高考英语复习 基础写作归纳及常见错误总结

基础写作归纳,1.一个黄金法则与写作内容中规定的内容有关的，能写一点就写一点，哪个是不成句子的零星的一个或几个单词，也一定要写，千万不留空格！这是基础较差考生必须记住的黄金法则。因为从近年广东高考英语阅卷情况看，只要能写出与写作内容相关的一个或几个单词就会给分！若能用正确的简单句表达全部内容的，可以得该题满分的60%，即9分，这已大大超过全省的平均分了啊！但是若是抄试卷中阅读理解等地方的段落或句子，或者乱写一些与写作内容无关的话，再写多些也是零分！,2.五个解题步骤(1)仔细审题文章主题：做什么事？写作原因：为何要写这篇文章？写给谁看？内容信息：文章的内容要点？(按照写作内容的顺序排列信息要点，尽量不要打乱顺序)逻辑顺序：尽量找出信息点之间的逻辑关系，如因果、转折、并列、条件等。主体时态：主要用哪种时态？主体人称：用第几人称来写？,(2)列举提纲根据图画或图表，图画外的所有中文说明，特别是内容要点，列出要点，然后根据这些内容要点，列出可能用到的关键词汇及句型；将关健词补充成结构完整准确的句子，表述所有内容要点。(3)连句成篇按照上述构思后安排的写作顺序，使用恰当的连接性词语，连句成篇。为了确保只能用五个句子，此步可能需要用到合并句子等技巧。,(4)认真誊写连句成篇后，还要通读检查一遍，在准确无误后，用规范的书法认真誊写，整洁书写非常重要。(5)再度核查查内容信息是否完整。查句子结构是否完整。如英文句子一定要有主语和谓语，且在人称和数方面要注意主谓一致；两个句子之间一定要有连词。查是否有单词拼写错误、时态错误等。看整个语篇是否连贯。,3.三个重要基础根据广东高考基础写作的评分标准中“句子结构准确”的要求，我们必须具备有关句子结构的三点基础：(1)掌握简单句的五个基本句型和therebe结构。所谓简单句就是由一个主语(包括并列主语)和一个谓语(包括并列谓语)组成的句子，即一个主谓关系的句子。主谓：Thesportfirstappearedin1896.这项运动最早出现于1896年。主谓宾：Wedidasurveyamong600students.我们在600个学生中作了一次调查。,主谓双宾：Myparentsboughtmeapairofshoes.我父母给我买了一双鞋。主谓宾宾补：Wepaintedthewallwhite.我们把墙漆成了白色。主系表：Ourspellingbecomesworse.我们的拼写变得更差了。Therebe+主语(+地点/时间)TherewillbeafootballmatchbetweenChinaandSouthKoreainShanghaiStadiumthisevening.今晚在上海体育馆有一场中国队和韩国队之间的足球赛。,特别提醒：根据历年高考阅卷的情况，考生写句子最易犯的错是：不用be时却用了，或者该用be时却没用。因此，我们须注意：英语句子通常要有谓语动词，否则就不完整。如表达“他很累”，不能说Heverytired.而要说Heisverytired.因为tired是形容词，句中无动词，要加上be。切记：当句子意思好像完整，但句中没有动词时，一定要加上be。当句中已有谓语动词时，若不是进行时态或被动语态，一定不要再用be。如表达“他昨天来过这里”，不能说Hewascamehereyesterday.而要说Hecamehereyesterday.,(2)掌握并列句的结构。所谓并列句就是两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子。即：简单句+并列连词(and,but,yet,or,etc.)+简单句。如：Workhard,oryouwillfail.努力工作，否则你就要失败。Imadenoanswerandshewentaway.我没有回答，接着她就走了。Sheinvitedme,butIturnedherdown.她请了我，但我拒绝了她。,(3)掌握主从复合句的结构。复合句指的是含有两个或更多的主谓结构的句子，其中有一个(或更多)主谓结构充当整个句子的某一(些)成分。充当定语的句子(有主谓结构)叫定语从句，充当状语的从句叫状语从句，充当主语、宾语或同位语的从句叫名词性从句。主句与从句之间用从属连词(when,before,until,unless,if,although,that,which,who,when,where,etc.)连接起来。大体上可表述为以下两种结构：,主句+从属连词+从句Hewasfondofdrawingwhenhewasachild.他还是个孩子时就喜欢画画。从属连词+从句，主句Whenhewasachild,hewasfondofdrawing.他还是个孩子时就喜欢画画。特别提醒：凡是有两个或多个句子(有主谓关系的称句子)，若之间没有句号或分号，就必须要有连词，否则句子结构就不完整。,4.五个重要巧技因只能使用五个句子，若信息点较多，我们必须使用以下方法，合并整理句子结构，才能表达完所有的信息点，也只有这样才能提升句子的档次。(1)使用非谓语动词短语。特别是分词短语作状语和作定语。(2)使用with的复合结构。即“with+宾语+宾补”。(3)用从属连词，合并为主从复合句。特别要注意使用一两个限制性或非限制性定语从句。,(4)用并列连词，合并为并列复合句。如but,and,while(表对比),for(表原因)等。另外，表示“正在或正要做某事，突然又发生另一件事”的句型在写作中也经常用到：was/weredoingsth.whendid;was/wereabouttodosth.whendid;was/wereonthepointofdoingsth.whendid(5)一些特殊句型。如使用强调句、倒装句、感叹句、therebe开头的句子、以it作形式主语或形式宾语的句子等。,5.运用关连词语篇章结构连贯是三大评分标准之一，因此，我们在写作时，除按逻辑组合信息点外，还必须学会灵活运用连接性词语。除上述提到的并列连词和从属连词之外，特别推荐使用以下连接性词语：(1)表起始：firstofall,tobeginwith,inmyopinion,accordingto,asfarasImconcerned,asyouknow等。