食品安全外文文献翻译

英文翻译食品供应链管理和食品质量安全上世纪90年代以来,供应链管理已成为学术界和实业界关注的热门话题,特别是供应链管理成功地应用于IBM、P&G、DELL 等公司的经营管理以后,食品和农产品行业也纷纷效仿并借助供应链管理这一工具来提高自身的竞争力。1996年,Zuurbier等学者在一般供应链的基础上，首次提出了食品供应链概念，并认为食品供应链管理是农产品和食品生产销售等组织,为了降低食品和农产品物流成本、提高其质量安全和物流服务水平而进行的垂直一体化运作模式。如今,在美国、英国、加拿大和荷兰等农业生产较为发达的国家,这一管理模式已经广为应用,并逐渐成为当今学术研究的重点课题。对食品供应链管理的研究大致经历了三个阶段：第一阶段为商流管理阶段，研究范围包括农产品和食品加工企业的产出到消费者消费前的商流阶段，其研究内容通常被包含在营销范畴内；第二阶段为集成物流管理阶段，农产品的物流管理从市场营销中分离出来，且向上游扩展到农产品和食品生产企业的生产加工过程，强调生产应以市场需求为导向和对整个物流环节的成本控制；第三阶段为供应链一体化管理阶段，研究范围进一步向上游延伸到农产品的最上游企业(如种子供应商等)，延伸的目的是为了跟踪和追溯农产品食品质量安全问题，以便快速和有效地发现并解决问题。本文介绍了不同食品供应链的生产物流系统特点，并对食品供应链与食品质量安全管理的发展进行了分析和探讨。一食品供应链管理的产生原因近年来，食品供应链的产生和发展是人们对食品消费的要求不断提高的必然结果。具体而言，产生的原因主要有：(1)消费者对食品和农产品的新鲜度要求越来越高，并要求食品和农产品交货期、生产期越短越好。(2)消费者对食品和农产品的质量要求也越来越高，迫使食品生产企业实行食品供应链管理，以保证稳定的上游原料供应和下游的销售渠道畅通。(3)消费者对食品的质量安全也越来越关注。为了满足消费者对食品和农产品在种类和数量上的要求，企业不断寻求和研发新技术。因此，企业有必要在生产过程的各个环节对产品进行检验和检测并及时向消费者披露这些信息。(4)食品和农产品企业迫于政府、 相关社会组织和消费者的要求和压力，不得不按食品供应链来进行运作。二食品供应链生产物流系统食品供应链的形成是与其物流系统的内容不断变化密切相关的,特别是在食品和农产品生产物流系统不断演变的情况下,为人们创建高效率的食品供应链管理范式提供了基础。根据食品和农产品物流的发展阶段,典型的食品供应链可划分为哑铃型、T型、对称型和混合型四种类型。1.哑铃型食品供应链。这种类型的食品供应链严格来说是一种准供应链。它的特点是供应链较短,连接位于两端的交易主体很多,而中间链节少且交易主体也较少，呈现为哑铃型。由于上游生产者拥有的技术条件较差、产量低和品种少，故上游聚集了为数众多的农产品生产者；同时，由于产品生产地离市场较近且只提供单一农产品，也又使得链中参与交易的主体大多为农产品生产者，他们在市场上进行直接交易，而少有联系生产者和消费者之间的中间商，因此，种植业者直接将食品和农产品销售给消费者。在发展中国家,特别是靠近城镇地区的蔬菜供应,一般都采用这种类型的供应链。2.T型食品供应链。这种类型的食品供应链一般适用于食品和农产品的生产地和销售地相距较远，消费需求差异较大的情况。由于农产品易腐烂，农产品生产者不可能直接销售自己的产品,需要通过必要的中间商提供服务,如第三方物流、农产品深加工商和批发商等所提供的相应服务。这种类型的供应链，上游聚集了较多的农产品生产者,而在中游环节对产地生产情况比较了解,又在销售地占有一定渠道优势的销售商却较少。因此,T型食品供应链的上游种植业者众多,而中下游中间商和销售商较少且集中,供应链的形状呈现为 T型。与哑铃型食品供应链相比,它的链条较长,食品和农产品的销售表现为间接性和增值服务性。这种类型的食品供应链在中国较为普遍。因此T型食品供应链由于中间环节缺位和低水平的物流运作，易出现上游农户盲目生产而下游农产品销售困难的现象。3.对称型食品供应链。随着新兴销售业态的出现,销售渠道日益被大型专业市场和超市所垄断,农产品和食品的传统销售形式也被超市所取代,而且这种趋势越来越明显,同时由于技术水平的提高,农产品生产也趋向于由少数种植商集约经营。Boselie.D通过对泰国皇家阿荷生鲜超市食品供应链管理的调查发现,曼谷有50%的食品和农产品是在大型超市售出的。这些大型超市为了满足市场对农产品品质一致性和供应稳定性的要求，对供应商进行了严格的筛选在发达国家及物流发展较为成熟的大城市里，这种食品供应链经常表现为集中采购、统一流通配送和减少不增值的物流环节,以实现节约成本的精益物流战略。4.混合型食品供应链。这种食品供应链是一种综合型、多品种、大批量和多频次的混合型供应链体系。这种食品供应链更关注消费者的满意度，通过加工中心来对市场需求作出快速反应，并实时对农产品和食品进行“量身定制”和深度加工，以实现不同于精益物流的灵捷物流战略。三食品供应链跟踪与食品质量安全近年来，由于食品供应链合作的重点由原来的保证供货质量逐步转向加强食品和农产品的质量安全，如疯牛病、口蹄疫和转基因食品等的出现。农产品和食品质量安全的跟踪离不开食品供应链管理，因此基于质量安全的食品供应链跟踪成了食品供应链管理的重点和难点。Golan.E等通过对美国生鲜农产品、谷类和油菜以及牛肉制品的调查研究发现，三者经食品供应链跟踪后，在食品质量安全方面出现了很大的差异。而分析这些差异，他们又发现三种农产品食品供应链管理的共性，即存在三种驱动力。这也是企业实施食品供应链管理时需要分析考察的问题：1.有利于食品和农产品差别化营销，以提高食品和农产品的销量。通过那些细小的或不能直接发现的食品质量安全的特性，可区别不同类型的农产品和食品。因为在食品和农产品市场上不仅存在大量单一的谷类和肉类产品，而且也有根据消费者不同的偏好和口味量身定制的食品。有些农产品和食品的质量可能容易判别，而另一些则不容易直接判别，甚至在消费之后也不能马上发现其质量问题。2.有利于农产品和食品质量安全的跟踪，减少食品和农产品召回成本。许多企业已利用食品供应链跟踪系统，来最大限度地减少食品安全体系缺陷可能造成的潜在损失。供应商通常有着很强的经济驱动性，当发现食品有安全隐患和质量问题时，他们往往会采取措施，避免食品质量安全问题给企业自身或品牌带来负面的影响。基于食品供应链的跟踪能帮助企业缩短确认和清理有问题食品的时间，为此，国外许多企业将相关标识信息揭示在食品包装上，以便利消费者的识别和认定。有些企业则通过使用先进RSS条码系统和EAN/UCC全球统一标识系统，更为具体地揭示食品供应链的标识信息，如每种产品的种子、施肥、使用抗生素的情况、生产时间、生产线、生产地、生产所使用的技术和生产次序，等等。因此某种产品一旦出现问题，这些标识信息将能够发挥很大的作用。3.有利于提高和改善供应方的物流管理。对于企业来说，管理生产物流和跟踪相关零售信息(如条形码)，能帮助企业了解其食品供应链的物流流出状况，以便对供应链上游物流的流入进行有效管理。特别是有些企业采用了基于质量安全的食品供应链的高新技术追溯系统，如农场主使用电子耳标识和相关数据收集卡来跟踪食品和农产品的免疫记录、健康记录和饲养记录等。这些食品供应链的信息也能使食品或农产品在市场上获得与其质量相符的价格。然而，对所有食品和农产品都实施食品供应链的质量安全跟踪是没有必要的。Van Weele根据市场对农产品和食品信息的需求，确定食品供应链信息跟踪的宽度、深度和精度。同理，企业对食品供应链信息跟踪的宽度、深度和精度也反映出其对基于质量安全的食品供应链的成本和收益的一种综合取向。因为信息跟踪的宽度、深度和精度决定着企业整合食品供应链的投入和成本。只有当收益大于成本时，企业所选择的宽度、深度和精度才是实施供应链质量安全跟踪的动力和保证。 Food supply chain management and food quality and safetySince the 1990s, supply chain management has become the academic and business circles hot topic, especially in supply chain management successfully applied to IBM, P & G, DELL, etc. after the companys management, food and agricultural industries have followed suit and Supply chain management with a tool to improve their competitiveness. 