高级英语第六版unit 7 beautyppt课件

Christen,Christianity:,theOrthodox(Eastern)Church(Istanbul)正教(1054)RomanCatholicism(Catholic)(Rome)公教,天主教MartinLuther,1517,theReformation:Protestantism(Protestant)新教HenryVIII,early16thcentury,theChurchofEnglandArchbishopCanterbury,2,RomanCatholicism,RomanCatholicChurchisthelargestsingleChristianbody,composedofthoseChristianswhoacknowledgethesupremeauthorityofthebishopofRome,thepope,inmattersoffaith.Thewordcatholic(Greekkatholikos)meansuniversalandhasbeenusedtodesignatethechurchsinceitsearliestperiod,whenitwastheonlyChristianchurch.RomanCatholicsmaybesimplydefinedasChristiansincommunionwiththePope.RomanCatholicismholdsthatthePopeandtheBishopshaveinvaryingdegreesthespiritualauthorityChristassignedtohisapostles.Thevoiceisregardedasinfalliblewhenspeakingonmattersoffaithandmorals.,3,Protestantism,ProtestantismbeganasamovementtoreformtheWesternChristianchurchinthe16thcentury,resultingintheProtestantReformation,whichseveredthereformedchurchesfromtheRomanCatholicchurch.ThedeclaredaimoftheoriginalreformerswastorestoretheChristianfaithasithadbeenatitsbeginning,whilekeepingwhattheythoughtvaluablefromtheRomanCatholictraditionthathaddevelopedduringtheinterveningcenturies.TheProtestantmovementactuallyprecededthe16th-centuryReformation.SeveraldissidentmovementsinthelatemedievalchurchanticipatedtheReformationbyprotestingthepervasivecorruptioninthechurchandbycriticizingfundamentalCatholicteachings.,4,ProtestantismisaspecialdevelopmentwithinChristianity.ItisdistinctfromRomanCatholicisminthatitbreaksfrompapalobedience.ProtestantismiswidelypracticedinmostnorthwesternEuropeancountriesexceptsouthernGermany,Ireland,France,andBelgium.,Protestantism,ProtestantChurch,CatholicChurch,JesusChrist,SaintMaria,CatholicsandprotestantsworshipinmanydifferentwayshowevermanypeoplesaytheyarebothChristians.BothreligionsfollowtheBiblebuttheyjustbelieveindifferentthings.CatholicsbelievethatthevirginMarywasavirginallherlifeandtheappearanceofJesusChristwasacompletemiracle.ProtestantsdenyMarysvirginityastheybelievetherewasnothingmiraculousaboutthebirthofJesus.,Catholicsarehugefollowersofthechurchandhavealotmorebeliefsthanprotestants.Theyhaveverylongceremoniesandtheytreattheirchurchesaswellastheytreattheirhomes.Catholicstendtofollowthechurchastheythinkthisiswheredivineauthoritycomesfrom.Thecatholicchurchesarefarmoredecoratedthantheprotestantchurches.ProtestantsjustfollowtheirchurchastheybelieveitcomesfromtheBibleanddontfeeltheneedtoholdlongceremonies.Theirchurchesarealotlessdecoratedthancatholicchurches.,thesufficiencyandauthorityofScriptureProtestantsbelievethattheBiblealoneisthesolesourceofGodsspecialrevelationtomankind,andassuchitteachesusallthatisnecessaryforoursalvationfromsin.ProtestantsviewtheBibleasthestandardbywhichallChristianbehaviormustbemeasured.Thisbeliefiscommonlyreferredtoas“SolaScriptura”andisoneofthe“FiveSolas”(solabeingLatinfor“alone”)thatcameoutoftheProtestantReformationassummariesofsomeoftheimportantdifferencesbetweenCatholicsandProtestants.Catholicsontheotherhandrejectthedoctrineof“SolaScriptura”anddonotbelievethattheBiblealoneissufficient.TheybelievethatboththeBibleandsacredRomanCatholictraditionareequallybindingupontheChristian.ManyRomanCatholicsdoctrines,suchaspurgatory,prayingtothesaints,worshiporvenerationofMary,etc.havelittleornobasisatallinScripture,butarebasedsolelyonRomanCatholictraditions.EssentiallytheRomanCatholicChurchsdenialof“SolaScriptura”andtheirinsistencethatboththeBibleandtheir“SacredTradition”areequalinauthorityunderminesthesufficiency,authorityandcompletenessoftheBible.,overtheofficeandauthorityofthePopeAccordingtoCatholicismthePopeisthe“VicarofChrist”(avicarisasubstitute),andtakestheplaceofJesusasthevisibleheadoftheChurch.Assuchhehastheabilitytospeak“excathedra”(withauthorityonmattersoffaithandpractice),andwhenhedoessohisteachingsareconsideredinfallibleandbindinguponallChristians.Protestantsbelievethatnohumanbeingisinfallible,andthatChristaloneistheheadofthechurch.CatholicsrelyonapostolicsuccessionasawayoftryingtoestablishingthePopesauthority.ButProtestantsbelievethatthechurchsauthoritydoesnotcomefromapostolicsuccession,butinsteadisderivedfromtheWordofGod.Spiritualpowerandauthoritydoesnotrestinthehandsofamereman,butintheveryWordofGodrecordedinScripture.WhileCatholicismteachesthatonlytheCatholicChurchcanproperlyandcorrectlyinterprettheBible,ProtestantsbelievethattheBibleteachesthatGodsenttheHolySpirittoindwellallbornagainbelievers,enablingallbelieverstounderstandthemessageoftheBible.,howoneissavedAnotherofthe“FiveSolas”ofthereformationwas“SolaFide”(faithalone),whichaffirmsthebiblicaldoctrineofjustificationbygracealonethroughfaithalonebecauseofChristaloneaccordingtoRomanCatholicism,mancannotbesavedbyfaithaloneinChristalone.TheyteachthattheChristianmustrelyonfaithplus“meritoriousworks”inordertobesaved.EssentialtotheRomanCatholicdoctrineofsalvationaretheSevenSacraments,whichare:baptism,confirmation,theEucharist,Penance,anointingofthesick,HolyOrders,andmatrimony.ProtestantsbelievethatonthebasisoffaithinChristalone,believersarejustifiedbyGodasalltheirsinsarepaidforbyChristonthecrossandHisrighteousnessisimputedtothem.CatholicsontheotherhandbelievethatChristsrighteousnessisimpartedtothebelieverby“gracethroughfaith,”butinitselfisnotsufficienttojustifythebeliever.Thebelievermust“supplement”therighteousnessofChristimpartedtohimwithmeritoriousworks.,Catholicshavesevensacraments:圣礼baptismholycommunion圣餐firstconfessionmarriageholyorders授予圣职anointingofthesick病人傅油礼confirmation坚信礼ProtestantsonlyhavetwosacramentsbaptismEucharist圣餐礼,1.Catholicskneelinchurch;Protestantsdonotkneelbecausetheyhavebadknees.2.Catholicsliketolightasmanycandlesaspossible;Protestantsareabitmoreconsciousoffire-safety.3.CatholicsattendchurcheverySunday;ProtestantstakeoffSundaysduringthefootballseason.4.Catholicpriestsdressupincostumes;Protestantministersaremorefashion-sensitive.5.Catholicspromotechastitybeforemarriage;Protestantspromotethehush-hushpolicyonsex.,6.CatholicsseekaidfromtheSaints;Protestantsarestuckwitheachother.7.Catholicsareartisticinnovators;Protestantsareculinaryexperts.8.CatholicsreceiveCommunion;Protestantsareonadiet.9.Catholicslaughatthemselves;ProtestantslaughatCatholics.10.Catholicswillgotoheaven;ProtestantswillgotoDisneyWorld.,Unit7Beauty,bySusanSontag,SusanSontag,1933-2004OneofAmericasmostinfluentialintellectuals,internationallyrenownedforthepassionateengagementandbreadthofhercriticalintelligenceandherardentactivisminthecauseofhumanrights,diedinNewYorkCityonDecember28,2004.,SusanSontag,Theauthorof17bookstranslatedinto32languages,shehaswrittennovels,stories,essays,andplays;writtenanddirectedfilms;andworkedasatheaterdirectorintheUnitedStatesandEurope.Honorsthe2003PeacePrizeoftheGermanBookTradethe2003PrinceofAsturiasPrizethe2001JerusalemPrizetheNationalBookAwardforInAmerica(2000)theNationalBookCriticsCircleAwardforOnPhotography(1978),SusanSontag,SusanSontagisapowerfulthinker,assmartasshessupposedtobe,andabetterwriter,sentenceforsentence,thananyonewhonowwearsthetag“intellectual”.-NewYorkObserverWewouldntrecognizeourpostwarintellectualhistorywithoutSusanSontag.-TalkMagazine,SusanSontag,苏珊桑塔格（SusanSontag,1933年1月16日2004年12月28日）生卒于纽约，是美国著名的作家和评论家，著名女权主义者，她被认为是近代西方最引人注目，最有争议性的女作家及评论家。她的写作领域广泛，以其才华、敏锐的洞察力和广博的知识著称。著作主要有反对阐释（AgainstInterpretation），激进意志的风格（StylesofRadicalWill），论摄影（OnPhotography），艾滋病及其隐喻（AIDSandItsMetaphors）和小说火山情人（TheVolcanoLover）。2000年，她的历史小说在美国获得了美国图书奖（NationalBookAwards）。她还是一位社会评论家和文学评论家，她对时代以及文化的批评包括摄影、艺术、文学等，被誉为“美国公众的良心”。此外，她也是一位反战人士，1960年代反对越南战争，也写文章批评过伊拉克战争。,22,Discussion,Who(awoman)doyouthinkistrulybeautiful?Who(aman)doyouthinkistrulyhandsome?Why?,Beauty,Listasmanywordsasyoucantodescribewhatyouthinkanidealfemale/maleshouldbelike.Doyouthink“beingbeautiful”isthemostdesirablequalityinwomen?Arewomenconcernedabouttheiroutwardappearanceonly?Whyandhowdowomenmakethemselvesbeautiful?Arethereanycriteria?WhatsocialdiscriminationisimpliedintheoldChinesesaying男才女貌？,韩国小姐选美20佳丽全撞脸,Whatisbeauty,美善美，甘也，从羊从大，羊在六畜主给膳也，羊大则美。善，从羊从二言，表示众口夸赞的意思，由膳食之美引申为美好之义。因为羊的性情温和驯顺，所以“善”又有善良、慈善之义。,Whatisbeauty,Livingwellandbeautifullyandjustlyareallonething.-Socrates苏格拉底(470?BC-399?BC,Greekphilosopher),Whatisbeauty,Thegoodisthebeautiful.-Plato柏拉图(428?BC-347?BC,Greekphilosopher),Whatisbeauty,Isay:thebeautifulisthesymbolofthemorallygood.-“CritiqueofJudgment”ImmanuelKant康德(1724-1804,Germanphilosopher),Whatisbeauty,Beautyistruth,truthbeauty,thatisallYeknowonearth,andallyeneedtoknow.-“OdeonaGrecianUrn”,JohnKeats济慈(1795-1821,Britishpoet.),Today,31,Today,TheBeautyMyth美貌的神话byNaomiWolf(1992),Thepressuretobebeautifulhasbecomecontemporaryculturesmosteffectiveformofcontroloverwomen.Womenfloodtheworkforce,therebyposinganeconomicthreattomen.Societysexpectationthatwomencultivatepersonalbeautyservedasthelatestweaponagainstwomen.Aswomenarecompelledbythesocietytospendsomuchtime,money,andemotionalefforttryingtobebeautifulthattheywereleftwithnoenergytocompeteeconomically.,Structure,I.(P1-3)theancientandmodernideasofbeautyII.