跨文化交际ppt课件

InterculturalCommunication,LectureOneandTwo,1,-TohelpyouimproveyourEnglish,especiallyyourabilitytodiscussandexplainideas,andyourabilitytotalkaboutcultureinEnglish.-TohelpyoulearnmoreabouttheculturesofWesternnations.ThetextbookpaysspecialattentiontothecultureoftheUnitedStates,notonlybecauseitisthelargestEnglish-speakingcountry,butalsobecauseitscultureisdifferentfromChinasinanumberofespeciallyinterestingways.-Tohelpyoubecomeabetterinterculturalcommunicator.Youwilllearnthispartlybystudyingmoreabouttheprocessofinterculturalcommunicationandalsoaboutthefactorsthataffectthatprocess.However,evenmoreimportant,youwilldevelopnewskillsandthinkinghabitsthatwillhelpyoumakesenseofforeignculturesandtheirpeople,especiallyofthingsWesternersdowhichmayseemstrange,puzzling,orevenbad.,Goalsofthecourse,2,-Tofamiliarizeyouwithbasicconceptsofinterculturalcommunication.Thetextbookintroducesmanyofthebasicconceptsofinterculturalcommunication,assumingthatthemorestudentsunderstandaboutthevariousfactorsthataffectinterculturalcommunication,themoreawaretheywillbeoftherolethesefactorsplayininfluencinghowtheyinterpretthebehaviorofforeigners.,3,-Readingthetextbookandotherrelatedmaterials(assignedbytheteacherorfound/searchedbyyouupontheteachersrequest)-Regularattendanceoftheclasses-Ifpossible,makefriendswithoneortwoforeignerstogainsomepersonalexperiencesincross-culturalcommunication.,Requirementsofthecourse,4,DearFran,YesterdaywasmyfirstdayinChina,anditwasalittlebitstrange.Idecidedtogotoapark,andthereImetseveralChinesestudents.TheystartedtalkingwithmeinChinese,andIwashappytofinallyhaveachancetopracticespeakinginChinesewithrealChinesepeople,andmaybealsotomakesomeChinesefriends.AtfirsttheyaskedmesomeprettyeasyquestionsabouthowlongIhadbeeninChina,whatcountryIwasfrom,andsoforth.Butthenthequestionsstartedgettingmorecomplicatedandharderformetounderstandandanswer;also,sometimeswhenIwasstrugglingtoansweraquestionthestudentswouldlaugh.Thatkindofbotheredme,andIfeltliketheyweremakingfunofme.ThenoneofthestudentssaidsomethingthatIthoughtwasalittleweird.“Womenzuopengyouba.”Imean,Ididoriginallyhopetomakefriendswiththem,butIdidntexpectsomeoneIhardlyknewtojustsay“Letsbe,LettertoFranAcasestudy,5,Friends!”Thatseemedalittlestrangeandratherpushy.BYthatpoint,Iwasfeelingalittleuncomfortable,soIjustmadeanexcuseandleft.Imnotquitesurewhattomakeofthisexperience.Icanttellifthestudentswereenjoyingthemselvesatmyexpense;Imalsonotsureiftheyaretryingtogetsomethingfromme.Finally,ifIseethemagainImnotsureifIshouldtalktothem,ormaybejusttrytoavoidthem.YouknowChinaalotbetterthanIdo,soanyadviceorsuggestionsyouhavewouldbeappreciated.Sincerely,Pete,6,PartoftheproblemwasthatPetesChinesewasntverygood,soitwashardforhimtocommunicate.ItseemslikelythatPetedidntunderstandChinesecultureverywell,andthismadeitharderforhimtounderstandwhythestudentsactedastheydid.AnotherpartofthereasonliesinthewayPetehandledthisinterculturalcommunicationsituation.WhentheChinesestudentsdidorsaidthingsthatseemedstrangetohim,hetendedtojumptoconclusions.,Petesproblems,7,-E.B.Tylor(1967):Cultureisacomplexwholeofoursocialtraditionsandasprerequisiteforustobeamemberofthesociety.-Canbeasetoffundamentalideas,practices,andexperiencesofagroupofpeoplethataresymbolicallytransmittedgenerationtogenerationthroughalearningprocess.-Mayaswellrefertobeliefs,norms,andattitudesthatareusedtoguideourbehaviorsandtosolvehumanproblems.