1996, Zuurbier and other scholars in general, on the basis of the supply chain, first proposed the concept of the food supply chain, and that the food supply chain management of agricultural and food production and marketing organization, food and agricultural products in order to reduce logistics costs and improve its quality and safety and logistics service level and for vertical integration mode of operation. Now, in the U.S., UK, Canada and the Netherlands and other more developed countries, agricultural production, this management model has been widely used, and gradually become the focus of academic research project.The food supply chain management research has gone through three stages: the first stage of the business flow management phase, the study of agricultural products and food processing enterprises, including the output of consumer spending to business before the flow phase, the content of their research is often included In the marketing context; the second stage of integrated logistics management phase, agricultural marketing, logistics management separate from, and to extend to the upstream producers of agricultural and food production process, emphasizing the production should be based on market demand and cost control throughout the supply chain; the third stage of supply chain integration management phase, the study extends further upstream to the most upstream agricultural enterprises (such as seed suppliers, etc.), the purpose is to extend the tracking and tracing of food quality and safety of agricultural products issues in order to quickly and effectively identify and solve problems. This article describes the production of different food supply chain logistics system characteristics, and the food supply chain management with the development of food quality and safety are analyzed and discussed.One. Food causes of supply chain managementIn recent years, the food supply chain, production and development of peoples increasing demands for food consumption, the inevitable result. Specifically, the causes are: (1) the consumer fresh food and agricultural products have become increasingly demanding and require delivery of food and agricultural products, the production period as short as possible. (2) consumers of food and agricultural products quality requirements have become more sophisticated, forcing food manufacturers to implement the food supply chain management to ensure a stable supply of raw materials upstream and downstream sales channels. (3) food quality and safety of consumers are increasingly concerned about. In order to meet consumer demand for food and agricultural products in the type and quantity requirements, companies continue to seek and develop new technologies, and new technologies and new methods of excessive use (such as pesticides, hormones, antibiotics and genetically modified technology, etc.) to meet the consumer demand, but also inevitably produced a hazard causing human food quality and safety issues. Therefore, enterprises need in all aspects of the production process inspection and testing of products and timely disclosure of information to consumers. (4) food and agricultural companies forced the government, Relevant social organizations and consumer demands and pressure to press the food supply chain to operate.Two. Food supply chain, production logistics systemThe formation of the food supply chain logistics system with the changing content of closely related, particularly in the food and agricultural production logistics system evolving situation, for people to create a highly efficient food supply chain management paradigm provides the basis. According to food and agricultural products logistics stage of development, typical of the food supply chain can be divided into