(P4-7)Howwomenandmenaretreateddifferently:theoppressionofwomenIII.(P8-9)theadverseeffectofthegenderstereotypeonthedevelopmentofwomenIV.(P10)callingonwomenandsocietytogetoutofthetrap,PartI,I.(P1-3)theancientandmodernideasofbeautyP1Greekdefinitionof“beauty”P2modernconceptof“beautyP3influencescontributingtothedegradationoftheword“beauty”,PartI,Degradationofthenotionof“beauty”,AncientGreece,Christianity,Moderndays,overallexcellence,physicalandmoraloutsideandinside,maleandfemale,superficialenchantment,physicaloutside,maleandfemale,femalegoodlooksonly,female,physicaloutside,PartI,virtue:(Latinword)valor,worth,moralperfectionlame:unabletowalk;(excuse,argument,remark)weak,poor牵强的、勉强的、站不住脚的e.g.(Ididnthandintheassignment)MylameexcusewasthatIhadtoomuchelsetodo.(Hedidntsay“hello”tometheotherdaywemet.)“Ididntrecognizeyou,”hesaidlamely.,PartI,paradoxical:self-contradictory,puzzlingpedagogical:teachingpedagogy教学法，教育学OneofSocratesmainpedagogicalactswastobeuglyandteachhowfullofparadoxeslifereallywas.Socratesusedthecontrastbetweenhisinnerstrengthsandoutwarduglinesstotellhisnaveandhandsomefollowersthatthereweremanysuchstrongcontrastsintherealworld.,PartIthetrioofancientGreekphilosophers,Socrates(469-399BC)Greekphilosopherwhoinitiatedaquestion-and-answermethodofteachingasameansofachievingself-knowledgeSocrateswastriedforcorruptingthemindsofAthenianyouthandsubsequentlyputtodeath.HistheoriesofvirtueandjusticehavesurvivedthroughthewritingsofPlato,hismostimportantpupil.,PartIthetrioofancientGreekphilosophers,Plato(427-347BC)AfollowerofSocratesHefoundedtheAcademy(386),wherehetaughtandwroteformuchoftherestofhislife.Platopresentedhisideasintheformofdramaticdialogues,asinTheRepublic.,PartIthetrioofancientGreekphilosophers,Aristotle(384-322BC)ApupilofPlato,thetutorofAlexandertheGreat,andtheauthorofworksonlogic,metaphysics,ethics,naturalsciences,politics,andpoetics,heprofoundlyinfluencedWesternthought.Inhisphilosophicalsystemtheoryfollowsempirical(以观察或实验为根据的)observationandlogic,basedonthesyllogism(三段论法),istheessentialmethodofrationalinquiry.,PartI,bewaryof/about:becautiousaboutpossibledangerorproblem.e.g.Peopleareunderstandablywaryofthenewgovernment.Havingbeentakeninseveraltimesbystreetpeddlers,heisnowverywaryofthem.Imverywaryaboutbelievingthesestories.,PartI,Whatdoesthesentence“Wedonot”mean?Howdoyouinterpret“wearemorewaryoftheenchantmentsofbeauty”?Whatpointistheauthortryingtostatehere?,NowwedonotbelievethatinsidebeautyandoutsidebeautycanharmoniouslycoexistinonepersonasancientGreeksheld.,PartI,Wenotonlysplitoffisalsointelligent,talented,good.Wenotonlyseparatethe“inside”fromthe“outside”mosteasily,notbelievingthatinsidebeauty(character,intellect)cancoexistwithoutsidebeauty(looks)inoneperson,andareinfactshockedtomeetonewhoisbeautifulbothinsideandoutside.,PartI,setadrift:toleave(someoneoraboat)tofloatonthewaterwithoutdirection(here)separatetheword“beauty”fromitsoriginalmeaningalienated:separated疏离的arbitrary:随意的superficial:肤浅的,PartI,loseprestige:losesignificance,loseprominence失去威信(be,act,stand)onthedefensive:expectingorresistingconflictorattack处于防御姿态，进行辩解putsb.onthedefensivee.g.HewasonthedefensiveallthetimeIwascriticizinghim.,PartI,Associatingbeautywithwomenhasputbeautyevenfurtheronthedefensive,morally.Sincebeautyisusedtorefertofemalesuperficialenchantment,itismorelikelyforpeopletofeeldoubtfulaboutthemoraladequacyofaphysicallybeautifulwoman.,PartII,II.