高考英语专题-阅读理解之主旨大意

,ReadingComprehension,-Howtogetthemainidea?,1.近几年广东高考阅读理解主旨大意题:,2.阅读中主旨大意题的题型分类与方法,主旨题,2.标题类(topic或title型),1.文章/段落主旨(mainidea型),3.写作意图类(purpose型),解题方法,一：找主题句,开头、中间、结尾,三:抓线索,所叙述的事实或提供的线索,二:找高频词,反复出现的中心词,四：找关联词,but,yet,however,although,inspiteof,bycontrast,onthecontrary,解题方法,一：,二：排除法,三:找高频词,找主题句,反复出现的中心词,开头、中间、结尾,四：找关联词,but,yet,however,although,inspiteof,bycontrast,onthecontrary,假定标题,3.Questionforms:,1.主题类,（1).Themainideaofthepassageis_.2).Thepassageismainlyabout_.(3).Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?(4).Whichofthefollowingstatementcanbestsummarize/sumupthemainideaofthepassage?(5).Whatsthemainpoint/mainidea/centralthoughtofthepassage?,Questionforms:,2.标题类,（1).Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassagemightbe_.(2).Thetext(Passage)couldbeentitled_.(3).Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?(4).Whichofthefollowingwouldbesuitableasatitleforthepassage?,3.作者意图类,(1).Theauthorsmainpurposeinwritingthepassageis_.(2).Thepassageismeantto_.(3).Thepurposeofthisarticleis_.(4).Theauthorspurposeistoshow_.,概括性、针对性、醒目性的有机结合,新闻报道,导语提携全文,议论文,总-分-总,（论点论据结论）,说明文,主题句,（首中尾）,记叙文,记叙文六要素,文首,文末,例子/假设后进入主题没有主题句：找反复出现的词语,1.Mainidea(主要内容)型,文章的主题句或者说“文眼”是贯穿全文的灵魂，找到了主题句，就找到了解题的思路。,(1)主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。因此仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。,(2)找主题句的小窍门,1)首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨；首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后面的内容往往就是主旨。2)作者有意识地反复重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词；3)段落中出现表转折的词语（如however,thus,infact,actually等）时，该句很可能是主题句；,例题一Widespreadmediacoveragehasbeengiventoanewpilltopreventheartdiseaseandstroke.TheSunsaidthepill,calledAteronon,“couldsavethousandsoflives”.TheDailyTelegraphsaidthatthenewproductcontainsanaturalthingfoundintomatoesthatisapowerfulantioxidant.Thenewspapersaidthepillcanpreventthebulid-upoffat.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Howwecanpreventheartdisease.B.Anewpillgetsmuchmediaattention.C.Thebuild-upoffatisharmful.D.Anaturalthingwasfoundintomatoes.,开门见山,提出主题,随之用细节来解释,支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。,例题二：.twofour-kilometerroadtunnelsarebeingbuiltbelowthecentralareaofthecity,onefortraffictothenorthandtheotherforthetraffictothesouth.Thetwotunnelsareabout20metersbelowthesurfaceandare12meterswide,providingfortwolanesoftrafficineachdirection.Intheupperpartofthetunneltwoair-conditioningpipesremovethewastegasoftrucksandcarsandkeepthequalityofairinsidethetunnel.Thelightingisatthetopofthetunnel,practicallyatitshighestpoint.Therewillalsobeelectricsignsatfrequentintervals.Theyshowtrafficconditionsaheadandcanbeseenclearlybydrivers.Thewallismadeupoffourmainelements,whichincludeawaterproofingcoveringand,ontheinsideofthetunnel,aconcretelining,Othersystemsinthetunnelwillincludeemergencyphones.,Thepassageismainlyabout_.A.theconstructionofaroadB.thedesignofaroadC.theconstructionoftwotunnelsD.thedesignoftwotunnels,Eachtunnelisroughlyroundandthelowerpartofthetunnelissomewhatflat