dumbbell-shaped, T-, symmetric and mixed four types.1dumbbell food supply chain. This type of food supply chain is a quasi-strict supply chain. It is characterized by a shorter supply chain, connecting the main lot located at both ends of the transaction, while the middle of the main chain are few and fewer transactions, showing the dumbbell type. Upstream producers have poor technical conditions, production is low and less variety, it gathered a large number of upstream agricultural producers; the same time, products from the market to close and only a single farm, it also makes the chain in Most of the main trading agricultural producers, their direct trading in the market, and little contact between producers and consumers, middlemen, so growers sell directly to consumers food and agricultural products. In developing countries, especially near urban areas, the supply of vegetables, generally using this type of supply chain.2.T type of food supply chain. This type of food supply chains are generally applicable to food and agricultural production and sales of land to the far distance, consumer demand quite different situation. As perishable agricultural products, agricultural producers can not sell their products directly, through intermediaries to provide the necessary services, such as third-party logistics, agricultural processors and wholesalers provide appropriate services. This type of supply chain, upstream gathered more producers, and in the middle part of a better understanding of the origin of production, but also in the sales channels to occupy a certain advantage, but fewer vendors. Therefore, T-food supply chain and many growers, brokers and sellers and less downstream and concentrated, showing the shape of the supply chain for the T-type. And dumbbell-shaped compared to the food supply chain, which chain is longer, the sales performance of food and agricultural products and value-added services for the indirect nature. Therefore, T-middle part of the food supply chain as a low level of absence and logistics operation, prone to upstream farmers and downstream production of agricultural products sold blindly difficult phenomenon.3symmetric food supply chain. With the emergence of new sales formats, distribution channels are increasingly large-scale professional market and supermarket monopoly, the traditional sales of agricultural products and food forms have been replaced by supermarkets, and this trend is more and more obvious, and because of its technological level of agricultural products production also tends to intensive management by a few growers. Boselie.D Ahe by the Royal Thai supermarket fresh food supply chain management survey found that 50% of Bangkoks food and agricultural products in large supermarkets (such as 7-11, Royal Ahe, Carrefour, Sainsburry and TESCO) sold of. These large supermarkets in order to meet the market for agricultural products, quality consistency and supply stability requirements, the supplier of a rigorous screening. Therefore, the implementation of the Royal Ahe supermarket fresh food supply chain management, will be vendors from the original 250 was reduced to about 60, so that the logistics system more efficient and concise. With the upper reaches of the sharp drop in the number of suppliers of agricultural products and the continuous expansion of the supermarket chain, this food supply chain, upstream suppliers and downstream number of supermarket chains showed symmetrical growth trend. Logistics development in developed and more mature cities, this has been expressed in the food supply chain, centralized purchasing, reduce non-uniform flow distribution and value-added logistics sectors, in order to achieve cost savings of lean logistics