是你早来几分钟的话，你就能见到他了。(与过去事实相反)2.Ifitweresunnytomorrow,Iwouldcometoseeyou.明天要是天气好的话，我来看你。(与将来事实可能相反)3.IfIwereyou,Iwouldgoatonce.假如我是你的话，我会马上走。(与现在事实相反，事实上我不可能是你),虚拟语气在在条件从句中,Ifyouhadcomeafewminutesearlier,youwouldhavemethim.2.Ifitweresunnytomorrow,Iwouldcometoseeyou.3.IfIkneweverything,Iwouldntbehere.,=Hadyoucomeafewminutesearlier,youwouldhavemethim.,=Wereitsunnytomorrow,Iwouldcometoseeyou.,=DidIknoweverything,Iwouldntbehere,虚拟语气,1、记住：这些动词后面接的宾语从句：表示愿望(wish),建议(suggest,advice,propose,recommend)，要求(demand,request,require,insist),命令(order,command)等。2、除wish外，其它动词用should+do构成,should可以省略。3、wish接宾语从句有三种情况：1)现在：用过去式2)过去：用过去完成式(haddone)3)将来：用情态动词(would/could)+do,虚拟语气在：在宾语从句中,Wish的宾语从句,现在：过去：未来：,过去时（were）,过去完成时,would/could/might+V.should,IwishIwereabird.（现在）IwishIhadntmadesuchamistake.（过去）Wewishourparentswouldntpunishus.（将来）,虚拟语气,例句1.Iwishshewouldbeonmyside.我希望她能站在我一边。2.IwishIwere30yearsyounger.我但愿自己能年轻三十岁。3.Iwish(that)youwouldgetagoodjob.我希望你能找到一个好职业。4.Hewishedhehadntdoneit.他想要是他没这样做该多好。5.Heorderedthatthestudents(should)washtheclotheseveryweekbythemselves.他要求学生每周都要自己洗衣服。,虚拟语气在：在宾语从句中,虚拟语气,4、记住：insist/suggest各有两种意思，要用不同的语气Insist表示“坚决要求”时，用虚拟形式，即should+do;Insist表示“坚称，坚持说”时，用陈述语气，表示事实。Suggest表示“建议”时，用虚拟形式。Suggest表示“表明、暗示”时，用陈述语气。例句Theteachersuggestedthatwe(should)cleantheblackboardafterclass.老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。Thehalfsmileonhisfacesuggestedthathewashappytohavegivenhislifeforhiscountry.Heinsistedthatallofus(should)bethereontimebyanymeans.他坚持要我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。Heinsistedthathewasright.他坚持说他是对的。,虚拟语气在：在宾语从句中,虚拟语气,在句型“Itisimportant(necessary,strange,natural)that.”中，that后面的从句中的谓语动词用：should+动词原形例句Itsnecessarythatweshouldhaveawalknow.我们有必要出去散散步。Itsnaturalthatsheshoulddoso.她这样做是很自然的。Itsimportantthatweshouldtakegoodcareofthepatient.重要的是我们要照顾好病人。,虚拟语气在在主语从句中,虚拟语气,主句的主语常是表示说话人愿望(wish/desire)、建议(suggestion/advice)要求(requirement/demand)、命令(order,command)等的名词，表语从句的谓语动词用(should)+do.Oursuggestionisthatyou(should)bethereontime.=：Wesuggestthatyou(should)bethereontime.,虚拟语气在在表语从句中,虚拟语气,同位语从句的先行词常是表示说话人愿望、建议、要求、命令等的名词。Thesuggestionthatstudents(should)learnsomethingpracticalisworthconsidering.Doyouknowtheorderthatyou(should)keepwatch.,虚拟语气在在同位语从句中,Wesuggestthatyou(should)bethereontime.=Oursuggestionisthatyou(should)bethereontime=Itisoursuggestionthatyou(should)bethereontime.=Itissuggestedthatyou(should)bethereontime.,虚拟语气,在asif从句中，常用虚拟形式，即表示与现在事实相反，用过去式；与过去事实相反用过去完成式(haddone).一、asif(asthough)连接表语从句shelookedasifsheweremadeofice.她看起来似乎是冰做的helookedasifhehadntsleptfortwodays.二、asif连接让步状语从句Shelookedaftertheboyasifhewereherownson.她照顾这男孩就像自己的儿子一样。Hespeakstousasifhehadbeenthere.他给我们讲的好象他去过那儿。