.Thesurfaceoftheroadliesonthebase,whichismadeofconcreteandsteel.Thedrainagesystem,justbelowtheroadsurfaceononeside,removesanyextraliquid,particularlywater.Intheeventoffire,thefiremain,whichismadeofsteel,pipeswatertomanyfirehydrantstationsatregularintervalsalongthelengthofthetunnel.Thefiremainisatthesideofthetunnelandattheleveloftheroadsurface.Othersystemsinthetunnelwillincludeemergencyphones.,Thepassageismainlyabout_.A.theconstructionofaroadB.thedesignofaroadC.theconstructionoftwotunnelsD.thedesignoftwotunnels,例题二：Aneweight-kilometerroadisunderconstructionthatlinkstheportareawithmotorwaysystem.Itisexpectedtocarry20,000trucksandcarsaday,whichgreatlyreducestheovercrowdedtrafficinthecenterofthecity.Aspartoftheproject,twofour-kilometerroadtunnelsarebeingbuiltbelowthecentralareaofthecity,onefortraffictothenorthandtheotherforthetraffictothesouth.Thetwotunnelsareabout20metersbelowthesurfaceandare12meterswide,providingfortwolanesoftrafficineachdirection.Intheupperpartofthetunneltwoair-conditioningpipesremovethewastegasoftrucksandcarsandkeepthequalityofairinsidethetunnel.Thelightingisatthetopofthetunnel,practicallyatitshighestpoint.Therewillalsobeelectricsignsatfrequentintervals.Theyshowtrafficconditionsaheadandcanbeseenclearlybydrivers.Thewallismadeupoffourmainelements,whichincludeawaterproofingcoveringand,ontheinsideofthetunnel,aconcretelining.,Eachtunnelisroughlyroundandthelowerpartofthetunnelissomewhatflat.Thesurfaceoftheroadliesonthebase,whichismadeofconcreteandsteel.Thedrainagesystem,justbelowtheroadsurfaceononeside,removesanyextraliquid,particularlywater.Intheeventoffire,thefiremain,whichismadeofsteel,pipeswatertomanyfirehydrantstationsatregularintervalsalongthelengthofthetunnel.Thefiremainisatthesideofthetunnelandattheleveloftheroadsurface.Othersystemsinthetunnelwillincludeemergencyphones.,Thepassageismainlyabout_.A.theconstructionofaroadB.thedesignofaroadC.theconstructionoftwotunnelsD.thedesignoftwotunnels,没有主题句找反复出现的词语,2.(topic或title型)文章标题型,特点是：短小精悍;涵盖性强，；精确性强,1.概括性原则要求覆盖全文，囊括文章的主要内容，体现文章的主旨。要防止本末倒置，主次不分，以点代面，以偏概全。2.针对性原则针对性原则要求标题不能太过于概括，而是要直接指向文章的主旨。即标题不能太大也不能太小。要量体裁衣，大小适度。3.醒目性原则标题往往比较醒目，甚至比较离奇，目的是为了吸引读者的注意力，唤起读者对文章阅读的兴趣。,推敲选项正误的小窍门：1)正确选项不出现细节信息。2)正确选项一般不含过分肯定或者绝对意义的词。3)正确选项一般有抽象名词或概括性词语。4)四个选项中，内容完全相反的两个选项中，往往有一个是正确选项。5)干扰项特点：,概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；过度概括（多表现为人为扩大范围）；以事实、细节替代抽象概括的大意。,【2013安徽E】,1Argentinainthelatenineteenthcenturywasanexcitingplace.Around1870thedanceknownanthetango(探戈舞)cameintobeing2Atthebeginningthetangowasadanceofthelowerclasses.Gradually,thedancespreadintotheupperclassesofArgentineansocietyandbecamemorerespectable.3InEuropeatthistime,stronginterestindancefromaroundtheworldwasbeginningthedancedidfindenoughsupporterstomakeitpopular.4Thepopularity（流行）Ofthetangocontinuedtogrowinmanyotherpartsoftheworld,75.