strategy.4mixed food supply chain. Therefore, this food supply chain is a comprehensive, multi-species, multi-frequency high-volume and mix of supply chain system. This food supply chain are more concerned about customer satisfaction, through the processing centers to respond quickly to market demand, and real-time on agricultural products and foodstuffs tailored and depth of processing, in order to achieve different from the lean agile logistics logistics strategy.Three. Food supply chain tracking and food quality and safetyIn recent years, the focus of the food supply chain collaboration to ensure delivery of quality from the gradual move to reinforce the quality and safety of food and agricultural products, such as BSE, foot and mouth disease and the emergence of genetically modified foods. Agricultural products and food quality and safety of track without food supply chain management, so based on quality and safety of the food supply chain to track the food supply chain management has become important and difficult. Golan. E by the United States and other fresh produce, meat products, cereals and oilseed rape, and survey findings, three by the food supply chain tracking, food quality and safety in that there are great differences. The analysis of these differences, they also found that three agricultural products common food supply chain management, that there are three driving forces. This is also the corporate implementation of the food supply chain management requires analysis examines the question:1will help differentiate the marketing of food and agricultural products to improve food and agricultural sales. Through those small or can not be directly found in food quality and safety features, can distinguish between different types of agricultural products and food. Because in the food and agricultural products on the market not only in large single grains and meat products, but also based on consumer preferences and tastes of different tailor-made food. Some agricultural products and food quality may be easier to distinguish, while others are not easy to directly determine, even after the consumer can not immediately find its quality. 2.is conducive to quality and safety of agricultural products and food tracking, reducing the cost of food and agricultural products recall. Many companies have used the food supply chain tracking systems to minimize food safety system deficiencies may result in potential losses. Suppliers often have a strong economy driven, when discovered food safety hazards and quality problems are, they tend to take measures to avoid food quality and safety issues to the companies themselves, or have a negative impact on the brand. Based on the food supply chain tracking can help businesses identify and reduce the time to clean up the food in question, for many foreign companies to reveal identifying information related to food packaging, to facilitate the identification of consumers and identified. For example, in the United States requested the recall of most food and agricultural products have been released in the United States Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Services official website for consumers based on food packaging, identification information to determine the question of food and agricultural products. Some companies are using advanced RSS bar code system and EAN / UCC Global unified identification system, more specifically reveal the identity of the food supply chain information, such as the product of each seed, fertilizer, use of antibiotics, production time, production lines, production , the production technology used and the production order, and so on. Therefore, a product if there are problems, these identifi