,虚拟语气在在asif从句中,asif/though+Clause,现在：过去：,过去时,过去完成时,Helooksasifheweredrunk.,Theytalkedasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.,Shelovesthebabyasifitwereherownson.Itseemsthatitwerespring.Irememberthewholethingasifithadhappenedyesterday.,虚拟语气,1.ifonly意为：若是.那该多好啊;真希望.;只要,只要.就好表示现在的情况,应用过去式;如果是过去的情况,应用过去完成时态IfonlyIhadarrivedintime!Ifonlyshedidntdrivesofast.2.Its(high/right)timethatthat从句要用虚拟语气：谓语用过去时或should+doItstimethatyoulefthere.,虚拟语气中的几个特例,4.Its(about/high)time+that-,should+V.,过去时,你该走了。,我们该去睡觉了。,Itshightimethatyouwent.Itshightimethatyouweregoing.Itshightimethatyoushouldgo.,Itstimethatwewenttobed.Itstimethatweshouldgotobed.,虚拟语气,3.在would(had)rather(宁愿)引导的宾语从句中当从句表示现在或将来的时间时,谓语动词要用一般过去时;表示过去时间时,谓语动词要用过去完成时。Iwouldratherhecametomorrowthantoday.Iwouldratherhehadnottoldmeaboutthat.,虚拟语气中的几个特例,Wouldratherthat,现在：过去：未来：,Iwouldratheryoupaidmenow.,Iwouldratheryouhadgone,too.,Dontcome.Iwouldratheryoucametomorrow.,过去时,过去时,过去完成时,虚拟语气,4.一些介词短语,如:butfor(要不是),without,otherwise(否则),inthatcase(如果是那样的话),表示含蓄的条件,这时主句要用虚拟语气Withoutyourhelp,wewouldnothavemadesuchrapidprogress.,虚拟语气中的几个特例,without和butfor构成虚拟。butfor要不是Withoutsunlight,peopleslifewouldbedifferentfromtoday.Butforyourhelp,Iwouldnthavefinishedthework.Withoutyourhelp,Iwouldhavefailed.Butforwater,itwouldbeimpossibletoliveinthedesert.,虚拟语气,1、表示说话人的要求、建议、命令时，常用(should)do表示虚拟形式,主要用于名词性从句中。2、其它情况常用两种形式：表示与现在事实相反，用过去式；表示与过去事实相反用过去完成式。,简单的归纳,三：虚拟语气假设条件句型注意点：,1.假设条件从句谓语动词发生的时间与主句所假设的谓语动词不一致，叫做错综条件虚拟语气。主句和从句的谓语动词要依照假设的时间而顶。Iftheweatherhadbeenfiner,thecropswouldbegrowingstillbetter.Ifyouhadfollowedtheteachersadvice,youwouldntbeinthehospital.,2.假设条件虚拟倒装。条件从句中有should，were，had三个助动词可以把if省略，并将这三个词提至句首。IfIwereyou,Iwouldgiveitup.WereIyou,Iwouldgiveitup.Ifitwerenotforyouradvice,wecouldnthavegotoverthedifficulties.Wereitnotforyouradvice,wecouldnthavegotoverthedifficulties.,IfIhadhadtime,Iwouldhaverunroundthatlakeagain.HadIhadtime,Iwouldhaverunroundthatlakeagain.Ifthereshouldbeaflood,whatshouldwedo?Shouldtherebeaflood,whatshouldwedo?,虚拟语气,1.Alan_thepartyifhehadgonetoLondon.A.wouldhavemissedB.hadmissedC.wouldmissD.missed2.IfIhadknownyouwerecoming,I_youattheairport.A.hadmetB.metC.wouldmeetD.wouldhavemet,Exercises,A,D,虚拟语气,3.IfonlyI_tomyparents!(ButIdidnt.)A.listenedB.hadlistenedC.shouldlistenD.wouldlisten4.TomsuggestedthatAnn_thehouse.A.sellB.soldC.shallsellD.wouldsell5.Iwishthisbus_totheuniversity.A.goB.wentC.hasgoneD.hadgone,B,A,B,虚拟语气,6.Simonlooksasthoughhenever_asquaremeal(吃得饱),thoughhisparentsfeedhimverywell.A.getB.gettingC.gotD.shouldget7.HeistalkingsomuchaboutAmericaasifhe_there.A.hadbeenB.wereC.wasD.been8.I_yousomemoney,butIhadntgotanythen.A.wouldlendB.wouldhavelentC.couldlendD.mayhavelent,C,A,B,虚拟语气,9.HaveyoueverbeentoBeijing?-No,butIwishI_.A.haveB.willC.doD.had10.Idontthinkitistherighttimethatyou_.A.willgoB.wentC.goD.mustgo11.Whenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater,itlooksasifit.A.breaksB.hasbrokenC.werebrokenD.hadbeenbroken,D,B,C,非谓语动词,非谓语动词,非谓语动词：也就是不能用作谓语的动词。