-Oranegotiatedsetofsharedsymbolicsystemsthatguideindividualsbehaviorsandinclinethemtofunctionasagroup.,Definitionofculture,8,Asthesoftwareofhumanmind,culture,inadditiontoallowingourparticipationinaspecificgroup,servestwomajorfunctions:-Cultureprovidesacontextinwhichthreeaspectsofhumansocietyareembedded:linguistic,physical,andpsychological(Borden,1991).Languageallowsustocommunicatewithpeoplewhohavesimilarvalueandbeliefsystem.Physicalaspectssupplyanenvironmentofactivitiesandpermitwhatwedowithintheculture.Finally,thepsychologicalaspectisrelatedtoourmentalactivities,includingwhatwebelieveandwhatwehavelearned.,Functionsofculture,9,-Culturefunctionstoprovidestructure,stabilityandsecuritythatareusedbythegroupandmemberstomaintainthemselvesasahealthysystem.Forexample,accordingtotraditionalChinesecustom,themarriageofyoungpeoplehadtobearrangedbytheirparents.Amatchmakerwasusedtointroducethetwoparties.Iftheparentsofthemalewereinterestedinseeingthelady,thematchmakerwouldplananarrangedmeetingforbothsidestomeetandobserveeachother.Ifthemalefamilywaspleasedwiththelady,thematchmakerwouldbesenttothefemalefamilytoformallyproposeamarriage.Apaymentmadebythegroomsfamilytothefamilyofthebridewouldbemadewhenthecouplemarried.Dowry,includingmoney,jewelry,orothergifts,fromthebridesfamilyusuallyaccompaniedthebride.,10,ThestructuralprocessofthismatchingprocessfortheyoungpeopleintraditionalChinesesocietyclearlyreflectsthefunctionsofculture.ThispracticenotonlymaintainedthestabilityoftheChinesesocietyformanyhundredyearsbutalsoensuredthefinancialsecurityofthefemalefamilyafteradaughtermovedouttostaywiththeotherfamily.,11,Fourbasiccharacteristics:holistic,learned,dynamic,andpervasive1.Cultureisholistic(整体的）.Itcanbebrokendownintoseveralsubsystems,includingakinshipsystem,aneducationalsystem,areligioussystem,anassociationsystem,apoliticalsystem,andsoon,butthevariousaspectsofculturearecloselyinterrelated.Inotherwords,anychangeinasubsystemwillaffectthewholesystem.Forexample,theAmericanCivilRightsMovementbroughtaboutchangesindifferentfacetsofAmericancultureandalteredAmericanattitudes,values,andbehaviors.,Characteristicsofculture,12,2.Cultureislearned.Becausecultureisasharedsymbolicsystemwithinarelativelylargegroupofpeople,theonlywayforgroupmemberstointegrateinto,reinforce,andco-createthissharedsymbolicsystemisthroughalearningprocess.Webegintoconsciouslyandunconsciouslylearnourcultureinourearlylifethroughtheprocessofsocializationorenculturation.Interactionwithfamilymembersandfriendsisthemostcommonwayforustolearnaboutourculture.Othersourcesforlearningourcultureareschools,church,media,folktales,andart.Question:Whatisethnocentrism?,13,Theprocessoflearningourownculturewillinevitablyfosteraphenomenoncalledethnocentrism.Ethnocentrismleadsgroupmemberstotiethemselvestightlytogetherandtobeproudoftheirownheritagesbysubjectivelyusingtheirculturalstandardsascriteriaforinterpretationsandjudgmentsininterculturalcommunication.,14,3.Cultureisdynamic.Culturesareconstantlychangingovertime.Someculturesaremoreopenandacceptingofchange,otherstendtoresistit.Culturechangeintheprocessoftransmissionfromgenerationtogeneration,grouptogroup,andplacetoplace.Question:Whatwouldbringaboutthechangesofaculture?,15,Fourmajormechanismsaccountforthechangeofcultures:technologicalinvention,disasters(naturalandhuman),culturalcontact,andenvironmentalfactors(e.g.Increasingpopulation).,16,4.Cultureispervasive.Liketheubiquitous（无所不在的）airwebreathe,culturepenetratesintoeveryaspectofourlifeandinfluencesthewaywethink,thewaywetalk,andthewaywebehave.,17,Interculturalcommunicationreferstothecommunicationbetweenpeoplefromtwodifferentcultures.Thestudyofinterculturalcommunicationaimstounderstandtheinfluenceofcultureonourattitudes,beliefs,andbehaviorsinordertoreducemisunderstandingsthatresultfromculturalvariations.,Interculturalcommunication,18,AccordingtoDodd(1991),successfulinterculturalcommunicationisbasedonthreefactors:1.thepositivefeelingwepossessattheaffectivelevel,includingaffirmation