(2)表递进：besides,whatsmore,moreover,furthermore,whatsworse=tomakethingsworse=worsestill,inadditionto,still,even等。,(3)表并列：also,aswell(as),or,eitheror,neithernor,notonlybutalso,and,andthen,bothand等。(4)表因果：therefore,asaresult(of),thanksto,dueto,owingto等。(5)表强调：aboveall,indeed,surely,certainly,ofcourse,atleast,obviously等。(6)表解释：thatistosay,inotherwords,believeitornot,totellyouthetruth等。(7)表比较：justas,justlike,inthesameway,moreorless,similarly,instead等。,(8)表空间：ontheleft/right,totheleft/rightof,ononesideofontheothersideof,atthefoot/top/endof,inthemiddle/centreof等。(9)表时间：atfirst,inthebeginning,next,then,later,now,abouttwomonthslater,afterawhile,soon,afterwards,sincethen,meanwhile,intheend,atlast,finally,forthefirsttime,afterthat,thenextmoment,uptonow,beforelong,fromthenon,soonerorlater等。(10)表总结：inshort,inaword,inconclusion,ingeneral,inbrief,generallyspeaking,onthewhole,tosumup,inall等。,(11)表转折或对比：yet,however,otherwise,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,inspiteof,afterall,infact,asamateroffact等。(12)表列举或举例：foronethingandforanother(thing);first(ly),second(ly),third(ly),finally/lastbutnotleast(最后但同等重要的);forexample/instance,takeforexample,suchas,thatis,asfollows,andsoon等。(13)常用的放在句首，修饰整个句子的连接性副词：(un)luckily,(un)fortunately,hopefully,naturally,strangely,apparently,inthisway等。,写作中常见错误：1).动词与主语关系不清误：IsawanoldmangoingoutofCityParkandwasabouttocrossParkRoad.正：IsawanoldmangoingoutofCityParkandhewasabouttocrossParkRoad.,误：Butthecarranoffimmediatelyinsteadofstoppingtoapologizetotheman.正：Butthedriverdroveoffimmediatelyinsteadofstoppingtoapologizetotheman.,误：Theparkshouldchargetheentrancefee.正：Theentrancefeeshouldbechargedforparks.正：Peopleshouldpayfortheentrancefeeiftheygototheparks.,2).主谓不一致误：FatherandIamgoingtovisither.正：FatherandIaregoingtovisither.误：Therehadmanypeopleonthebus.正：Thereweremanypeopleonthebus.,3).时态、语态混用误：Themealissonicethatweallenjoyeditverymuch.正：Themealwassonicethatweallenjoyeditverymuch.误：Theoldmanknockeddownbythecarandinjuredbadly.正：Theoldmanwasknockeddownbythecarandinjuredbadly.,4).句子成分残缺误：Theyoungmanrunninginthestreetfast.正：Theyoungmanwasrunninginthestreetfast.误：Theythinkwhethergotocollegeornotdoesntmatter.正：Theythinkitmakesnodifferencewhethertheygotocollegeornot,5).中文式英语误：Nextmonthhaveasportsmeeting.正：Nextmonthwewillhaveasportsmeeting.误：Havesomestudentsthinkthatcollegeissoexpensivethatcommonfamiliescantaffordit.正：HaveSomestudentsthinkthatthecollegetuitionissohighthatcommonfamiliescantaffordit.,6).名词单复数不分误：HewillgiveatalkonAmericanfilm.正：HewillgiveatalkonAmericanfilms.误：Heisoneofthebestplayerinourschool.