语言学习与语言教学的原则

IssuesinFirstLanguageAcquisitionRevisited,CompetenceandPerformance,ComprehensionandProduction,NatureorNurture,Universal,SystematicityandVariability,LanguageandThought,Imitation,Practice,Input,Discourse,CompetenceandPerformance,Whatarethelanguagecompetenceandperformance?Chomsky(1965)regardedcompetenceasanidealizedspeaker-hearerwhodoesnotdisplayperformancevariables.,Taroneproposedheterogeneouscompetence.Howdoesoneinferthisunobservable,underlyinglevel?(languagecompetence),directmethodsindirectmethods(p32),Implications,ADULT:NowAdam,listentowhatisay.Tellmewhichisbettertosay.somewater,orawater.ADAM:Popgoweasel.,ComprehensionandProduction,C1:comprehensionproduction;productioncomprehension(examples)Implications:lag,both,W.R.Miller:Whatsyourname?Athree-year-oldchild:Litha.M:Litha?C:No,Litha.M:Oh,Lisa.C:Yes,Litha.,Rice(1980):Whatcoloristhis?,skinner,Chomsky:LAD,theinnateTheory,NatureorNurture,Implication:bothadultsandchildrenhavethecapacitytoacquireasecondlanguageatanytime.,Stimulusandresponse,reinforcementTheory,LearningTheory,Universal,WernerLeopold:phonologicalandgrammaticaluniversalsMaratsos:universallinguisticcategorieswordordertoneagreement(eg.ofsubjectandverb)nounsandnounclassesverbsandverbclasses,Isthereauniversaldeepstructures,commontoalllanguages?Implications:(a)simplytolookforcommonalitiesbetweenfirstandsecondlanguage.(b)toconsiderafewpossibleuniversallyapplicablecognitiveprocessesofacqusition.,Frompivotgrammartothree-andfour-wordutterances,andtofullsentencesofalmostindeterminatelength.,SystematicityandVariability,Theprocessofacqusition,C1,A2(examples),difficult,Implications:lateralizationofthebrain;psychomotor,cognitive,affectiveandlinguisticconsiderations.,Pasttense:separateitems:walked,broke,drank-edmorpheme:walked,breaked,drinkedregularandirregular:twoclassessaussure(1916:9):speechismany-sidedandheterogeneous:straddlingseveralareassimultaneously-physical,physiological,andpsychological.,LanguageandThought,Language,Thought,JeromeBruner,BenjaminWhorf,Piaget,1UnityTheory2LinguisticDetermination3ThoughtDetermination4LanguageandThoughtareindependentandinterrelatedwitheachother,Implication,Imitation,C1:early,phonologicalacquisitionsurfacestructure(forms)Twotypes,deepstructure(meaning),Implications:both,CHILD:Nobodydontlikeme.MOTHER:No,saynobodylikesme.CHILD:Nobodydontlikeme.(eightrepetitionsofthisdialogue)MOTHER:No,nowlistencarefully;saynobodylikesme.CHILD:Oh!Nobodydontlikesme.朱曼殊等（1986）曾对一名一岁八个月的幼儿进行追踪研究。他们每天问小孩“xx是谁给你买的？”之类的问题，一连几天，小孩的回答总是“xx是妈妈（或阿姨、老师等）买给你的。”虽然每次给予纠正，但她还是不能把“买给你的”改正为“买给我的”。,Practice,Whatcolor.Whatcolorblanket.Whatcolormop.Whatcolorglass.Mommyshomesik.Mommyshomesick.WheresMommyhomesick.WheresMikeysick.Mikeysick.(RuthWeir.1962),BrownandHanlonMcNeillandnativists,Implication:contextualized,appropriate,meaningfulpractice,speaking,Comprehension,frequency,deepstructure,C1:parentalandoldersiblings,Input,Semigrammatical:McNeillGrammatical:Labov,BrownandDrach,reaction,DifferentlanguageinputC1:parental,authentic,sufficient,natural.A2:teacher,inauthentic,limited,Implication:meaningful,communicative,Discourse,exposure,interaction,conversation,initiations,responses,Implicationforsecondlanguagelearning:communicativecompetence,Strategeticcompetence,Discoursecompetence,Pragmaticcompetence,Linguisticcompetence,Fivecomponentsofcommunicativecompetence(Hedge,2000)Teachingmustenablelearnerstograspthefivecomponentsofcommunicativecompetence,butnotjustthelinguisticcompetence.,Fluency,BibliographyAdamson,H.D.1988.VariationTheoryandSecondLanguageAquisition.WashingtonDC:GeorgetownUniversityPress.H.D.Brown.2001.PrinciplesofLanguageLearningandTeaching.Thi