英语阅读理解-抓住大意ppt课件

AngelaMaiers,2006,WhatsthePoint?:FindingtheBIGIdeasinText,PresentedByAngelaMaiers,2006,1,WhatistheBIGIDEA?,Definemainideaandtheme.(Isthereanydifference?)MainideaisThemeisHowdoYOU(asareader)findthemainidea/themeswithintext?WhatarethespecificstepsinvolvedingettingtotheBIGIDEAS?ListandDiscuss.WhatdoyourstudentsstrugglewithmostwhenseekingtheBIGIDEASintextatyourgradelevel?,2,HarvardReportDr.Perry,DirectoroftheHarvardReadingandStudyCenter,1500firstyearcollegestudents-30pgchapterfromtextbookTask:Within20minutes,writeashortstatementonwhatthechapterwasaboutOutcome:94.5%studentsscoredwellonmultiple-choicetestondetail15outof1500topfirstyearcollegestudents:previewedsectionreadheadingsunderstoodandfollowedthewriting/writersstructureskimmedandanalyzedvisualslookeddescriptiveflagsinthemarginreadendofthechaptersummariesnotedkeypointswhilereading-signalwordsandphrasedMajorConclusions:obedientpurposelessness:anenormousamountofwastedeffortinmostoffirstyearstudents.Studentsmustbejarredoutofthisapproach.Thisreadingactrequiresself-confidence,skill,intention,focus,andevencourage,onthepartofthestudentwhomustdecideforhimselfwhattoreadorskip.StudentsMUSTalwaysaskthemselveswhatitistheywanttogetoutofareadingassignment,thenlookaroundforthosekeyandimportantpoints.,3,AngelaMaiers,2006,ThinkingLikeaWriter!,Theactofreadingandwritinginvolvethesameskills.Bothrequireastudenttousewordknowledge,sentencestructure,andparagraphorganizationtoeitherconveyamessageortodecodeamessage.,4,AuthorsDecisions,WhatdoIknowabout,careabout,orhaveresearchedenoughabouttowritedown?(TOPIC)Whatismygoalinwritingthisinformationdown?WhatdoIwanttoaccomplishbywritingthisinformationdown?(PURPOSE)Whowouldbenefitfromknowingthesefacts?(AUDIENCE)Whatwouldbethebestwaytosharethisinformationwithmyreaders?(FORMAT)HowshouldIorganizetheinformationsothereadercaneasilyreadandunderstandit?(STRUCTURE/ORGANIZATION)WhatcanIdohookreadersattention?(FEATURES/STYLE)HowdoIknowthisismyverybestwriting?(CRAFT/CREDIBILITY),5,TodaysGoalsandAgenda:,Whatisthemainidea-EXACTLY?Whereisitlocatedinfiction/nonfictiontext?WhatisitthatweneedtoexplicitlymodelanddemonstratetostudentssotheycanfindtheBIGIDEAontheirown.,6,AngelaMaiers,2006,Whyitissohardtofind?,MainIdeaMainIdeaStatementMostImportantIdeaCentralIdeaCentralThoughtAuthorsMessageThemeThesisCriticalUnderstandingWritersPurposeParagraphisMostly”About,7,AngelaMaiers,2006,PartsofaParagraph,Atopicidentifieswhoorwhatthereadingpassageisabout.Amainidea(themostimportantpointtheauthorismakingaboutthetopic).Itisoftenstatedinatopicsentence.Supportingdetails(thespecificideastodevelop,explain,orsupportthemainidea).,8,MainIdeascanbe,Stated:Astatedmainideaisasentencefoundinthereadingpassagewhichstatesthetopicandthemainpointorpointsbeingmadeaboutthattopic.ThissentenceisreferredtoastheTOPICSENTENCE.Implied:Animpliedmainideameansthattheauthorhaschosennottouseastatementintheselectionorpassagetotellthereaderthetopicandmainidea.Thereadermustreadthepassageanddeterminethemainideafromtheinformationthatispresented.TheREADERisresponsibleforcomposingastatementofthemainidea.Notopicsentenceexists.,9,You,alongwithlions,goats,andbatsbelongtoaclasscalledmammals.About4000speciesofmammalslivehereonearth,andmanylookdifferentfromeachother.But,allmammalshavecertaincharacteristicsthatsetthemapartfromotherlivingthings.Mammalsareallwarmbloodedandhavefurorhair.Theycansurviveincoldplacesbecauseoftheirwarmblood.Manybelievethatmammalsarethemostintelligentanimalsonearth.,10,FourStepstoDiscoveringtheMainIdea,Whatisthetopicofthispassage?Whatarethepointsmadeaboutthistopic?