WTO架构下的贸易谈判(英文版)(ppt 18页).ppt

TradeBargainingundertheWTO:AnExampleofUS-ChinaTrade(WTO架構下之貿易談判)Dr.Pei-ShanKao,AssistantProfessorNationalChiaoTungUniversityCentreforGeneralEducation,Unit6,I.IntroductionII.US-ChinaTradeContactsandExchangeIII.BilateralTradeDisputesandFrictionsIV.AnalysisonUS-ChinaTradeBargainingundertheWTORegimeV.Conclusion,Question1:DidtheWTOpromoteUS-ChinatradebargainingsinceChinasentryin2001?Question2:HavetheirtradefrictionsbeenresolvedundertheWTOregime?Question3:CanthemechanismoftheWTOfacilitateeffectivelyUS-Chinatradebargaininghenceresolvestheirdisputesandpromotestheirrelations?Question4:HowdidtheWTOchangeandaffectChinastradebehaviorandChinasrelationswithitstradingpartners?,Source:http:/english.pravda.ru/img/2005/10/wto2.jpg,“consultedinMarch2009”.,US-ChinaTradeRelations:Sincetheyestablishedformaldiplomaticrelationsin1979,theysignedatradeagreementgrantingeachotherthemost-favoured-nation(MFN)status.Thetwo-waytradedevelopedandgrewrapidly.Manytradedisputesandfrictionsoccurred.Americanswereunsatisfiedwithmanyproblems:e.g.Chinasarbitraryadministrativeinterferenceanddiscriminatoryregulatoryprocesses,tradebarriers,andunfairandnon-transparenttradepracticeswereprevalent.TheU.S.AwelcomedChinasentryintotheWTO,AmericansandWesternCountriesExpectationsofChinasaccessiontotheWTO*OpeningtheChinesemarkettobringhugecommercialbenefitstothem.*ReducingChinesetradebarriersingoods,servicesandagriculturalproducts.*ReducingChinasrestrictionsonimportsanddistribution.*TodecreasetheirtradedeficitwithChina.*ToensurethetransparencyofChinastradepolicyandestablishafairandstabletradingenvironment.*ToobligeChinatobehaveaccordingtothewestern-stylerulesoflawandtoexpanditsOpenDoorpolicy.,II.US-ChinaTradeContactsandExchange,*AccordingtotheUS-ChinaBusinessCouncil,thebilateraltradeincreasedfrom$85.5billionin1998to$386.7billionin2007;itgrew4.5times.,Figure1AnnualGrowthRateofUS-ChinaBilateralTrade1998-2008,Source:“US-ChinaTradeStatisticsandChinasWorldTradeStatistics”US-ChinaBusinessCouncil,/statistics/tradetable.html,“consultedinMarch2009”.,*Chinanowisworldsthird-largesteconomyaftertheUnitedStatesandJapan.*Chinaisalsonowworldsthird-largesttradingnation,followingtheUSAandGermany.*China-UStwo-waytradeaccountedfor17.7%ofChinastotaltradeamount.*TheUnitedStatesnowisChinaslargesttradingpartner.ItisalsoChinaslargestexportmarket,anditsfourth-largestimportsupplier.*ChinaisAmericasthird-largestexportmarketanditisalsoAmericasfastestgrowingexportmarket.*ChinahaspassedCanada,becomesAmericasbiggestimportsupplier.,US-ChinaTradeStructure:Table1:TopUSExportstoChina2007-1.Electricalmachineryandequipment2.Powergenerationequipment3.Airandspacecraft4.Oilseedsandoleaginousfruits5.Plasticsandarticlesthereof6.Opticsandmedicalequipment7.Ironandsteel8.Copperandarticlesthereof9.Organicchemicals10.Pulpandpaperboard-Source:TheUS-ChinaBusinessCouncil,/statistics/tradetable.html,“consultedinMarch2009”.Sourceofthephotos:http:/www.mrmz.ru/global/img/com_foto/f5.jpg;http:/www.made-in-,Table2:TopUSImportsfromChina2007-1.Electricalmachineryandequipment2.Powergenerationequipment3.Toysandgames4.Apparel5.Furniture6.Footwearandpartsthereof7.Ironandsteel8.Plasticsandarticlesthereof9.Leatherandtravelgoods10.Vehiclesotherthanrailway-Source:TheUS-ChinaBusinessCouncil,/statistics/tradetable.html,“consultedinMarch2009”.,Sourceofthephotos:,Chinahasgraduallyshifteditsexportstructurefromlabour-intensiveproductssuchastextiles;shoes;andtoystocapital-intensivegoods.,US-Chinatradereachedaparticularlyhighlevelofgrowth:theyearsafter1979,whentheyestablishedformaldiplomaticrelationsinthepost-ColdWarera.TotalUS-Chinabilateraltradeincreasedfrom$17.8billionin1989toover$409billionin2008ChinahasbecometheUSAslargestdeficittradingpartner,ChinahadatradesurpluswiththeUnitedStatesof$266.3billionin2008.TradeDisputesandConflictsAppeared,QuarrelsbeforeChinajoinedtheWTO:ChinasMFNstatus,Chineseexchangerate,IPR,III.BilateralTradeDisputesandFrictions,AfterChinajoinedtheWTO:DisputessenttotheDSBAdisputeariseswhenonememberbelievesanotherisviolatinganagreementoracommitmentAppealtotheDSBtoresolvethedisputeTheDSBwillestablish“DisputePanels”toconsiderthecase(Thepanelswillmakerecommendation)The“AppellateBody”canamendthepanelsrecommendationDisputessettled“outofcourt”,orremaininaprolongedconsultationphase,Table3.US-ChinaTradeDisputesBroughttoWTO,IV.AnalysisonUS-ChinaTradeBargainingundertheWTORegime,Savetheconsultationandbargainingtime:e.g.OnthecasesofChinaspreferentialVATratefordomesticallyproducedICs(DS309);themeasuresChinaimposedonforeignfinancialinformationservicesandservicessuppliers(DS373)wereresolved“out-of-court”within4monthsevenwithoutestablishingapanelasChinaagreedtoamendthemeasures.2.Disputesresolvedwithoutexchangingconditionsasbefore:e.g.(before)MFNlinkedwithhumanrightsissues(after)Tradeissuesdonotneedtobe“politicised”,3.Toensuretherealisationofstatescommitment:WTOisalong-termanditerativegame,“theshadowofthefuture”canbelengthened;therewillbenocommitmentproblems.e.g.onthecaseofUSsteelsafeguardmeasures(DS252),althoughAmericawasunsatisfiedwiththepanelreport,andappealedtotheAppellateBody,iteventuallyacceptedthedecisionoftheDSBandpromisedtoterminatealloftherelativesafeguardmeasures.thegameisrepeated,ifChinaandtheUnitedStateswanttoplayit,theywilleventuallychoosetocooperate.,Source:/images/top_logo.gif,“consultedinMarch2009”.,4.TradePolicyReviewsMechanism(TPRM):WTOhelpstomonitorandsupervisestatesbehaviourandtradepractices:e.g.PressreleasedbytheWTO(June2008):TheUnitedStateshastakenfurtherstepstoliberaliseitstraderegimesinceitspreviousreviewin2006.5.Toprovideinformationaboutotherspreferencesandintentions;decreasestatesuncertaintyandfearsforcooperatingwithothers:e.g.Onthecaseofrestrictingforeignfinancialinformationservicesandservicesuppliers(DS373),ChinareleasedinformationbytheWTOexpressingitswilltorevisethemeasuresandreachedanagreementwiththeUnitedStates.,Conclusion,-SinceChinajoinedtheWTO,althoughtheWTOcouldnothelptheUnitedStatestodecreaseitsdeficitswithChina,itdidpromoteUS-Chinatraderelationsbyresolvingtheirtradefrictions.-ManydisputessuchasUSst