跨文化交际课件(07复习参考).ppt

Whatiscommunication?,CommunicationcomesfromaLatinword,whichmeans“tomakecommon.”Communicationisconsideredaprocessbecauseitisanactivity,exchange,orsetofbehaviors-notanunchanging,staticproduct,inwhichweparticipate.,HowmanyChinesewordsyoucanthinkofthatareusedtoexpresscommunication?交际、交流、传播、沟通说了话，对方懂了，这是交际，也是沟通。说了话，对方莫名其妙，这不是沟通，只是交际不产生效果或产生反效果的交际。（王宗炎）,definitionofcommunicationuptonowthereareasmanyasover100definitionsofcommunication.theprocessinwhichonepartygivesthemessagethatisreceivedbytheotherparty.inageneralsense,communicationreferstotheorexchangeofinformation,ideas,feelingsandsoon.Simplyput,itmeansgettingacrossourideas,views,feeling,emotions,etc.,Whatisculture?FiveDimensionsofCultureProductsPerspectivesPracticesCommunitiesPersons,Products-tangible(tools,clothing,writtendocuments)itislearned.Loudthunderbringslittlerain.(Chinese)Arealmasterdoesnotshow.(Chinese)Nothingdonewithintelligenceisdonewithoutspeech.(Greek)Womenhavebuttworesidences-thehouseandthetomb.(Algerian)Hewhostirsanothersporridgeoftenburnshisown.(Swedish)Orderishalfoflife.(German),TheCharacteristicsofCulture,2)Cultureistransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration,TheCharacteristicsofCulture,3)Cultureisethnocentricpoem:WeandThey,SoWhatisIntercultural/Cross-culturalCommunication?,afieldofstudythatlooksathowpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundsendeavortocommunicate.,ObjectivesofThisCourse,CometoseehowcultureinfluencesourinteractionwithpeopleofdifferentculturalgroupsLearntopredictandsolvepossibleproblemsininterculturalcommunicationLearntoappreciateculturesofothersandbetterunderstandourowncultureIncreaseourcross-culturalawareness,InterculturalCommunication,Aboutfinalgrade/scoreforthiscourseI.finalexam(70%)II.groupactivitiesandgrouppresentations(15%)III.attendance(15%),Unit1CommunicationAcrossCultures,Warm-upactivitiespleaseanalyzethefollowingtwocases,andtrytopointoutwhattheproblemsare.,Case1OnecoldwinterdayinaChinesecity,WangLinonhiswaytothelibrarymetanAmericanprofessorwhoknewverylittleaboutChina.Aftergreetinghim,Wangsaid:“Itsrathercold.Youdbetterputonmoreclothes.”Buttheprofessordidntappearhappyonhearingthis.,Case2TherehasbeenaveryfamousbrandofbatteryinChina:WhiteElephant.SupposethisproductistobeexportedtotheUKortheUSA,itsverylikelytofailwithoutchangingitsbrandname.Why?,Unit1CommunicationAcrossCultures,GroupWork(Page11)orderforreference:,Unit1CommunicationAcrossCultures,Debate(Page12)pro:peoplearepeople;moreinteractionswouldleadtogreaterunderstandingofeachothercon:peopleareshapedbydifferentenvironmentstheyarein;therefore,thedifferenceoverrides.,Unit1CommunicationAcrossCultures,IdentifyingDifference:HowWeAddressEachOther,Unit1CommunicationAcrossCultures,HowmanywaysofaddressinginChinesethatyouknow?(Takethefamilyname“李”asanexample)李小姐、李先生、李师傅李局长、李厂长、李科长、李秘书、李书记、李老师、李工程师李医生、李博士李爷爷、李叔叔、李妈妈、李阿姨李老、老李,Unit1CommunicationAcrossCultures,CaseStudyreferencemainpointsforcase1(Q1):inEgyptthehumanrelationshipisvaluedsohighlythatisnotexpressedinanobjectiveandimpersonalway.WhileAmericancertainlyvaluehumanrelationships,theyaremorelikelytospeakoftheminlesspersonal,moreobjectiveterms.Inthiscase,Richardsmistakeischoosingtopraisethefoodratherthanthetotalevening,forwhichthefoodwassimplythesetting.,Unit1CommunicationAcrossCultures,CaseStudyreferencemainpointsforcase1(Q2):Japanesepeoplevalueorderandharmonyamongagroup,andthattheorganizationitselfbeitafamilyoracorporationisvaluedmorethananyparticularmember.WhileAmericansstressindividualityandareapttoassertindividualdifferenceswhentheyseemjustifiablytobeinconflictwiththegoalsorvaluesofthegroup.Richardsmistakewasmakinggreateffortstodefendhimself.,Unit1CommunicationAcrossCultures,CaseStudyreferencemainpointsforcase1(Q3):inthiscasewemightlookbeyondthegestureoftakingsugarorcreamtothevaluesexpressedinthisgesture:forAmericans,“Helpyourself”,fortheEnglishcounterpart,“Bemyguest.”TheidealguestatanAmericanpartyisonewho“makeshimselfathome,”eventothepointofansweringthedoororfixinghisowndrink.Forpersonsinmanyothersocieties,includingatleastthishypotheticalEnglishhost,suchguestbehaviorispresumptuousorrude.,Unit1CommunicationAcrossCultures,CaseStudyreferencemainpointsforcase2:inAmericanculture,peopletendtosaywhatisontheirmindsandmeanwhattheysay.MexicanculturesharesthispreferenceofstylewithAmericancultureinsomesituations.Koreanpeoplegenerallypreferindirectcommunicationstyle,andtheytendnottosaywhatisontheirmindsandrelymoreonimplications.Inthiscase,tomanyKoreans,numerousquestionswouldshowadisrespectfortheteacher,andwouldalsoreflectthestudenthasnotstudieshardenough.,Unit1CommunicationAcrossCultures,CaseStudyreferencemainpointsforcase3:Theconflicthereisadifferenceinculturalvaluesandbeliefs,inthebeginning,MarydidntrealizethatherDominicansistersawherasamemberofthefamily,literally.IntheDominicanview,familypossessionsaresharedbyeveryoneofthefamily.LuzwasactingasmostDominicansisterswoulddoinborrowingwithoutaskingeverytime.OnceMaryunderstoodthattherewasadifferentwayoflookingatthis,shewouldbecomemoreaccepting.However,shemightstillexperiencefrustrationwhenthishappenagain.Shehadtofindwaystocopewithherownemotionalculturalreactionaswellasherpracticalproblem.,Unit1CommunicationAcrossCultures,CaseStudyreferencemainpointsforcase4:itmightbesimplyaquestionofdifferentrhythms.Americanshaveonerhythmintheirpersonalandfamilyrelations,intheirfriendlinessandtheircharities.Peoplefromothercultureshavedifferentrhythms.TheAmericanrhythmisfast.Itischaracterizedbyarapidacceptanceofothers.However,itisseldomthatAmericansengagethemselvesentirelyinafriendship.Theirfriendshipsarewarm,butcasualandspecialized.Americansare,inotherwords,guidedveryoftenbytheirownconvenience.Theytendtomakefriendsreadily,andtheydontfeelitnecessarytogotoagreatamountoftroubletoseefriendsoftenwhenitbecomesinconvenient,andusuallynooneishurt.Butinsimilarcircumstancespeoplefromothercultureswouldbehurtverydeeply.,Unit2CommunicationandCulture,thewordcultureismostcommonlyusedinthreebasicsenses:excellenceoftasteinthefineartsandhumanitiesanintegratedpatternofhumanknowledge,belief,andbehaviorthatdependsuponthecapacityforsymbolicthoughtandsociallearningthesetofsharedattitudes,values,goals,andpracticesthatcharacterizesaninstitution,organizationorgroup.,Unit2CommunicationandCulture,Maslowshierarchyofneeds,Unit2CommunicationandCulture,MaslowsHierarchyofNeedsVS.ChineseCulturalPoints,Unit2CommunicationandCulture,Fill-inTask(page.44)reference:thosethatareabovethe“water”arewhattoeatandhowtoeatit;howtokeephealthy;howtoraisechildren;howtoparticipateinceremonies;howtointroduceandgreetpeople.,Unit2CommunicationandCulture,Fill-inTask(page.44)reference:thosethatarebelowthe“water”arewhatisgoodorbad;whatisrightorwrong;whatisbeautifulorugly;whatiscleanordirty;howisanindividualrelatedtoothers.,Unit2CommunicationandCulture,SharingKnowledge:MoreAboutCulture(p.45)Reference:Cultureiswhatwesharewithsomebutnotwithallpeople;itiscommontopeoplebelongingtoacertaingrouporcategory,butdifferentfrompeoplebelongingtoothergroupsorcategories.Inourlife,cultureiseverywhereanddetermineshowweusuallybehave.Itincludesthelanguageinwhichweexpressourselves,thewayweraiseourchildren,thedifferenceweshowtoourelders,thephysicaldistancefromotherpeople,Unit2CommunicationandCulture,SharingKnowledge:MoreAboutCulture(p.45)Reference:(continued)wemaintaininordertofeelcomfortable,andthewayweperceivegeneralhumanactivitiessuchaseating,showinglove,havingaconversation,formingafriendshipwithsomeone,etc.andtheceremonialssurroundingthem.,Unit2CommunicationandCulture,DefinitioninDictionaryCommunication:1.Theactofcommunicating;transmission.2.