,动词不定式,V_ing,过去分词,动词原形,包括,一.动词不定式,2、动词不定式的常见用法,A、不定式作主语,当不定式作主语时，习惯上用作it形式主语，而将动词不定式后置，构成固定句型。Its+adj+todosth.,（1）TolearnEnglishwellisnoteasy.（2）Toprotectourenvironmentisveryimportant,（1）ItsnoteasytolearnEnglishwell.（2）Itsimportanttoprotectourenvironment.,B、不定式作宾语,常见的只能跟to不定式的动词及短语。,想要want,wish希望,hope希望,决定decide,学会learn,想要wouldlike,迫不及待cantwait,准备getready,（1）Ihopetobeadoctor.（2）Shecantaffordtobuyacamera.,计划plan,负担不起cantafford,WangTaohopestobeascientistinthefutureandwishestovisitthemoonbyhimself.Hewouldliketocollectpicturesaboutthemoonverymuch,sohelearnstosearchtheInternetandwantstogetmoreInformation.Thenheplanstobuyacomputer,buthecantaffordtobuyone.Nowhecantwaittolookforajobanddecidestoworkhardatit.Atthesametimehegetreadytomakehisdreamcometrue.,C、不定式作宾语补足语,常见动词：,请、叫ask,告诉tell,想要want,邀请invite,允许allow,喜欢like,警告warn,鼓励encourage,教teach,想要wouldlike,（1）Mymotheralwayslikesmetogetupearly.（2）LucyoftenteachesmetolearnEnglish.,Onedaymymotherallowedmetogotothepark,butshewarnedmenottocomebacklate.MyfatherlikedmetogowithLucy,becausehewantedmetolearnEnglishfromLucy.Iinvitedhertogowithme.LucytaughtmetostudyEnglishandencouragedmetospeakmoreEnglish.SometimessheaskedmetoteachherChinese.Iwouldlikehertostaywithmeverymuch,soItoldhertowaitformeoutsidetheschoolgateeverySaturday.,D、不定式作定语,熟记下列短语,somethingtoeat,somethingtodrink,anythingelsetosay,muchworktodo,somethingnicetoeat,1.Ihavealotofhomeworktodo.,2.Doyouhaveanythingtosay?,lotsofhouseworktodo,3.Myfatherhassomethingimportanttotellme.,4.Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink?,E、不定式与疑问词连用，构成不定式短语，作宾语,1.Idontknowwheretogo.2.Hedidntknowwhattodo.3.Canyoutellmehowtogetthere?4.Icantdecidewhichtochoose.,“疑问词+不定式”结构可以转换为从句形式,（1）IdontknowwhereIwillgo.（2）Hedidntknowwhathewoulddo.（3）CanyoutellmehowIcangetthere.（4）IcantdecidewhichIwillchoose.,F、常见固定搭配,1.tootodo(1)Thedeskistooheavytocarry.(2)Theboyistooyoungtogotoschool.,2.be+adj+enoughtodo(1)Thegirlisoldenoughtogotoschool.(2)Theiceisthickenoughtoskateon.(3)Theroomisbigenoughfor10peopletolivein.,3.Itstimetodosth或Itstimeforsbtodosth.(1)Itstimetohavearest.(2)Itstimeforustoplayfootball.,4.Ittakessbsometimetodosth.Ittakesmethreedaystofinishthejob.,5.be+adj（glad.sorry.sure.happy.afraid等表情感的形容词后）+todosth.(1)Imsorrytotroubleyou.