外文翻译-都市规划的可持续发展

JOURNALOFPLANNINGEDUCATIONANDRESEARCH，2000（20）133PLANNINGFORMETROPOLITANSUSTAINABILITYSTEPHENMWHEELERTHEUNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIAABSTRACTTHISARTICLEESTABLISHESAFRAMEWORKFORTHINKINGABOUTSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTINTHEMETROPOLITANCONTEXTBYINVESTIGATINGTHEORIGINSOFTHESUSTAINABILITYCONCEPTANDITSMEANINGSWHENAPPLIEDTOURBANDEVELOPMENT,SURVEYINGHISTORICALAPPROACHESTOPLANNINGTHEURBANREGION,ANDANALYZINGWAYSINWHICHACONTEXTCANBECREATEDFORREGIONALSUSTAINABILITYPLANNINGSUSTAINABILITYISSEENASREQUIRINGAHOLISTIC,LONGTERMPLANNINGAPPROACH,ASWELLASCERTAINGENERALPOLICYDIRECTIONSSUCHASCOMPACTURBANFORM,REDUCTIONSINAUTOMOBILEUSE,PROTECTIONOFECOSYSTEMS,ANDIMPROVEDEQUITYBASEDONTHEEXPERIENCEOFTHREESAMPLEREGIONS,THEARTICLESUGGESTSALONGTERMSTRATEGICAPPROACHINWHICHVISIONSTATEMENTS,OALITIONBUILDING,INSTITUTIONALDEVELOPMENT,INTERGOVERNMENTALINCENTIVEFRAMEWORKS,INDICATORS,PUBLICINVOLVEMENT,ANDSOCIALLEARNINGHELPCREATEAREGIONALCONTEXTINWHICHSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTISINCREASINGLYPOSSIBLEKEYWORDSSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTMETROPOLITANPLANNINGECOLOGICALPROTECTIONINTRODUCTIONMANYASPECTSOFSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTAREBESTADDRESSEDATTHEMETROPOLITANREGIONALSCALESUBJECTSBENEFITINGPARTICULARLYFROMREGIONALCOORDINATIONINCLUDELANDUSE,TRANSPORTATION,AIRQUALITY,WATERQUALITY,ECOSYSTEMPROTECTION,AFFORDABLEHOUSINGPROVISION,ANDSOCIALEQUITYTHEPROBLEMISTHATTHISISOFTENTHEMOSTDIFFICULTLEVELATWHICHTOFINDTHEPOLITICALWILLANDINSTITUTIONALCAPACITYTOBRINGABOUTCHANGETHESEDIFFICULTIESHAVEBEENPARTICULARLYGREATINNORTHAMERICA,WHEREREGIONALPLANNINGSTRUCTURESHAVEBEENWEAKANDINCENTIVESTOTHINKINTERMSOFTHELONGTERMSUSTAINABILITYOFMETROPOLITANREGIONSAREOFTENLACKINGNEVERTHELESS,ANUMBEROFMETROPOLITANSUSTAINABILITYRELATEDINITIATIVESAREUNDERWAY,ANDMOREARELIKELYTOAPPEARINTHEFUTURETHEQUESTIONISHOWPLANNERS,POLITICIANS,ANDACTIVISTSCANBESTDEVELOPTHESEORHELPTHEMSUCCEEDTHEMAINBODYTHISARTICLEWILLINVESTIGATETHEORIGINSOFTHESUSTAINABILITYCONCEPTANDITSMEANINGSWHENAPPLIEDTOURBANDEVELOPMENT,BRIEFLYSURVEYHISTORICALAPPROACHESTOPLANNINGTHEURBANREGION,ANDANALYZESOMEOFCONDITIONSTHROUGHWHICHIMPROVEDMETROPOLITANSUSTAINABILITYPLANNINGMIGHTCOMEABOUTTHEGREATESTEMPHASISHEREISONHOWACONTEXTCANBECREATEDINWHICHMETROPOLITANSUSTAINABILITYPLANNINGCANOCCUR,RATHERTHANONSPECIFICTECHNIQUESORPOLICYDIRECTIONSTHATISBECAUSE1MANYGENERALDIRECTIONSFORSUSTAINABILITYPLANNINGAREALREADYWELLKNOWN,