【精品硕博论文-水利水电工程】research on the challenges and solutions of urban flood control system of nanjing city-1

RESEARCHONTHECHALLENGESANDSOLUTIONSOFURBANFLOODCONTROLSYSTEMOFNANJINGCITYXINWEN1,A,GUOHUAFANG1,B1HOHAIUNIVERSITY,1XIKANGROAD,NANJING210098,CHINAANJWENXINHOTMAILCOM,BHHUFGH126COMKEYWORDSFLOODCONTROLSYSTEM,FLOODMANAGEMENT,NANJINGCITY,CHALLENGES,SOLUTIONSABSTRACTCURRENTLY,THEDEVELOPMENTOFFLOODCONTROLSYSTEMOFNANJINGCITYHASBEENENTERINGANEWCRITICALPHASE,FACINGSOMEGREATCHALLENGINGPROBLEMSTHATNEVEREXPERIENCEDBEFORETOMEETTHESECHALLENGES,THISRESEARCHINITIALLYREVIEWEDTHEDEVELOPINGPROCESSOFFLOODCONTROLSYSTEMOFNANJINGCITYAFTERCHINASREFORMANDOPENINGUPBASEDONTHEANALYSISOFCURRENTFLOODCONTROLSITUATION,FOURMAJORCHALLENGEOFWASSUMMARIZEDTOSOLVETHESEPROBLEMS,THISRESEARCHPROVIDEDSOMEPRODUCTIVESUGGESTIONSFORFUTUREDEVELOPMENTOFFLOODCONTROLSYSTEMOFNANJINGCITYFROMSIXPERSPECTIVES,NAMELYPRINCIPLEOFFLOODCONTROL,LAYOUTOFFLOODCONTROLSYSTEM,DRAINAGESYSTEMIMPROVEMENT,FLOODMANAGEMENT,TECHNOLOGYAPPLICATIONANDSUPPORTINGMEASURESINTRODUCTIONNANJINGCITYISLOCATEDATTHEEASTCOSTALAREAOFCHINA3114N3236N,11822E11914E,ANDTHETOTALAREAIS65823KM2WITH81091MILLIONPOPULATION2012AND614552BILLIONRMBOFGDP20121,NANJINGISTHEPOLITICAL,ECONOMIC,ANDCULTURALCENTEROFJIANGSUPROVINCETHEURBANAREAOFNANJINGISCOMPOSEDOFACENTRALCITYANDTHREESUBCITIESNAMEDDONGSHAN,XIANLINANDJIANGBEI,WITHATOTALAREAOFABOUT834KM22FROMHYDROLOGICALPERSPECTIVE,NANJINGCITYISLOCATEDATTHEDOWNSTREAMAREAOFYANGTZERIVERBESIDESFROMTHAT,THEREARETWOOTHERWATERSHEDSINSIDETHEURBANAREA,NAMELYQINHUAIRIVERANDCHURIVER,ASSHOWNINTABLE1TOPOGRAPHICALLY,THECITYISDIVIDEDINTOFOURPARTSBYMAINREACHESOFTHESETHREERIVERSANDSOMEHIGHLANDSEXCEPTFORSOMEMOUNTAINOUSAREAINTHENORTHWEST,MOSTOFTHENANJINGCITYISRIVERSIDEPOLDERAREAWITHELEVATIONFROMAROUND5MTO8M,WHICHISLOWERTHANTHEWATERLEVELINTHEAFOREMENTIONEDRIVERSDURINGTHEFLOODSEASONTHATISTOSAY,NANJINGCITYISATYPICAL“FLOODCORRIDOR“TERRAINANDSUFFERSFROMSEVEREFLOODPRESSURESESPECIALLYINWETSEASONSFROM1949TO2010,FLOODHASHITNANJINGCITY28TIMES,INCLUDING4HUGEFLOODDISASTERS3ACCORDINGTOTHEFEATURESOFNANJINGCITYSTOPOGRAPHYANDRIVERSYSTEM,THEWHOLEURBANREGIONOFNANJINGHASBEENDIVIDEDINTOFIVEFLOODPROTECTIONAREAONTHEBASISOFTHAT,THEURBANFLOODCONTROLSYSTEMISDEVELOPEDINCLUDINGTHEPROJECTSYSTEMANDNONENGINEERINGMEASURESSPECIFICALLY,THEPROJECTSYSTEMISCOMPOSEDOFLEVEES,RESERVOIRSANDSLUICESWITHMULTIPLEFUNCTIONSOFFLOODSTORAGE,FLOODDIVERSIONANDFLOODPREVENTIONTHENONENGINEERINGMEASURESINCLUDESFLOODCONTROLCOMMUNICATIONSYSTEM,EARLYWARNINGANDFORECASTSYSTEMANDETALTABLE1MAJORRIVERSINNANJINGCITYRIVERLENGTHKMBRANCHRESERVOIRLAKEINFLUENCEAREAYANGTZERIVER3661111CENTRALCITY,XIANLINSUBCITY,JIANGBEISUBCITYQINHUAIRIVER341025CENTRALCITY,DONGSHANSUBCITYCHURIVER2376410JIANGBEISUBCITYDEVELOPMENTPROCESSOFURBANFLOODCONTROLSYSTEMOFNANJINGCITYMORETHAN2000YEARSAGO,NANJINGCITYSTARTEDTHEEXPLORATIONOFTHEURBANFLOODCONTROLPROJECTS4SINCETHEREFORMANDOPENINGUPOFCHINA,NANJINGCITYHASINCREASEDINVESTMENTTODEVELOPMODERNFLOODCONTROLPLANNINGANDPROJECTSTHERECENTDEVELOPMENTPROCESSCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTWOSTAGESASFOLLOWING119802000IN1983,ASERIOUSFLOODDISASTERHITNANJINGCITY,CAUSINGHUGEECONOMICLOSSESAMOUNTEDTO01BILLIONRMBAFTERTHAT,NANJINGCITYSTARTEDTOCOMPILEURBANFLOODCONTROLPLANNING,ANDTOBUILDAGREATAMOUNTOFFLOODCONTROLANDDRAINAGEPROJECTSINTHEURBANAREAASTHERESULT,THEFLOODCONTROLCAPACITYOFNANJINGCITYHASIMPROVEDFROM10YEARTO50100YEARFLOODATTHEENDOF20THCENTURY,THEBASICSAFETYAGAINSTFLOODFORNANJINGCITYCOULDBEGUARANTEED220012010SINCETHEBEGINNINGOF21CENTURY,THEGREATADVANCEMENTOFSOCIALECONOMYANDTHECITIZENSLIVINGSTANDARDPUTFORWARDNEWERANDHIGHERSTANDARDSFORURBANFLOODCONTROLOFNANJINGCITYSPECIFICALLY,ANUMBEROFTHEYANGTZERIVEREMBANKMENTIMPROVEMENTPROJECTSHAVEBEENIMPLEMENTED,AIMINGTOSOLVETHEWEAKPOINTSINFLOODCONTROLPROJECTSTHEREFORE,THEFLOODCONTROLCAPACITYOFNANJINGHASBEENFURTHERCONSOLIDATEDANDENHANCEDSECONDLY,THEDEVELOPMENTOFURBANFLOODCONTROLSYSTEMHASENTEREDANEWSTAGEFORTHEEFFORTSTOINTEGRATETRAFFIC,LANDSCAPE,ECOLOGICALENVIRONMENT,CULTURE,TOURISMFUNCTIONSWITHTRADITIONALFLOODCONTROLPROJECTS,INORDERTOIMPROVETHEHUMANSETTLEMENTOFNANJINGCITYFINALLY,WITHTHEEXPANSIONOFTHECITY,THREESUBCITIESOFJIANGBEI,DONGSHANANDXIANLINAREALSOSPEEDINGUPTHEDEVELOPMENTOFURBANFLOODCONTROLSYSTEMSCHALLENGESTODEVELOPMENTOFFLOODCONTROLSYSTEMOFNANJINGCITYHOWTOFURTHERIMPROVETHEOVERALLFLOODCONTROLCAPACITYOFNANJINGCITYINTHEFUTURE,URBANLANDRESOURCESWILLBECOMEINCREASINGLYSCARCERWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTANDEXPANSIONOFNANJINGCITYCOUPLEDWITH“ENVIRONMENTFRIENDLY“AND“LIVABLE“REQUIREMENTS,THEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHETRADITIONALFLOODCONTROLENGINEERINGMEASURES,SUCHASCHANNELWIDENINGANDEMBANKMENTSHEIGHTEN,TENDTOBEMOREANDMOREDIFFICULTTHEFLOODSTORAGEANDDIVERSIONMEASURESOFNEWLYEXCAVATEDFLOODWAYSALSOFACEGREATERRESISTANCEHOWTOCOORDINATETHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENURBANFLOODCONTROLANDDRAINAGE,WATERRESOURCES,WATERSUPPLY,WATERENVIRONMENTANDOTHERURBANWATERISSUESFORALONGTIME,SEVERALGOVERNMENTDEPARTMENTSAREINCHARGEOFWATERMANAGEMENTOFNANJINGCITY,HOWEVER,THEMUTUALCONFLICTSANDPOORCOORDINATIONBETWEENTHEMLEADSTOASITUATIONWHERETHEWHOLESYSTEMIS“URBANRURALDIVIDED“,MOSTPROJECTSONLYCONSIDERFLOODCONTROLASTHESINGLEOBJECTIVE,NEGLECTINGTHEDEMANDSFROMURBANWATERLOGGING,WATERRESOURCESPROTECTION,WATERSUPPLY,WATERENVIRONMENT,SEWAGETREATMENTANDOTHERURBANWATERISSUESASARESULT,THEFLOODCONTROLANDURBANDRAINAGECANHARDLYBECOORDINATEDPROPERLY,THEINTEGRITYOFWATERRESOURCESSYSTEMISDESTROYED,WATERQUALITYANDQUANTITYMANAGEMENTARESEPARATED,BENEFITSANDFUNCTIONOFWHOLEFLOODCONTROLSYSTEMAREUNDERMINEDSIGNIFICANTLYHOWTOCOORDINATETHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENURBANFLOODCONTROLPROJECTSANDURBANLANDSCAPE,TRANSPORTATION,ANDECOLOGICALENVIRONMENTLIMITEDBYOLDCONCEPTSANDFINANCIALRESTRICTIONS,SOMEURBANFLOODCONTROLPROJECTSINNANJINGFAILTOINTEGRATETHEURBANLANDSCAPE,ECOLOGIC,CULTURAL,ENVIRONMENTANDOTHERREQUIREMENTSASTHERESULT,MOSTLEVEESSEEMHARD,COLD,ANDGRAY,ANDPUMPSTATIONHOUSESLOOKSSHABBYANDOLD,WHICHCANHARDLYBECONSISTENTWITHTHEBEAUTIFULURBANENVIRONMENTANDLANDSCAPEHOWTOCOORDINATETHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENCITYDEVELOPMENTANDURBANFLOODCONTROLANDDRAINAGESYSTEMINRECENTYEARS,THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENURBANDEVELOPMENTANDCONSTRUCTIONOFFLOODCONTROLANDDRAINAGEPROJECTSHADNTBEENCOORDINATEDPROPERLYFORINSTANCE,MANYNEWLYBUILTRAILWAYS,BRIDGESANDOTHERRIVERCROSSINGPROJECTSBLOCKEDRIVERCHANNELS,WHICHPOSEDATHREATTOTHERELEASEOFFLOODMEANWHILE,THELACKOFSTRONGPROTECTIONMEASURESRENDERSTHERIVERSANDLAKESSUFFERINGFROMBEINGOCCUPIEDORBURIED,MAKINGTHESAFETYOFURBANDRAINAGEEVENWORSESUGGESTIONSTOTHEFLOODCONTROLCOUNTERMEASURESOFNANJINGCITYUPDATETHE“URBANFLOODCONTROLPLANNINGOFNANJINGCITY“,ADAPTINGTOTHENEWREQUIREMENTSOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFNANJINGCITYINTHEFUTURECURRENTLY,THE“URBANFLOODCONTROLPLANNINGOFNANJINGCITY“HASALREADYEXPIRED,WHICHCANHARDLYSUPPORTTHEDEVELOPMENTOFURBANFLOODCONTROLSYSTEMTHEREFORE,AREVISIONISNEEDEDTHENEXTVERSIONOFNANJINGURBANFLOODCONTROLPLANNINGSHOULDBECLOSELYBASEDONTHE“NANJINGURBANMASTERPLAN“20102020ASWELLASTHENEWLYAPPROVEDRELATEDPLANNINGOFTHEYANGTZERIVER,QINHUAIRIVERANDCHURIVERBASIN,AIMINGTOESTABLISHAMODERNURBANFLOODCONTROLSYSTEMWITHHIGHSTANDARDSANDQUALITY,WHICHCOULDPROVIDEEFFECTIVEFLOODPROTECTIONFORTHEADVANCEMENTOFNANJINGCITY,SAFEENVIRONMENTFORCITIZENSTOLIVEANDWORK,ANDTHEGUIDANCEFORURBANPLANNING,LAYOUTANDCONSTRUCTIONINTHEFUTUREUPGRADETHECONCEPTOF“FLOODCONTROL“TO“FLOODMANAGEMENT“FLOODMANAGEMENTMEANSTODEALWITHTHEFLOODINANAPPROPRIATEWAYANDACTIVELYADAPTTOTHENATURE,INDICATINGTHETRANSITIONFROMTHETRADITIONALFLOODCONTROLTOTHEMODERNFLOODMANAGEMENTINORDERTOENHANCETHEBASISROLEOFWATERRESOURCESINTHEECONOMICANDSOCIALDEVELOPMENT5COMPARETOTHEFLOODCONTROL,FLOODMANAGEMENTOFNANJINGCITYINCLUDESFIVEPHASESASFOLLOWS1DIVIDETHEWHOLEURBANAREAINTODIFFERENTPARTSANDDETERMINETHEIRFLOODCONTROLANDDRAINAGESTANDARDSINCONSISTENTWITHSOCIALDEVELOPMENTANDTHEOVERALLFLOODCONTROLSYSTEM2）PROACTIVEPLANNINGOFTHEFLOODCONTROLSYSTEMFORTHEOUTERCITYAREA,ANDCREATEENOUGHPATHFORFLOODRELEASINGBEFOREITGOESINTOTHECITY3）DETERMINETHEGENERALSTANDARDOFMODERATEFLOODMANAGEMENTSYSTEMOFNANJINGCITYANDSETTHEPHASEDTARGETSANDTASKSACCORDINGTOTHEDIFFERENTSTAGESINTHEPLANNING4DEVELOPURBANFLOODRESOURCESUTILIZATIONPROGRAMANDESTABLISHTHEFLOODRESOURCESUTILIZATIONSYSTEMFORNANJINGCITYUNDERTHEPREMISEOFRISKCONTROL5GRADUALLYDEVELOPTHEMANAGINGMEASURESTOGUARANTEETHEIMPLEMENTOFTHEFLOODMANAGEMENTSYSTEMDEVELOPMODERNFLOODPREVENTIONANDDISASTERMITIGATIONSYSTEMTOFURTHERENHANCETHEOVERALLFLOODCONTROLABILITYOFNANJINGCITYWITHTHEMODERNCONCEPTANDADVANCEDSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,NANJINGCITYSHOULDINTEGRATECURRENTPROJECTSANDNONENGINEERINGMEASURESTODEVELOPMODERNURBANFLOODCONTROLPROJECTSWITHHIGHSTANDARDWHILECOORDINATINGTHEOBJECTIVEOFWATERRESOURCES,AQUATICECOSYSTEMS,URBANENVIRONMENT,LANDSCAPE,TRANSPORTATION,CULTURALANDOTHERFUNCTIONSASWELL,FORMINGAMODERNFLOODCONTROLSYSTEMWHICHTAKESTHEYANGTZERIVER,QINHUAIRIVER,ANDCHURIVERASTHEMAINLINE,SMALLRIVERSASTHENETWORK,RESERVOIRSANDMAJORLAKESASTHENODES,NONENGINEERINGMEASURESASTHEAUXILIARYSTRENGTHENTHEPROTECTIONANDMANAGEMENTOFRIVERSANDLAKESTOIMPROVETHEURBANDRAINAGESYSTEMNANJINGSHOULDDETERMINETHEURBANDRAINAGEDISTRICTANDDRAINAGESTANDARDSFOREACHDISTRICTBASEDONTHE“URBANFLOODCONTROLPLANNINGOFNANJINGCITY20102020“,ANDTHENSPECIFYTHEPROTECTIONAREAFOREACHURBANRIVERANDLAKETOCONTROLTHERATEOFWATERAREA,ANDRESTORERIVERSTHATHAVEBEENFILLEDANDEXPANDTHESECTIONOFCHANNELS,RIVERS,ANDLAKES6SECONDLY,ASTHEWEAKPOINTSOFURBANDRAINAGESYSTEM,DRAINAGERIVERS,PUMPINGSTATIONS,DRAINAGEPIPELINESANDOTHERDRAINAGEPROJECTSSHOULDBEIMPROVEDBASEDONTHECURRENTCONDITION,SUPPLEMENTEDWITHDISASTERWARNINGSYSTEMS,CONTINGENCYPLANSANDOTHERNONENGINEERINGMEASURESTOFURTHERENHANCETHEURBANDRAINAGESYSTEMEMPHASIZETHERESPONSIBILITYOFTHEGOVERNMENTINFLOODCONTROL,ANDPROPERLYCOORDINATETHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENURBANFLOODCONTROLANDCITYDEVELOPMENTACCORDINGTORELEVANTLAWSINCHINA,NANJINGCITYSHOULDEMPHASIZETHEGOVERNMENTSRESPONSIBILITIESINFLOODCONTROL,ANDDEFINETHERIGHTSANDOBLIGATIONSOFDIFFERENTGOVERNMENTDEPARTMENTSINCLUDINGWATERRESOURCES,MUNICIPAL,ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION,CITYPLANNINGANDETCINURBANFLOODCONTROLANDDRAINAGECONSTRUCTIONANDMANAGEMENTMEANWHILE,THEGOVERNMENTSSHOULDSTRENGTHENTHECOMMUNICATIONANDCOORDINATIONANDBREAKBOUNDARIESOFFLOODPREVENTIONMANAGEMENTBETWEENURBANANDRURALAREAS,ANDDIFFERENTDEPARTMENTS,AIMINGTOBUILDACOMPREHENSIVEURBANDEVELOPMENTPLATFORMINTEGRATINGFLOODCONTROL,ENVIRONMENT,TRANSPORTATION,CULTUREANDETC,WHICHCOULDPROPERLYCOORDINATETHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENFLOODCONTROLANDURBANDEVELOPMENT7IMPROVETHEFUNDRAISINGAPPROACHES,LEGALSYSTEMANDINFORMATIONSYSTEMOFFLOODCONTROLFIRSTLY,THEGOVERNMENTOFNANJINGCITYSHOULDGIVEFULLPLAYTOTHELEADINGROLEINURBANFLOODCON