(2)Imafraidtofacemymother.,二、v-ing,1、常见跟ing的动词,2、词组搭配中的ing形式,3、词组搭配中受介词影响需用v-ing,喜欢enjoy,完成finish,介意mind,保持keep,练习practise,（1）beworthdoing（2）bebusydoing（3）feellikedoing（4）keepsbdoing,1）keepondoing10)spend（in）doing2）begoodatdoing11)what(how)aboutdoing3）dowellindoing12)Itsanotherwayofdoing4）stopfromdoing13)insteadofdoing5）thanksfordoing14)beafraidofdoing6)withoutdoing15)getreadyfordoinghelpwithdoing16)preferdoingtodoingbeusedfordoing17)makeacontributiontodoingbeinterestedindoing18)tryoutdoing,4、词组搭配中ing的形式,家常做法homecooking,候诊室waitingroom,起居室sittingroom,切割机cuttingmachine,起跑线startingline,终点线finishingline,购物单shoppinglist,购物中心shoppingcentre,购物篮shoppingbasket,阅览室readingroom,只有立足之地standingroomonly,禁止吸烟Nosmoking,禁止停车Noparking,游泳课swimminglesson,餐厅diningroom,植树节TreePlantingDay,毛笔writingbrush,goswimming（hiking,fishing,skating,shopping）,潜水scubadiving,dosome（cooking,reading,washing,cleaning,shopping）,三、动词原形,1、使役动词：let.make.have,2.常见句型：,（1）Whynot+动词原形（2）Whydontyou+动词原形（3）Youdbetter+动词原形（4）Youdbetternot+动词原形（5)Willyouplease+动词原形（6）Willyoupleasenot+动词原形,1.Letsbeginourclass.2.Dontmakethebabycry.3.Healwayshavemedomuchhousework.,四、过去分词,1.havesthdone让别人做某事，表示动作由别人来完成（1）Iwillhavemyhaircut.（2）Ihadmybadtoothpulledout.,2、常见短语：AboycalledJimamannamedJohngetlostgetdressedgivennameman-madesatelliteaworriedmotherabrokenglass,五、感观动词,2.感观动词,+ing形式,+动词原形,表示动作正在进行,表示动作的全过程,1.常见感观动词:see,watch,hear,feel,found,（1)Hesawapurselyingonthegroundonherwayhome.（2）Isawhimgointotheclassroomjustnow.,六、下列动词既可接不定式有可接形式，但意义有区别。,1.stop,todosth表示停止原来的事开始干另一件事,doing表示停止正在做的事,3.forgetremember,todosth,doingsth,2.goon,todosth,doingsth,（1）Thebabyissleeping,pleasedontstopsinging.（2）Afteralongwalk,hestoppedtohavearest.,（1）Hewentonworkingallday.（2）Afterhefinishedhishomework,hewentontoreviewhislessons.,（1）Dontforgettoturnoffthelightwhenyouleavetheoffice.（2）Irememberedmeetingtheteacherbefore,heworkedinthelab.,1.Thankyouforussowell.A.toteachB.teachesC.taughtD.teaching2.IoftendosomeonSundays.A.washedB.towashC.washingD.washes3.TheboyJackinClassOneismybrother.A.callB.tobecalledC.callingD.called4.Itoftentakesmehalfanhourhome.A.WalkingB.towalkC.walkedD.walks5.Dontforgethercleanwatereveryday.A.togiveB.givingC.givenD.give,P,P,P,P,P,6.IthinkitisimportantEnglishwell.A.learningB.learnC.tolearnD.learned7.Thefunnystorymadeusallhard.A.laughB.tolaughC.laughingD.laughed8.Ourteachertoldushardatourlessons.A.toworkB.workC.workingD.worked,P,P,P,9.Couldyoutellmethisnewspaper?A.toreadhowB.howtoreadC.whattoreadD.whatread10.Idontknownext.A.whattodoB.whattodoitC.howtodoD.tohowdoit11.Myhairistoolong,soImusthaveitthisafternoon.A.cutB.cutsC.cuttingD.cutted12.Rememberlateforclassagain.A.nottoB.benottoC.nottobeD.nottocome13.MrSmithaskedthemanthequeue.A.notjumpB.didntjumpC.nottojumpD.tonotjump,P,P,P,P,P,14.Whynotwithus?Yousee,itsvery.A.go;interestedB.go;interestingC.togo;interestedD.going;interesting15.Whatabouttothecinematonight?-Thatsagoodidea.Idlikewithyou.A.going;goingB.togo;togoC.going;togoD.go;going16.Everyonehereisbusyreadforthecomingentrancetests.A.getB.togetC.gettingD.gets,P,P,P,17.weveworkedfortwohours.Letsarest.A.stoptohaveB.stophavingC.tostoptohaveD.stoppinghaving18.Wouldy