(P4-7)Howwomenandmenaretreateddifferently:theoppressionofwomenP4“Beautiful”and“handsome”arenotequivalents.P5socialstereotypesforwomenandmenP6conventionalideasconcerningwhatwomenshoulddoorshouldbelikeP7conventionalideasconcerningwhatmenshoulddoorshouldbelike,PartII,P4:atransitionalparagraphequivalent:对应词e.g.Theequivalentoftheword“beauty”inChineseis“美”.demean:loweroneselfindignity降低身份，有辱人格，贬损e.g.demeanoneselfbytakingabribe因受贿而为人不齿overtone:implication暗示，弦外之音demeaningovertone:implicationofhumiliation,PartII,vestige:mark,tracetothedetrimentof:harm,damage对不利，有损于e.g.Heworkedlongerandlongertothedetrimentofhismarriage.,PartII,Whydoesitharmthenotionofbeautyaswellasofwomenbycallingwomen“thebeautifulsex”?,Itdepreciates/devaluesthenotion“beauty”andimpliesasexuallyunfairjudgmentofwomen.,PartII,P5acontrast,theessenceofmen,theessenceofwomen,beingstrong,effective,competent,whatoneisanddoes,narcissism,dependence,immaturity,howonelooks,PartII,thro:painItdoesnottakesomeoneinthethroesofadvancedfeministawarenesstoperceiveOneneednothavepainfuladvancedfeministawarenesstoseethat.Itissoobviousthatanyonecanseethat.narcissism:excessiveadmirationofoneselfnarcissusdaffodil,PartII,identifywith:equate认为等同于e.g.Wecannotidentifyhappinesswithwealth.Canweidentifybeautywithgoodness?,PartII,Accordingtothewriter,dowomenbecomebeautifulvoluntarily?Ifnot,whomakesthemdothat?,“womenaretaughttobeinvolvedwithbeauty”“Itiseverybody,awholesociety,thathasidentifiedbeingfemininewithcaringabouthowonelooks.”,socialconventions,PartII,P6,7acontrast,standardforwomen,standardformen,lookedatinparts,lookedatasawhole,underscrutiny,ataglance,Nothinglessthanperfectionwilldo.,Asmallimperfectionorblemishisconsidereddesirable.,PartII,flattering:attractiveidealization:perfectrepresentativeCanyougiveanyexamplesof“flatteringidealization”?Andwhateffectdotheyhaveonwomen?,PartII,passmuster:begoodenough,beacceptedassatisfactory达标，及格，认为可通过e.g.Heisnotagoodplayer,buthejustaboutpassesmuster.Slipshodworkwillneverpassmuster.wanting:adj.benotgoodenough,lacking,missing不够格的，缺乏的e.g.Freshwateriswantinghere.TheskilloftheChinesefootballteamisfoundwanting.Theyarewantinginconfidence.,PartII,nothinglessthan:complete(用来强调某事很重要）完全e.g.Thatisnothinglessthanamiracle.Hisappearanceatthepartywasnothinglessthanasurprisetoeverybody.,PartII,RobertRedford:OutofAfrica,TheHorseWhisperer,OrdinaryPeople,theGreatGatsby,PartIII,III.