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?HowtoDancetheTangoB.TheHistoryoftheTangoC.HowtoPromotetheTangoD.TheModernTangoBoom,Ifyouwereplanningtobuyatelevisionset,thefollowingadvertisementwouldcertainlydrawyourattention:“ColorTV.Only79.Twodayssale.Hu-rry.”However,whenyougotothestorereadytobuy.Youmaydiscoverthattheyaresoldout.Buttheshopassistantisquicktotellyouthathehasanothermodel.Amuchbettersetwhichis“justrightforyou”Itcosts395.Thissalesmethodiscalled“baitandswitch”.Buyersarebaitedwithasalesadvertisement,andthentheyareswitchedtoanothermoreexpensiveone.Buyingthingsonsaleneedscarefulconsiderationofthegoodsandthereasonforthesale.(2分钟)Theparagraphcouldbeentitled_.A.BuyingATVSetB.ASellingMethodC.BuyerBewareD.TVOnSale,Thissalesmethodiscalled“baitandswitch”.,(detail)(detail)(detail),诱售法,这类题的题干中常有purpose，或者后面接有目的的动词不定式，如：intendto,meantto,（inorder）to。我们可以根据文章的主旨和体裁来判断作者的写作目的，因此，文章的首尾段或每段的首尾是阅读的重点，作者的写作意图往往就隐含在其中。,3.(purpose型)写作目的型,Tointroducesth,Tosellaproductorservice,Toarractreadersattention,Toattractreaderstopayforatriptosomeattraction,Tocallon,Toresiststh,Toamusereaders,Toargueagainstandsupportonesownidea,写作目的对应的文章如下,toinformreaders,新闻报道类、科普类、文化类或社会类的文章，以及劝告性或建议性的文章。,写作目的型,与写作目的对应的文章如下：1)toentertainreaders（使读者愉悦、发笑）：常见于个人经历或故事类的文章。2)topersuadereaders（说服读者接受某种观点）：常见于广告或议论文。3)toinformreaders（告知读者某些信息）：多见于新闻报道类、科普类、文化类或社会类的文章，以及劝告性或建议性的文章。,【2013重庆卷E】,1ItiswidelyknownthatanyEnglishconversationbeginswithTheWeather2BillBryson,forexample,concludesthat,astheEnglishweatherisnotatallexciting,theobsessionwithitcanhardlybeunderstood.Hearguesthat“Toanoutsider,themoststrikingthingabouttheEnglishweatheristhatthereisnotverymuchofit.”3JeremyPaxman,however,disagreeswithBryson4BrysonandPaxmanstandforcommonmisconceptionsabouttheweather-speakamongtheEnglish.TheEnglishweatherconversationisnotreallyabouttheweatheratall.Englishweather-speakisasystemofsigns,Rather,theyareroutinegreetings,conversationstartersortheblank“fillers”,Inotherwords,Englishweather-speakisameansofsocialbonding.,75.Theauthorspurposeistoshow_.A.ToexplainwhatEnglishweather-speakisabout.B.ToanalyzemisconceptionsabouttheEnglishweather.C.TofindfaultwithbothBillBrysonandJeremyPaxman.D.ToconvincethattheEnglishweatherischangeable.,75.Whatistheauthorsmainpurposeofwritingthepassage?A.ToexplainwhatEnglishweather-speakisabout.B.ToanalyzemisconceptionsabouttheEnglishweather.C.TofindfaultwithbothBillBrysonandJeremyPaxman.D.ToconvincepeoplethattheEnglishweatherischangeable.,1anyEnglishconversationbeginswithTheWeather2BillBrysonastheEnglishweatherisnotatallexciting,theobsessionwithitcanhardlybeunderstood.Hearguesthat“Toanoutsider,themoststrikingthingabouttheEnglishweatheristhatthereisnotverymuchofit.”3JeremyPaxman,however,disagreeswithBryson4TheEnglishweatherconversationisnotreallyabouttheweatheratallInotherwords,Englishweather-speakisameansofsocialbonding.,75.Theauthorspurposeistoshow_.A.ToexplainwhatEnglishweather-speakisabout.B.ToanalyzemisconceptionsabouttheEnglishweather.C.TofindfaultwithbothBillBrysonandJeremyPaxman.D.ToconvincethattheEnglishweatherischangeable.,Howshouldoneinvestasumofmoneyinthesedaysofinflation(通货膨胀)?HereIamgoingtooffersomeadviceoncollectingantiqueclocks,whichIpersonallyconsiderareamongthemostinterestingofantiques.Indeed,stude