正:Heisoneofthebestplayersinourschool.,7).赘词现象严重误：Atlast,thelostboyreturnedback.正：Atlast,thelostboyreturned.误：Ononeday,hewenttothecinema.正：Oneday,hewenttothecinema.,2.机械翻译修改前：Myhobbiesareswimming,skating,collectingstamps,popmusic.修改后：Inmysparetime,Ienjoylisteningtopopmusicandcollectingstamps.Myfavoritesportsareswimminginsummerandskatinginwinter.,修改前：Inthedaytime,wetooklessonsandhadtodoourhomework.Intheevening,wehadtodoourhomework.修改后：Wehavetogotoschoolevenatweekendsanddomuchhomeworkbothinthedaytimeandintheevening.,误：Inthepasttenyears,thevillagehastakenplacegreatchanges.正：Inthepasttenyears,greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthevillage.,3.句子之间的逻辑关系不清误：Ithittheoldmandownbutthedriver,awoman,didntstophercar.Findingshehadcausedanaccident,thewomanspedhercartofleeaway.TheoldmanandIsawthecarsnumber.ItsAC864.Theoldmancouldntmove,Idecidedtohelphim.,正：Ithittheoldmandownbutthedriver,whowasawoman,didntstophercar.Findingshehadcausedanaccident,thewomanspedhercartofleeaway.Fortunately,Isawthecarsnumber.ItsAC864.Noticingtheoldmancouldntmove,Idecidedtohelphim.,4.画蛇添足、过多的长句使句子复杂化（语言不简洁）修改前：Afamoussportsmanwasgivingaspeechwhichwasratherinteresting.修改后：Afamoussportsmanwasgivinganinterestingspeech.,修改前Nowadays,somepeoplearestillcuttingdowntreeswithoutpermission.Theairpollutionisbecomingmoreandmoreseriouswhichiscausedbybusesandcars.Whatsmore,somanyriversarepollutedbydirtywaterwhichisfromfactory.Inaddition,sandstormstruckusnowandthen,fromwhichwesufferedalot.,修改后Nowadays,somepeoplearestillcuttingdowntreeswithoutpermission.Asaresult,peoplehavetosuffersandstormsnowandthen.Whatsmore,asbusesandcarsgiveoffalotofpoisonousgases,theairisgettingdirtieranddirtier.Moreover,therearemanyriverspollutedbydirtywaterfromfactories.Thesituationisbecomingmoreandmoreserious.,修改前：Assoonascamein,weheardsomevoicemadebyinstruments.Thereweresomestudentsplayingpianoviolinandsoon.修改后：Assoonaswecamein,weheardapieceofbeautifulmusicplayedbythestudentsbydifferentinstruments,suchas,piano,violinandsoon.,5.过于简单的句子使文章缺少逻辑性，可读性。修改前Yesterday,therewasapolicemaninthestreet.Hestoppedacar.Thecarwasatthecorner.ItlookedlikeaHonda.Therewasaboyonthesidewalk.Hewasridinghisbicycle.Thebicyclewasatwo-wheeler.Thecarnearlyknockeddowntheboy.,修改后Yesterday,apolicemanstoppedacarHondaatthecornerofthestreet,becauseitnearlyknockeddownaboywhowasridingatwo-wheelbicycleonthesidewalk.,修改前Suddenly,acarrunquicklyfromthethirdstreetandturnedtothewest.Thecardidntstopandhittheoldman.Thedriverdidntstopandhavealook.Thecarranawayquickly.Thecarwasyellowandthedriverwasawoman.,修改后Suddenly,acarturnedwestfromthe3rdStreettotheParkRoad.Ithittheoldman,butitdidntstopa