,self-esteem,comfort,trust,andsafety;2.thebeliefswebringintotheinterculturalencounteratthecognitivelevel,includingexpectations,stereotypes,uncertainties,andmisunderstandingofrulesorprocedures;3.theactionorskillswepossessatthebehaviorallevel,includingverbalandnonverbalcommunicationskillsininterculturalsettings.,19,Kenneth,anAmericanstudent,metVernon,astudentrecentlyarrivedfromMalaysia,andtheydecidedtohavedinnertogetherattheuniversitycafeteria.Inthecafeteria,Kennethorderedapizzaandsomeotherfoodfortheirdinner.Whenthefoodwassenttothem,KennethtorethepizzaintopiecesandhandedonepiecetoVernon,usinghislefthand.Vernontookthatpieceofpizzaandputitonhisplatewithouteatingit.Kennethwasquiteconfusedaboutwhathadgonewrong,soheaskedVernon,“Areyouallright?”“Yes,Imfine,”Vernonreplied.Kennethkeptonasking,“Whydontyoueatthepizza?”Vernonsaidnothingbutbegantoeattheotherfood,ignoringthepizza.Kennethwasconfusedbutheceasedhisquestioning.Andthetwojustkeptoneatingwithoutmuchconversation.HowwouldyouhelpexplainVernonsbehavior?,Minicase1,20,SomelikelyinterpretationsMs.Kelsenmayfeelthatteachersshouldnotacceptgifts,especiallyvaluableones,fromstudents.(IntheWest,itisrareforindividualstudentstogiveteachersgifts,especiallyexpensiveones.)Ms.Kelsendoesnotthinkitisrighttoacceptagift,especiallyavaluableone,justfordoingherdutyasateacher.Ms.Kelsenisafraidthatotherpeoplewillfindoutthatsheacceptedthegift,andthattheywillthinkshetookabribe.Ms.Kelsenmayfeelthatsheonlydidherduty,soshehasdonenothingtodeservesuchaspecialgift.Ms.KelsenmayfeeluncomfortablebecausesheassumesFrankcannnotaffordtogiveexpensivegifts.Ms.KelsenmayfeelthatacceptingthegiftwouldputherunderobligationtoFrank.(MostWesternersfeelthatacceptingavaluablegiftentailsadegreeofreciprocity互惠，互给.),Case2(alsoEncounterinthebook),21,GiftgivingintheWest:WesternersgenerallyonlygivegiftsoncertainculturallydesignatedoccasionssuchasbirthdaysorcertainholidayssuchasChristmas.“Ingeneral,Westernersdonotusegiftstoincurorrepaysocialobligations”(Davis2001:113)Itisnotgenerallynecessarytoreciprocateforsmallpersonalfavorsbygivinggifts;usuallysaying“thankyou”issufficient.Insituationswheresomeonedoeswanttoshowgratitudebyofferingagift,Westernersareoftencomfortablewithbeingtakenouttoeat,orwithasmallgiftthathasmorepersonalsignificancethanmonetaryvalue.Perishablegiftslikefoodanddrinkcanalsogenerallybeacceptedrelativelyeasily.Valuablegiftsareanappropriatewaytoshowgratitudeonlyforatrulysignificantfavor,andonlyinsituationswhereitwillnotlooklikethegift-giveristryingtobuyfavor.,Culturenotes,22,Giftsandbribes:InmostWesterncultures,itisnotconsideredappropriatetoacceptaprivategift,especiallyavaluableone,asarewardforperformingawork-relatedduty.Suchagiftwouldoftenbeviewedasabribe.“OutsideofwellestablishedoccasionslikeChristmasandbirthdays,circumspection(谨慎）isobservedsothatgiftgivingappearspersonallyanonymousoroffhand（即席的）.Thegiftssignificanceiscarefullylimitedtoavoidapersonalmeaningthatmightbeconstruedasofferingabribe,seekingspecialfavors,orasrequiringreciprocity.”(StewardandBennett1991:95),23,Publicandprivatedistinction:InbothChinaandtheWest,expressinggratitudeforwork-relatedservicebygivingapersonalgiftwouldoftenbeconsideredinappropriate.Thereare,however,differencesbetweenEastandWestonmorespecificpointsofhowthisgeneralprincipleisapplied.Onthewhole,Western(individualist)culturesgenerallyfeelthereshouldbeaclearerdistinctionbetweenpublicandprivatelifethenEastern(collectivist)cultureswouldmake,andthiscausesWesternerstofellitismorewrongtodothingsthatwouldtransgress(违反）theboundariesbetweenthesetwopartsoflife.OneconsequenceofthisisthatWesternersarelesslikelytofeelitisnecessarytoberewarded(privately)fordoing(public)duties.,24,GiftgivinginChina(forexample:luckymoneyinSpringFestival),Discussiontask,25,“Lee”isaChinesestudentwhohasjustarrivedintheUStodograduatestudies.AfteralongandtiringflightfromChina,shegoesthroughcustomsattheairport.Themwithallofherluggage,shewaitsinlineforataxi.Afteralongannoyingwait,shefinallygetsataxi.However,thetaxidriverseemsfriendlyenough,andthetaxiiscomfortable,sosheisabletorelaxalittleduringthelongdrivetoherschool.Whenshegetstotheschool,thetaxismeterreads$32.5,soshestartsgettingthemoneyoutofherwallet.Butwhenthetaxistopsthedriverturnsaround,smilesatLee,andsaysthatsheshouldgivehim$50!Doyouknowwhythedriverasksfor$50ratherthan$32.5?,Case3,26,ThetaxidriveristryingtocheatLee.ThereareextrachargeforluggagethatLeedoesntknowabout.ThereareextrachargesfortollsthatLeedoesntknowabout.Thereisanhonestmisunderstanding.Maybethereissomethingwrongwiththemeter,orfareshaverecentlygoneupandthemeterhasntbeenadjustedyet.Leemisunderstoodwhatthedriversaid,ordidnthearwhathesaidclearly.Thedriverhasincludedatipforhimselfanunreasonablylargeone.Thedriverhasincludedagenerousbutnotentirelyunreasonabletipforhimself,perhapsbecauseheknowsLeeisaforeignerandthinksshedoesntknowthatsheshouldtip,orbecauseinthepastotherforeignershavegivenhimverystingytips.,Somelikelyinterpretations,27,Taxicharges:IntaxisintheUS,itisquitenormaltohaveasmallextrachargeoreachpieceofluggage.Usuallytherewillbealistofluggagechargespostedsomewhereinthetaxi.IntheUStherearealsosometimestollsforbridges,tunnels,andcertainroads,andthetaxidriverwillgenerallypaythesefirstandthenaddthemtothecostoftheride.,Culturalnotes,28,TaxisintheUS:WhiletaxiscanoftenbefoundatUSairports,taxisarerelativelyrareinallbutthelargestAmericancities,andtogetataxipeopleoftenneedtocallataxicompany.ThisisbecausemostAmericansdrivetheirowncars.(Note:InlargecitieslikeNewYork,taxidriversareoftenimmigrantsfromothercountrieswhodonotspeakEnglishastheirfirstlanguage.),29,Tipping:Foremployeesinsomeserviceindustriesitiscommonandexpectedpracticetoofferatipontopofthebillaslongasserviceisnotbelowaverage.Followingaresomecommontippingguidelines:waiters:15-17%ofbillbeforetax,20%ata5-starrestaurantorforlargeparties(atafancyrestaurantchecktomakesureserviceisnotincludedinthebill)taxidrivers:15%oftotalbill,nolessthan25centshairdressers:15%shampooer:$1-$2,30,pizzadeliveryperson:$1-2forshortdistance,$2-3forlongerdistanceairportskycap:$1-2perbagbellhop:$10forcarryingluggage,$5forshowingyoutoyourroomroomservice:15%ofthebillfurnituredelivery:$5-10minimum,upto$20forveryheavyorlargeitems.(Tippingisnotnormalinfast-foodrestaurantswherecustomersgettheirownfood.),31,IndividualismvsCollectivism,Anindividualistcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasindividualsandtoemphasizetheneedsofindividuals.Ingeneral,Westernculturetendstobeindividualist.,Acollectivistcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasmembersofgroups(families,workunits,tribes,nations),andusuallyconsidertheneedsofthegrouptobemoreimportantthantheneedsofindividuals.MostAsianculturestendtobecollectivist.,Individualistcultures“I”consciousnessindependence,Competition.,Collectivistcultures“We”consciousness,interdependence,groupharmony.(Stronginfluenceonsocialrelationships:theconceptofin-groupsandout-groups),32,RankingofIndividualism,33,IndividualistvsCollectivistCulture,Emphasisonself-reliance;notobligatedtohelpfamilymembersandfriends.Emphasisontheindividualrights.Individualsshouldtakecreditandresponsibilityforwhattheyhavepersonallydone.,Obligatedtohelpothermembersoftheirgroups.ObligatedtosacrificeforthebenefitofthegroupAcceptmoreresponsibilityforwhatothermembersoftheirgroupsdo.,34,Fromanearlyage,Americanchildrenareencouragedtobelievethattheythemselvesare