(P8-9)theadverseeffectofthegenderstereotypeonthedevelopmentofwomenP8Thepowerofbeautyisrelatedtomenandcannotbechosenorrenouncedfreely:oppressionP9Itputswomeninthedilemmabeingbeautiful:adutyacoverforemptyminds,PartIII,renounceannouncepronouncedenouncecensure:anexpressionofstrongdisapprovalandcriticism指责，非难,PartIII,preen:(bird)tidyandcleanfeatherwithitsbeak;spendalotoftimeinfrontofamirrortomakeoneselflookattractive整理羽毛；精心打扮IfawomandoesrealworkandevenifshehasclambereduptoaleadingpositionIfawomaniscapableandsuccessfulinhercareerworkat:makeeffortto,PartIII,Damnedifyoudo,damnedifyoudont:Whateveryoudoorsaywillbeconsideredtobewrong.Damnediftheydowomenare.Anddamnediftheydont.Womenarecondemnediftheytrytolookbeautifulandiftheydontdoso,theyarealsocondemned.e.g.Dowhatyoufeelinyourhearttoberightforyoullbecriticizedanyway.Youllbedamnedifyoudo,anddamnedifyoudont.,PartIV,IV.(P10)callingonwomenandsocietytogetoutofthetrap.Onecouldhardlyaskformoreimportantevidencethanthatinterminablehalf-comichalf-tragictale,theoppressionofwomen.Theoppressionofwomen,likeabothridiculousandsadstory,isthemostpowerfulprooftoshow,PartIV,disparage:undervalue,depreciate,lookdownuponatrap:asituationwithoutescapegetsomecriticaldistancefrombeauty:de-emphasizethenotionofbeautyinlife,disassociatethemselvesfromtheideaofbeautyabridge:reduce,cutshort,(somemeaning)beentakenaway,PartIV,savefrom:topreserve/protectsth/sb.fromdanger/ruinetc.savefor:toputsth.suchasmoney/supplyawayuntilacertaintimeorforsomepurposee.g.Howcanthecitysavethesefineoldbuildingsfromdestruction?Theysavedthepreciousrecordsfromfire.Letssavethebestwinefortheparty.ImtryingtosaveasmuchofmyincomeasIcanformyoldage.,PartIV,savebeautyfromwomen:makeitunnecessaryforwomentobebeautifulsavebeautyforwomen:keepbeautyforwomensfuture,whenbeautyisinthetruesense(bothinsideandoutside),sotheywontbediscriminated,Thesis,Itisdangerousforthesocietytosplitbeautyintoinsideandoutside.Thisoppresswomenandputthemintoadilemma.Womenshouldtrytogetoutofitbyde-emphasizingthenotionofbeautyintheirlife.,Discussion,1.Afterstudyingthetext,whatdoyouthinkwomenshoulddotorealizetheirvalueandpotentialandtoavoidthe“crudetrap”mentionedbySontag?,Discussion,2.HowarewomenandmenlookedatinChina?ArewomensandmensrolesundergoinganychangeinmodernChina?,Exercises,III.Translation1.1.Iassumefromyourremarksthatyouaregoingtoquiteyourjob.2.Weshouldtrytodistinguishbtwtruthandfalsehood.3.Heisalwayswaryofoffendingpeople.4.Asajudge,youshouldnotmakearbitrarydecisions.5.Heisanartistofinternationalprestige.6.Heattributeshissuccesstoseveralfactors.7.ThesefragmentsofwallsarevestigesoftheNormanconquest.8.Hesmokedanddrankalot,tothedetrimentofhishealth.9.Youdbettercutyourinterminablespeechshort.,Exercises,III.Translation2.到了男人身上，相貌是一个整体，是那种一眼就能看到的东西，不需要同构度量身体的不同部位来确认，所以没有人会鼓励男人分别从眼睛、鼻子、嘴巴等五官来判断自己的外貌。至于完美，那丝毫不重要，反而倒像是缺乏男子气的表现。事实上，对一个理想的英俊男士，一点小小的缺点或者瑕疵，反倒是可取的。以为自称是罗伯特雷德福的粉丝的影评人（一位女性）说，正式雷德福面颊上几颗皮肤色的痣，才使他不仅仅只有一张“漂亮的脸”。试想一下这个判断所蕴含的对美，同时也是对女性的贬低。,74,I.GrammarNosoonerhadweexpressedouropinionsaboutbeautythanhestooduptosaytheopposite.SomanypeopleturnedouttoseethehandsomeactorRobertRedforduponhisvisittothemuseumthatalltrafficcametoastandstill.ThedestructionofmanyoftheoldbuildingsinancientAthenswasbrou