(a).Theexchangeofthoughts,messages,orinformation,asbyspeech,signals,writing,orbehavior.(b).Interpersonalrapport.,Unit2CommunicationandCulture,ElementsofCommunicationContextParticipantsMessagesChannels“Noise”Feedback,Unit2CommunicationandCulture,DiscoveringProblems:MisleadingCommercialSigns(p.56)morecasesofmisuseofEnglishinourlife:地面光滑，小心摔倒TheGroundisSmooth,CarefullyThrowsDown(inahotel)售票房SellstheBoxOffice(atacinema)熟食计价处TheFamiliarFoodMakesSurethePrice(inasupermarket)话梅糖SayingPlumCandies(onthepackageofthecandies),Unit2CommunicationandCulture,MatchingTask(p.57)pleasematchtheleftcolumnwiththeright,andguesstheimpliedmeaningofthedialogue.referencekey:1j2f3a4g5i6h7b8c9d10e,Unit2CommunicationandCulture,MatchingTask(p.57)Moreexamples:1.A:Canyoutellmethetime?B:Well,themilkmanhascome.impliedmeaning:Idontknowtheexacttime,butIcantellyouthatthemilkmanhascomesothatyoumaybeabletotellwhattheapproximatetimeitisnow.,Unit2CommunicationandCulture,MatchingTask(p.57)Moreexamples:2.A:Doyoulikeyournewdress?B:Itspink.impliedmeaning:No,Idontlikeit,foritsnotmyfavoritecolor./Yes,becauseIlikeallpinkdresses.),Unit2CommunicationandCulture,MatchingTask(p.57)Moreexamples:3.A:Haveyoufinishedyourhomework?B:Ihavestartedit.impliedmeaning:No,Ihaventfinishedmyhomework.,Unit2CommunicationandCulture,MatchingTask(p.57)Moreexamples:4.A:Ireallylikethedinner.B:Imavegetarian.impliedmeaning:Idontlikethedinnerbecausemeathasbeenthemaincourse.,Unit2CommunicationandCulture,MatchingTask(p.57)Moreexamples:5.A:Hasthemachinebeenfixed?B:Tomisawaybuthewillbebacksoon.impliedmeaning:No,butitwillbefixedsoon.,Unit2CommunicationandCulture,IdentifyingDifference:CommunicatingorCommunicatingEffectively?(p.58)possiblefactorsthatwillcontributetoineffectivefactors:1.linguistically,onesfamiliaritywiththelanguageusedinpronunciation,vocabulary,sentencepatterns,etc.,Unit2CommunicationandCulture,IdentifyingDifference:CommunicatingorCommunicatingEffectively?(p.58)possiblefactorsthatwillcontributetoineffectivefactors:2.Culturally,onesknowledgeofthepeoplewithwhomoneiscommunicating.,Unit2CommunicationandCulture,IdentifyingDifference:CommunicatingorCommunicatingEffectively?(p.58)possiblefactorsthatwillcontributetoineffectivefactors:3.sometimes,peopleareinclinedtolookatissuesfromtheirownpointofview;therefore,theyusuallyinterpretdifferentlymessagesthattheytransmittoothersorreceivefromothers.,Unit2CommunicationandCulture,CaseStudyreferencemainpointsforcase5:InChina,itisoftennotpolitetoacceptafirstofferandHepingwasbeingmodest,politeandwell-behavedandhadeveryintentionofacceptingthebeeratthesecondorthirdoffer.ButhedidnotknowtheAmericanruleswhichfirmlysaythatyoudonotpushalcoholicbeveragesonanyone.Whateverthereason,youdonotinsistonofferingalcohol.SotheAmericandidntmakeasecondofferofbeertoHeping,whoprobablythoughtAmericansnothospitable.,Unit2CommunicationandCulture,CaseStudyreferencemainpointsforcase5(continued):However,therearealwaysindividualdifferencesbetweenpeoplefromeventhesameculture.ProbablytheyoungChinesenursehadknownsomethingabouttheAmericancultureandwasjusttryingtobehavelikeanAmericanwhenshewasinanAmericanfamily.,Unit2CommunicationandCulture,CaseStudyreferencemainpointsforcase6:whenaspeakersayssomethingtoahearer,thereareatleastthreekindsofmeaningsinvolved:utterancemeaning,thespeakersmeaningandthehearersmeaning.Inthedialogue,whenLitzaskedhowlonghermother-in-lawwasgoingtostay,shemeantthatifsheknewhowlongshewasgoingtostayinFinland,shewouldbeabletomakeproperarrangementsforher.,Unit2CommunicationandCulture,CaseStudyreferencemainpointsforcase6(continued):However,hermother-in-lawtookLitzsquastiontomean“Litzdoesnotwantmetostayforlong.”FromtheChinesepointofview,itseemsinappropriateforLitztoasksuchquestionjusttwodaysafterhermother-in-lawsarrival.Ifshehastoaskthequestion,itwouldbebettertoasksometimelaterandsheshouldnotlethermother-in-lawhearit.,Unit2CommunicationandCulture,CaseStudyreferencemainpointsforcase7:KeikoinsistsongivingvaluablegiftstohercollegefriendsbecauseincountrieslikeJapan,exchanginggiftsisastronglyrootedsocialtradition.Shouldyoureceiveagift,anddonthaveonetoofferinreturn,youwillprobablycreateacrisis,onewhodoesntofferagiftinreturnmaybeconsideredrudeorimpolite.Therefore,inJapan,giftsareasymbolicwaytoshowappreciation,respect,gratitudeandfurtherrelationship.,Unit2CommunicationandCulture,CaseStudyreferencemainpointsforcase7(continued):KeikoobviouslyhastakenthoseuseditemsfromMary,EdandMarionasgifts,forsheprobablydoesntknowthatAmericansfrequentlydonatetheirusedhouseholditemstochurchortothecommunity.Mary,EdandMarionwouldneverconsiderthoseusedhouseholditemsgiventoKeikoasgifts.Nowondertheyfeltveryuncomfortablewhentheyreceivedvaluablegiftsinreturen.,Unit2CommunicationandCulture,CaseStudyreferencemainpointsforcase8:whentheChinesegirlAmyfellinlovewithanAmericanboyatthattime,itseemsthatshepreferredtocelebrateChristmasintheAmericanway,forshewantedverymuchtoappearthesameastheotherAmericangirls.Shedidntliketoseeherboyfrienddisappointedatthe“shabby”ChineseChristmas.ThatswhyshecriedwhenshefoundoutherparentshadinvitedtheministersfamilyoverfortheChristmasEvendinner.ShethoughtthemenufortheChristmasmealcreatedbyhermotherastrangeonebecausetherewerenoroastturkeyandsweetpotatoesbutonlyChinesefood.,Unit2CommunicationandCulture,CaseStudyreferencemainpointsforcase8(continued):fromthiscase,wecanfindalotofdifferencesbetweentheChineseandWesterncultureinwhatisappropriatefoodforabanquet,whataregoodtablemanners,andhowoneshouldbehavetobehospitable.However,oneshouldneverfeelshamejustbecauseonescultureisdifferentfromothers.,Unit3CulturalDiversity,Referencekeyforwarmupquestions:tomanyChinese,Mr.QianandMr.Zhaoarereallygoodfriends,fortheyhelpedeachotherfromtimetotime.SinceMr.ZhaolentMr.Qianalargesumofmoneytohelphisbusinessgetoverthedifficulty,Mr.QianwasgreatlyindebtedtoMr.Zhao.InChineseculture,friendshipmeansawillingnesstobeindebtedandtorepaythedebtmorethanowed.,Unit3CulturalDiversity,Referencekeyforwarmupquestions(continued):however,manyAmericans,likeJackson,wouldsaythatMr.Zhaowasaskingtoomuch,forwhattheyvaluemoreareindividualachievementandindependenceratherthanrelationshipwithoneanother,andtheydonotliketoputthemselvesinothersdebt,especiallyforthosematterswhereMr.ZhaoaskedMr.Qiantohelp.,Unit3CulturalDiversity,Referencekeyforwarmupquestions(continued):Ofcourse,Americansarewillingtohelptheirfriends.Butmostofthetime,thingsforwhichtheywilllendahelpinghandtotheirfriendsaretrivial,suchasdrivingafriendtoanimportanteventwhenhisorherownarrangementsfortransportationfail.,Unit3CulturalDiversity,CulturalInformation:AmericanFriendship(p.81),Unit3CulturalDiversity,TipsforAmericanstomakefriendswiththeChinese:1.bewillingtospendtimewiththosepeoplewhomyouwouldliketomakefriendswith.2.trytoknowyourfriendsasmuchaspossible.Remembertheirnames,theirlikesanddislikes,askquestions(thoughsomemayberatherpersonal)aboutthem,andbeinterestedinthingsthataretypicallyChinese.,Unit3CulturalDiversity,TipsforAmericanstomakefriendswiththeChinese(continued):3.tryyourbesttostarttalkingwithpeople,eventhoughtheymayappearunwillingtotalkwithstrangers,andbeagoodlistenerasmuchasyoucanwhentheyaretalkingwithyou.4.bereadytolendahandtootherswithoutbeingaskedto,eveninwhatseemstobeverytrivialmatters.,Unit3CulturalDiversity,CompareChinesefriendshipsandAmericanfriendships(pleaseseethetable),Unit3CulturalDiversity,IdentifyingDifference:FamilyStructure(p.83),Unit3CulturalDiversity,CulturalvaluesinfamilystructureTraditionalChinese:respectelders;adeepsenseofdutyUnitedStates:eldersarenothonoredhighlyVietnamese:familyconsistsofpeoplecurrentlyaliveaswellasthespiritsofthedeadandoftheas-yetunborn.Anydecisionsoractionsaredonefromfamilyconsideration,notindividualdesires.,Unit3CulturalDiversity,CulturalvaluesinfamilystructureJapanese:fathersaretypicallysternandaloof.TraditionalLatinAmerican:family-centeredthefamilyisthenumberonepriority,themajorframeandreference.,OrientationbeliefsandbehaviorsKluckhohn-Strodtbeckmodel,Unit3CulturalDiversity,InterculturalInsight(p.95)China:siheyuan（四合院）,Unit3CulturalDiversity,CaseStudyreferencemainpointsforcase9:HierarchyissignificantintheJapaneseculture.ThisstructureisreflectedeverywhereinJapaneselife,athome,school,community,organizations,andtraditionalinstitutionssuchasmartialartsorflowerarrangements.,Unit3CulturalDiversity,CaseStudyreferencemainpointsforcase9:(continued)Inthiscase,theyoungchairmanmusthavehadhisownideasabouthowtomanagethecompany;however,whenencounteredwithhisgrandfathersdissentingopinions,hedarednottotakeastandagainsthim.,Unit3CulturalDiversity,CaseStudyreferencemainpointsforcase9:(continued)intheJapanesesociety,howhierarchyisformeddependsmainlyonseniority,socialroles,andgender.Asarespectableseniormemberofthefamilyandtheformerleaderofthecompany,thegrandfatherseemedtobeanabsoluteauthorityfortheyoungchairman.Thatswhytheyoungchairmandidntsayanythingbutjustnoddedandagreedwithhisgrandfather.,Unit3CulturalDiversity,CaseStudyreferencemainpointsforcase9:(continued)butPhilseemedtoknowlittleabouttheJapanesecultureinthisaspect.Inmanywesterncultures,particularlyAmericanculture,seniorityseldommattersmuchinsuchsituation,andyoungpeopleareusuallyencouragedtochallengeauthorityandvoicetheirownopinions.,Unit3CulturalDiversity,CaseStudyreferencemainpointsforcase10:inJapan,acompanyisverymuchlikeabigfamily,inwhichthemanager(s)willtakegoodcareoftheemployeesandtheemployeesareexpectedtodevotethemselvestothedevelopmentofthecompanyand,ifitisnecessary,tosacrificetheirowninterestsfortheinterestsofthecompany,fromwhich,inthelongrun,theemployeeswillbenefitgreatly.,Unit3CulturalDiversity,CaseStudyreferencemainpointsforcase10:(continued)butfortheFrench,acompanyisjustaloosely-knitsocialorganizationwhereinindividualsaresupposedtotakecareofthemselvesandfamilies.Moreover,thewaytheFrenchmakedecisionsinthefamilymightalsobedifferentfromthetypicalJapaneseone,whichmaynotofteninvolvefemalesandtherighttodecideusuallylieswiththedominatingmale.,Unit3CulturalDiversity,CaseStudyreferencemainpointsforcase11:incidentssuchasthesecanpointtopossibleculturaldifferencesinso-called“polite”behavior,andatthesametimehighlightthetendencyforpeopletoreactemotionallytounexpectedbehavior.,Unit3CulturalDiversity,CaseStudyreferencemainpointsforcase11:(continued)peopleinmostcultureswouldprobablyagreethatanapologyisneededwhenanoffenceorviolationofsocialnormshastakenplace.However,theremaybedifferingopinionsastowhenweshouldapologizeandhowweshouldapologize.Tomanywesterns,JapaneseapologizemorefrequentlyandanapologyinJapanese