高级英语写作技巧

2020/6/15,应用文信件、便条的套路,称呼第一段：写信的目的第二段：信件的具体内容第三段：表示希望、愿望落款、署名,DearSirorMadam，Iwishtoapplyforadmissiontoyourdepartmentasagraduatestudent.Iamwritingtoaskwhetheritwillbepossibleforyoutograntmeafullscholarship,consideringmyacademicrecordandthefactthatIhavenorelativesorfriendsinAmericawhocanactasmysponsor.Icompletedafour-yearcourseinchemistryatBeijingUniversitylastJune.Duringmyfouryearsintheuniversity,Ihavepassedalltherequiredcoursesofstudywithsatisfactorymarks.WithChemistryasmymajor,IminoredinPhysicsandMathematics.Enclosedherewithismytranscriptfromthedepartmentconcerned.,MyEnglishisverygood.IhavebeenlearningEnglishsinceearlychildhoodwiththehelpofmyfatherwhoisaprofessorofEnglishinFudanUniversity,Shanghai.IthereforebelievethatIwillnothavelanguagedifficultieswhilestudyingintheUnitedStates.Ishouldbemostgratefulifyouwouldgivemyrequestfavorableconsideration.Thankyouverymuchandlookforwardtoyourreply.Sincerelyyours,WuLi,2.结尾部分如果说引言部分是从笼统到具体,把读者逐渐引入话题的话,那么结尾则是从具体到笼统,结束讨论。因此它的结构像一个正梯形：和正文结构正好相反，承接正文的具体讨论，在结尾部分先尽可能把讨论的东西归纳一下，然后逐渐离开主题。如：,1)WecanblametheisolationoftheoldinAmericanontheyoungpeople.Theseoldpeoplemayactlikeitsnotimportant,butinthedeeppartoftheirheartstheymustfeellonely.Theyneedtheirchildrentostaywith,totalkwith,andtotakecareofthem.WhydontyoungAmericanstakeacloselookattheircustomandadopttheAsiancustom?,2)Asatraditionalteachingmethod,lectureswillneverdisappearfromthecollegescene.Buttheyshouldbeusedselectively,forexample,whenideasarenewandcantbefoundinbooks,theywillbewelcome.Andalsodiscussionshouldbeintroducedintolectureclassestotriggerafruitfullineofthought.,提出建议,3)Scienceandcommonsenseofferwaystominimizetheriskofdevastatingclimatechange.WecanslowdownthebuildingofCO2inouratmospherebyincreasingenergyconservation;byprotectingtropicalforests;bydesigningautomobilesthatburnlessgas;byturningtorenewableenergysourcessuchassolar,hydro,wind,andpossiblynuclearpower.Fortunately,wehavethetoolsforpreventingdisaster.Itonlyremainsforustousethem.,提出建议，预示未来,4)Likeeverytechnology,theinternethasbothmeritsanddemerits.Butonthewholeithasbroughtmorebenefitsthanharm.Ithasopenedanewdimensionincommunicationandrevolutionizedthewaypeoplethinkandlive.Itsprofoundeffectonhumanscanhardlybeimagined.,重提中心思想句，进一步表明对因特网的看法,好的结尾有什么作用呢？,画龙点睛：归纳，总结，概括全文的主旨内容,A)Somepersonsaythatlovemakestheworldgoround.Othersofalessromanticandmorepracticalturnofmindsaythatitisntlove;itismoney.Butthetruthisthatitisenergythatmakestheworldgoround.Energyisthecurrencyoftheecologicalsystemandlifebecomespossibleonlywhenfoodisconvertedintoenergy,whichinturnisusedtoseekmorefoodtogrow,toreproduceandtosurvive.Onthiscyclealllifedepends.,B)Yes,life-anddeath,too-isacyclethatgoesroundandround,andwhenanimalsdietheirbodiesbecomefoodforotherlifeformstousebyconvertingthemintoenergy.Andthecyclecontinues.,A)itisanundeniablefactthattheadvanceofscienceandtechnologyhasbroughtgreatbenefitstopeople.ButwhenImenjoyingtheconvenienceandcomfortoftelephonescomputersandmicrowaves,Imissverymuchourtraditionalculturewhoselossistoohighapricetopay.,B)Iwelcomethedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.Iwelcomenewinnovationsandmachines.ButIhatethefactthatmanismoreandmoredependentonthemtoapointwherewehavebecometheirslaves.Itreasuretraditionalculture,foritembodiestheverycustomsandvaluesthatsustainourfriendship,familyandspirituallife.,A)Incollegesanduniversities,therearetwootherwaystogainknowledgeapartfromregularclasses.Oneistopursueindividualstudiesandtheotheristoattendlectures.WhileIattachimportancetoself-studies,Iwontgiveupanyopportunitytoattendagoodlecture.B)Weneedbothindividualstudiesandattendinglectures.Theformerhelpssharpenourawareness,andthelattercontributestobroadeningourminds.Thesecretsofacademicsuccesslieinthecombinationofboth.,正文部分,怎样写好正文部分？一致性发展性连贯性,一致性（Unity）,文章中所有的内容都要围绕着文章的中心思想。,TurningFailureintoSuccess,Toomuchemphasisonsuccessisnotagoodthing.(thesisinintroduction)P2.Certainkindsofsuccesscanindeedbedestructive.thedangeroftoosuccessIparticularlyacute.Irecallfrommychildhoodagirlwhoseskilloniceskatesmarkedheras“Olympicmaterial”whiletherestofuswereplaying,bicycling,readingandjustloafing,thisgirlskatedeverydayafterschoolandallweekend.Yearslater,however,shespokebitterlyofthoseearlytriumphs.“ineverpreparedmyselfforanythingbuttheice,shesaid,“Ipeakedat17anditsbeendownhilleversince.”,P3.Successthatcomestooeasilyisalsodamaging.Thechildwhowinsaprizeforacarelessly-writtenessay,theadultwhodistinguisheshimselfatafirstjobbyluckyaccidentfacesprobedisappointmentwhenrealchallengesarise.P4.Successsisalsobadwhenitsachievedatthecostofthetotalqualityofanexperience.Successfulstudentssometimesbecomesoobsessedwithgradesthattheyneverenjoytheirschoolyears.Theyneverbranchoutintotemptingnewareas,becausetheydontwanttorisktheirgrade-pointaverage.,主题句支持句1支持句2支持句3,发展性（development）,发展性就是要充分发展段落的主题思想。通过不同的角度，用详尽的事实例证来说明。,例1,Formanypeople,absenceofworkisharmfultotheirhealth.Obviouslyifyouhavenothingtodo,yourhealthwillbeaffected.Workisonewatokeepyouhealthy.Ifyoudontwork,itwilldoharmtoyourhealth.Justimagine,youstayatallday,doingnothingyourhealthwillbedeclining.Withoutwork,withoutgoodhealth.Sodoingnothingwillbeharmfultooneshealth.,Foralargenumberofpeople,theabsenceofworkisharmfultotheirhealth.Retirementoftenbringsmanypeoplesurroundingthe“whatdoIdowithmyselftoday?”question,eventhoughtheremaybenofinancialcares.Largenumbersofpeopleregularlygetheadachesandotherillnessesonweekendswhentheydonthavetheirjobstogoto,andmustfendforthemselves.Ithasbeenobservedthatunemployment,quiteasidefromexertingfinancialpressures,bringsenormouspsychologicaltroublesandthatmanyindividualsdeterioraterapidlywhenjobless.,例2,Howtowriteawell-developedparagraph?,举例法数据法事实法权威法（名人名言）对比分析法类别法分析法（纯逻辑分析法）,连贯性（Coherence）,连贯性是指文章中的句子之间，段落之间彼此相互关联，衔接自然，使读者能跟上作者的思路，引导读者自然地有上文过渡到下文。