(SupportingDetails)Whatpointisthewritertryingtoproveormake?Statethatpoint.Doesthatstatementrepresentthemostimportantthingthewriterissayingaboutthetopic?,11,L6:TopicSentence,Areadercanbesuretheyhavefoundthestatedmainideaifthesentencecontainsthetopicthesentencestatesthesinglemostimportantpointaboutthetopicthesentenceisgeneralenoughtocoveralltheinformationintheparagraphtheothersentencesexplainortellmoreaboutthemainideasentencethesentencemakescompletesensebyitself(thereadercancomprehendtheselectionwithoutreadingtherestoftheselection).,12,AngelaMaiers,2006,WhatistheMainIdea?,WilmaRudolphwasacrippledchildwhobecameanOlympicrunningchampion.Wilmawasbornprematurelyin1940andspentherchildhoodbattlingillness,includingmeasles,scarletfever,chickenpox,pneumonia,andpolio,acripplingdiseasethatatthattimehadnocure.Attheageoffour,shewastoldthatshewouldneverwalknormallyagain.Afteryearsofspecialtreatmentandphysicaltherapy,twelveyearoldWilmawasdeterminedtowalkagainnormally.ButwalkingwasnotenoughforWilma,whowasdeterminedtobecomeanathlete.Beforelong,hertalentearnedheraspotonthe1956Olympics,wheresheearnedabronzemetal.Inthe1960Olympics,attheheightofhercareer,shewonthreegoldmedals.,13,AngelaMaiers,2006,DefiningCentralIdea/Thesis,Thecentralpointisthemainideaofapassagemadeupoftwoormoreparagraphs.ThethesisstatementisaSTATEMENT(tellingsentence)thatstatesthetopicandtheauthorscontrollingpointaboutthetopicforapassageoftwoormoreparagraphs.,14,TenLessonstoSupportReadingfortheBigIdea!,LessonOne:DefiningMainIdeaLessonTwo:ExploringthePartsofaParagraphLessonThree:IdentifyingTopic/SubjectoftheWritingLessonFour:SortingMajor/MinorDetailsLessonFive:UsingTextStructuretoIdentifyM.I.LessonSix:LookingforATopicSentenceLessonSeven:MakingInferencesfromimpliedM.I.LessonEight:PuttingAuthorsPointintoyourownwordsLessonNine:MonitoringandcheckingformeaningusingM.I.criteriaLessonTen:ExploringDifferencesinLocationofBigIdeasacrossmultipletextsandgenres,15,AngelaMaiers,2006,L1:DefiningMainIdea,Main?Idea?MainIdeais.,16,AngelaMaiers,2006,L2:Topic,MainIdea,orSupportingDetail?,_Onecommoncauseofheadachesismuscletension._Poorposturethattensesthemusclesintheneckandbackcantriggeraheadache._Headachesaresometimestheresultofstress,anxiety,anddepressionthatcausethemusclesintheneck,face,andscalptobecometense._Commoncausesofheadaches,17,L3:IdentifytheTOPIC,Thetopicisidentifiedaseitherawordorphrasewhichbestdescribeswhatthereadingselectionisabout.Thetopicshouldnotbetoobroad(coveringmorethanwhatisdiscussedintheselection)ortoonarrow(notcoveringeverythingdiscussedintheselection).Q:WhoorwhathaveIjustreadabout?“Cluesfordeterminingthetopicofaselection:Aword,name,orphrasethatappearsasaheadingortitle.Aword,nameorphrasethatappearsinspecialtypesuchboldprint,italics,orcolor.Aword,nameorphrasethatisrepeatedthroughouttheparagraph.Aword,name,orphrasethatmayappearatthebeginningoftheparagraphandisthenreferredtothroughouttheparagraphbypronouns(orotherwords).,18,AngelaMaiers,2006,L3:WhatistheTopic?,Therulesofconductduringanexaminationareclear.Nobooks,calculatorsorpapersareallowedinthetestroom.Proctorswillnotallowanyonewithsuchitemstotakethetest.Anyonecaughtcheatingwillbeaskedtoleavetheroom.Hisorhertestsheetwillbetaken.Theincidentwillbereportedtotheproperauthority.Attheendofthetestperiod,allmaterialswillbereturnedtotheproctor.Failuretoabidebytheseruleswillresultinafailinggradeforthistest.,19,AngelaMaiers,2006,L3:WhatistheTopic?,Mostofthepolicyproblemsthatthefederalgovernmentconfrontsdonotlendthemselvestosimplesolutions.WhethertheissueisspacetravelorhungerinAmerica,expertknowledgeisessentialtothedevelopmentofeffectivepublicpolicy.Muchoftheexpertiseisheldbybureaucrats.Theyspendtheircareersworkinginaparticularpolicyarea.Manyofthemhavehadscientific,technical,orotherspecializedtraining.,20,L4:SortingforImportanceintheDetails,21,22,23,L5:KnowledgeofTextStructure,DescriptionCompare/ContrastCauseandEffectChronology/SequenceProceduralPersuasiveQuestion/AnswerProblem/Solution,24,AngelaMaiers,2006,TopicSentenceLocation:,Firstsentence2)Lastsentence3)Middleofparagraph4)Combinationoftwosentences,25,AngelaMaiers,2006,L7:ImpliedMI,ImpliedMainIdea:InsomeinstancesanauthormightchoosetoonlyhintorsuggestthetopicandmainidearatherthanAnimpliedmainideaisasentencethatthereadercomposesratherthanastatementfoundintheselection.Thisreaderdevelopedsentenceprovidesthesameinformationasatopicorstatedmainideasentence.Animpliedmainideaanswersthesametwobasicquestionsasastatedmainidea:1.WhoorwhatdidIjustreadabout?2.Whatwasthemainpointorpointsmadebytheauthor.,26,AngelaMaiers,2006,L8:FormulatingImpliedMI,3WaysReadersFormulateanImpliedMainIdea:1.Addessentialwordsorphrasestoanexistingsentencefromtheparagraph.2.Combinetwosentencesfromtheparagraphtostatethetopicandmainidea.3.De