,段内句子连贯,句与句子之间的意思的连贯通过过渡词的衔接和词汇的衔接,Examples,Imstudypsychology.Immajorinpsychology.Ishowedmuchinterestingonhistory.Therearemanyadvantagetheyeachhaving.,Inonehand,wecangainmanyknowledgefromlectures,butthisknowledgedoesntuseperfectlyincocial.Wejustlistentoprofessor,wecantdiscussionwithprofessororchangeinformationtoothers.Comparewithpastyears,ourlifechangemore.,Listenedtothemtoldtheirinterestinglifeintheiryoungageeverynight.Itiswell-knownthatincollegeshavelecturesanddiscussiontwowaysofeducation.,Therearesomepeoplelikelecturesverymuch,theythinkthetimethattheteacherwanttotellusattheclassislimited.Justbeagraduatestudentinyourschoolismydream.,Imuststudyhardandreadmoredifferentaboutpsychologysbook.Theyaretwotypesofstudyincollege:lecturesanddiscussing.Thecollegealwayshavetwoteachingmethods,whicharelecturesanddiscussion.,Thehabitoflisteningtoteachersandwritingdownaredifficulttobegotridof.Itcanopenanewhorizonforyouandsaveyoumuchtimeaswelltimewemightspendreadingonebookafteranother.,inhighschoolinclassbyhandgotoschoolathospital,写作短语与句式,开头句提出个人观点罗列各个原因或方面罗列正反方面的论据分析原因和结果提出解决办法表示问题的重要性进行总结描写图表的表达法描写数据变化的表达法,开头句：,ItisafactthatItcanbeseenthatItiswellknownthatAnincreasingnumberofpeoplecometorealizethatThereisnodoubtthatThereisnodenyingthefactthatItisundeniablethatNowitiscommonlyacceptedthat,开头句：,PeopleusedtoholdabeliefthatItisgenerallybelievedthatNowadayspeopletendtoNowadaysmoreandmorepeopleareconcernedwiththeproblemthatWhenitcomestotheissueofWiththerapiddevelopmentofDifferentpeoplehavedifferentopinionson,提出个人观点：,Asforme,Formypart,AsfarasIamconcerned,IaminfavorofIamonthesideofInmyopinion,Iagreeto,罗列各个原因或方面,Inthefirstplace,/Inthesecondplace,Firstly,/Secondly,Firstofall,/ThesecondreasonisForonething,/Foranotherthing,Thefirstandforemostimportantis/Thelastbutnottheleastis,罗列正反方面的论据,Ononehand,/Ontheotherhand,Onthecontrary,/Incontrast,However,Otherwise,unlikeInoppositionto,Nevertheless,Ontheoppositeside,分析原因和结果：,Thereareanumberofreasonsforandamongthemisthemostimportone.Thereasonscanbelistedasfollows.WhatpossiblycontributestotheproblemisthatTheprimaryreasonforisthat,分析原因和结果：,ischiefly/partiallyresponsiblefortheproblem.OnemayowethisproblemtoQuiteanumberofreasonsleadtowillaccountforTheproblemresultsfrom,提出解决办法：,PerhapsthebestwaytosolvethisproblemistoManyworkablesolutionshavebeenfoundtodealingwiththisproblem.HerearesomesuggestsionsthatweshouldMysuggestionsisthatActionshouldbetakentoWeshouldtakesomemeasurestoThereisnoeasy/immediatesolutiontotheissueofbutmaybehelpful.,表示问题的重要性：,ItisveryimportanttoItisofgreatimportancetoItisvitaltoisplayinganimportantroleinNoonecanaffordtoneglectWithoutwecannotWewillpayheavilyifweignore,进行总结：,Toconclude,Tosumup,Tosumupinoneword,Summingup,Summingupinoneword,ItcanbeconcludedthatAconclusioncanbereachedthatInall,Inaword,描写图表的表达法：,IthasbeenshownthatAccordingtothetable/diagram/chart,wecanseethatThetable/diagram/charthasrevealedthat,描写数据变化的表达法,Accordingtothetable/diagram/chart,thenumberofismuchbiggerthatthenumberofFromthetable/diagram/chart,wecanseethattherateofishigherthatAscanbeeseeninthetable/diagram/chart,therearemorethanThenumberofisaslargeasThenumberofhasincreasedsharplyfromtoThenumberofisdecliningdramaticallyfromto,写作过程中应注意的问题,主谓不一致；人称不一致；被动语态用法不当；滥用助动词；谓语动词形式错误；,名词单复数形式错误；可数名词与不可数名词方面的错误；语法结构平行方面错误；冠词用法的错误；,写作短语与句式,开头句提出个人观点罗列各个原因或方面罗列正反方面的论据分析原因和结果提出解决办法表示问题的重要性进行总结描写图表的表达法描写数据变化的表达法,开头句：,ItisafactthatItcanbeseenthatItiswellknownthatAnincreasingnumberofpeoplecometorealizethatThereisnodoubtthatThereisnodenyingthefactthatItisundeniablethatNowitiscommonlyacceptedthat,开头句：,PeopleusedtoholdabeliefthatItisgenerallybelievedthatNowadayspeopletendtoNowadaysmoreandmorepeopleareconcernedwiththeproblemthatWhenitcomestotheissueofWiththerapiddevelopmentofDifferentpeoplehavedifferentopinionson,提出个人观点：,Asforme,Formypart,AsfarasIamconcerned,IaminfavorofIamonthesideofInmyopinion,Iagreeto,罗列各个原因或方面,Inthefirstplace,/Inthesecondplace,Firstly,/Secondly,Firstofall,/ThesecondreasonisForonething,/Foranotherthing,Thefirstandforemostimportantis/Thelastbutnottheleastis,罗列正反方面的论据,Ononehand,/Ontheotherhand,Onthecontrary,/Incontrast,However,Otherwise,unlikeInoppositionto,Nevertheless,Ontheoppositeside,分析原因和结果：,Thereareanumberofreasonsforandamongthemisthemostimportone.Thereasonscanbelistedasfollows.WhatpossiblycontributestotheproblemisthatTheprimaryreasonforisthat,分析原因和结果：,ischiefly/partiallyresponsiblefortheproblem.OnemayowethisproblemtoQuiteanumberofreasonsleadtowillaccountforTheproblemresultsfrom,提出解决办法：,PerhapsthebestwaytosolvethisproblemistoManyworkablesolutionshavebeenfoundtodealingwiththisproblem.HerearesomesuggestsionsthatweshouldMysuggestionsisthatActionshouldbetakentoWeshouldtakesomemeasurestoThereisnoeasy/immediatesolutiontotheissueofbutmaybehelpful.,表示问题的重要性：,ItisveryimportanttoItisofgreatimportancetoItisvitaltoisplayinganimportantroleinNoonecanaffordtoneglectWithoutwecannotWewillpayheavilyifweignore,进行总结：,Toconclude,Tosumup,Tosumupinoneword,Summingup,Summingupinoneword,ItcanbeconcludedthatAconclusioncanbereachedthatInall,Inaword,描写图表的表达法：,IthasbeenshownthatAccordingtothetable/diagram/chart,wecanseethatThetable/diagram/charthasrevealedthat,描写数据变化的表达法,Accordingtothetable/diagram/chart,thenumberofismuchbiggerthatthenumberofFromthetable/diagram/chart,wecanseethattherateofishigherthatAscanbeeseeninthetable/diagram/chart,therearemorethanThenumberofisaslargeasThenumberofhasincreasedsharplyfromtoThenumberofisdecliningdramaticallyfromto,基本表达,越来越:beincreasingly+adj.,beontherise人们认为:Itisgenerally/widelybelieved/held/agreedthat许多问题:ahostof/amultitudeofproblems引起人们的注意:attractgeneral/publicattentiontosth.意识到:thereidagrowingawareness/realizationof/that,awakensb.tothefact/danger,接触各种思想/经历,问题:beexposedtonewideas/experiences/probems接触社会:comeintofrequent/closecontactwiththeworld/society获得成功:achieve/accomplishsuccess提出观点,建议:advance/putforward/comeupwitharguments/ideas/suggestions作出努力:maketremendous/persistent/sustaninedefforttodosth.,takegreatpainstodo影响学习,工作:interferewithstudies/work,产生影响:have/exertaprofoundinfluenceonlife/personality,haveadramaticeffecton较好驾驭:beabetterpilotofoneslife剥夺机会/权利:depriveoneselfofthechance/right/opportunity取代旧的方式:substitutefor/taketheplaceoftheoldway采取措施:takeeffectivesteps/measuresto躲避危险/挑战:shy/runawayfromthedangers/challenge满足要求:meet/satisfythedemandof,补偿损失:compensatefor/makefortheloss/damage解释某种现象:accountfor/explainthephenomenon对很好的了解:haveabetterunderstanding/appreciationof,provide/gainaninsightinto把某因素考虑进去:takesth.Intoaccount(consideration),givemuchthoughtto品味人生,自由,青春:savorthelife/freedom/youth,培养对兴趣,信心:develop/fosteronesinterest/confidencein经历变化,困难,艰险:undergo/experiencegreatchanges/hardships生活充满不公正的地方:lifeisfullofinjustice追求学习职业:pursueonesacademicinterest/professionalcareer学习知识,技术:pursue/acquireknowledge/technology被看作学习的榜样:beheldupasangoodexample,交流经验/知识:shareexperienceknowledge发挥,起重要作用:playanimportant/greatrole/part逃学,缺课:skipschool/aclass/alecture知识,经验丰富:richinknowledge/experience确立/追求目标:set/persueagoal达到目标:achieve/accomplish/attainthegoal/aim/objective克服困难:overcomeobstacles/difficulty,面临危险,困难:beconfrontedfacedwith/inthefaceofdanger/difficulty阻碍了成功:standinthewayofsuccess阻碍了发展:hamper/stuntthedevelopmentof持传统的看法:holdconventionalwisdom发表看法:voice/expressonesopinion持相反/合理的看法:taketheopposite/freshview,缩小差别:bridge/narrowfillthegapbetween把成功/错误归咎:attribute/owethesuccess/failureto对重要:beimportant/vitalto施加压力:put/exertpressureon重视:attachmuchemphasis/stress/valueon强调:place/putmuchimportanceto适应新的形势/变化:adapt/adjust/accommodateoneselftonewenvironment/change,把注意力集中在:focus/concentrateonesattention/thoughtsupon提供机会/信息:provide/offeranopportunity/informationforsb.抓住机会:grab/seize/taketheopportunity得到机会:enjoy/gainaccesstoanopportunity有可能:thereispossibility/likelihoodthat,chancesarethat展开竞争:competeagainst/withsb.,开展运动:conduct/carryon/launch/wageanation-widecampaign(for/aganist)对我很有/毫无意义:makemuch/littlesensetome带来无穷的幸福/满足:beasourceofhappiness/satisfaction/contentment献身于:devote/dedicate/commitoneselftoacause/career不大一样:makemuch/little/nodifference真正重要的是:whatreallymatters/countsis,改变生活旅程:change/alterthecourseoflife建立在大量的学习,实践上:builtontremendousamountofstudy/practice进行调查,执行任务:conduct/carryoutaninvestigation/task辞去工作/学习:leave/quitonesjob/school参加活动,讨论:takepart/participate/beengagedinactivities/discussion,影响思想,态度的形成:shapeonesthinking/attitude进入大学,家庭,劳动力市场,职业:enteracollege/society/theworkforce/professionals实现自己的理想/愿望realize/fulfill/achieveonesdream/desire减轻压力,紧张:reduce/relievethepressure/stress/tension提高社会地位:enhance/improveupgradesocialstatus,加快,促进发展:accelerate/facilitate/advance/boostthedevelopment随着生活节奏的加快:withthequickeningpace/rhythmofmodernlife/society开阔眼界,兴趣:broadenonesoutlook/interest,broadenoneshorizon有助于了解,发展,解决:contributemuchtoabetterunderstandingof/thegrowthof/thesolutionof迷恋名利,分数:beobsessedwithgrades/fame,利用机会,技术:make()useof/takeadvantageofopportunity/technology把知识,经验运用到:apply/puttheknowledge/experiencetopractice充分发挥潜力,能力:developonesability/potentialtothefull,givefullplaytoonesability充满激情,渴望:haveaburningdesire/agreatpassionfor,bethirstyfor,2020/6/15,虚拟语气,条件句,2020/6/15,三种基本形式,IfIhadabike,Iwouldlendittoyou.(if从句用过去时,主句用should/would/could/might+不定式)Ifhehadbeenhere,hewouldhavehelpedyou.(从句过去完成时,主句should/would/could/might+不定式完成时)IfIshould/weretodotheexperiment,Iwoulddoitsomeotherway.(从句用should/wereto,主句用should/would/could/might+不定式),2020/6/15,if的省略,1.Wereyouinmyposition,youwoulddothesame.2.Hadhecomeearlier,hewouldhaveseenher.3.Shouldtheyattackus,wewouldwipethemoutcompletely.,2020/6/15,Ifonly,Ifonlyyouwouldlistentoreason.IfonlyIweretenyearsyounger.IFonlyhedidntdrivesofast.Ifonlyhehadaskedsomeonesadvice.IfIcouldonlygototheconcert.IfIcouldonly/but/justexplain.,2020/6/15,Iwish,IwishIknewtheanswer.IwishIhadknowntheaddre