THOUGHSPECIFICTACTICSCANBEARGUED2EXISTINGMETROPOLITANSUSTAINABILITYINITIATIVESINNORTHAMERICAAREQUITEPRELIMINARYANDPROVIDEFEWGROUNDSFOREVALUATIONAND3THEMOSTPRESSINGQUESTIONFORMANYOBSERVERSISHOWMORESUBSTANTIALEFFORTSMIGHTCOMEABOUTTHEFOLLOWINGDISCUSSIONISBASEDONREVIEWOFTHELITERATURERELATEDTOBOTHREGIONALPLANNINGANDSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTANDUSESASEXAMPLESTHREENORTHAMERICANMETROPOLITANAREASPORTLAND,TORONTO,ANDTHESANFRANCISCOBAYAREAKNOWNFORAVARIETYOFPROGRESSIVEREGIONALPLANNINGINITIATIVESTHATINONEWAYORANOTHERCANBESEENASPROMOTINGSUSTAINABILITY1SUSTAINABILITYINTHEMETROPOLITANCONTEXTALTHOUGHITHASROOTSINTHELATENINETEENTHCENTURY“SUSTAINEDYIELD”FORESTRYPRACTICESORIGINATINGINGERMANY,THEWORDSUSTAINABLEAPPEARSTOHAVEBEENFIRSTUSEDINREFERENCETOHUMANDEVELOPMENTPATTERNSIN1972INTHEBESTSELLINGSTUDYOFGLOBALRESOURCEUSEAFTERMODELINGTHECATASTROPHICCOLLAPSEOFGLOBALSYSTEMSMIDWAYTHROUGHTHETWENTYFIRSTCENTURYUNDERTHENCURRENTPOPULATIONANDRESOURCEUSETRENDS,THEAUTHORSSTATEDTHEIRBELIEFTHAT“ITISPOSSIBLETOALTERTHESEGROWTHTRENDSANDTOESTABLISHACONDITIONOFECOLOGICALANDECONOMICSTABILITYTHATISSUSTAINABLEFARINTOTHEFUTURE”ANUMBEROFOTHEREVENTSINTHEEARLY1970SALSOPROPELLEDRECONSIDERATIONOFLONGTERMDEVELOPMENTTRENDS,MOSTNOTABLYTHEUNITEDNATIONSCONFERENCEONTHEHUMANENVIRONMENTHELDINSTOCKHOLMIN1972ANDTHE1973ENERGYCRISISTHECONSTITUENCYTHATTOOKTHELEADINDEVELOPINGEARLYWORKSONSUSTAINABILITYCONSISTEDOFINTERNATIONALLYORIENTEDENVIRONMENTALISTSETHICISTSWEREALSOINVOLVEDINDEVELOPINGTHESUSTAINABILITYCONCEPTDURINGTHEMID1970S,MOTIVATEDBYSOCIALJUSTICECONCERNSA1974CONFERENCEOFTHEWORLDCOUNCILOFCHURCHESISSUEDACALLFORA“SUSTAINABLESOCIETY,”ANDTHEEARLIESTBOOKSPECIFICALLYFOCUSEDONCREATIONOFASUSTAINABLESOCIETYWASPUBLISHEDTWOYEARSLATERBYATHEOLOGIANWHOATTENDEDTHATCONFERENCEMEANWHILE,ENVIRONMENTALLYORIENTEDECONOMISTSFORMEDATHIRDIMPORTANTCONSTITUENCYWRITERSSUCHASHERMANDALYANDKENNETHBOULDINGCRITIQUEDMODERNISTNOTIONSOF“GROWTH”AND“PROGRESS”ANDPROPOSEDTHERADICALIDEATHATLONGTERMHUMANANDECOLOGICALWELLBEINGMIGHTBEBETTERSERVEDBYASTEADYSTATEECONOMYTHENEEDTORECONCILEECONOMIC,ENVIRONMENTAL,ANDSOCIALJUSTICENEEDSWASTOBECOMEANENDURINGTHEMEOFSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTDISCUSSIONSINTHELATE1980SANDEARLY1990S,THESUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTCONCEPTENTEREDTHEMAINSTREAMINTERNATIONALLYWITHTHEPUBLICATIONOFTHEREPORTOFTHEWORLDCOMMISSIONONENVIRONMENTANDDEVELOPMENTTHETIDEOFINTERNATIONALLITERATUREONTHESUBJECTGREWRAPIDLYATTHISTIMEUNFORTUNATELY,NOPERFECTDEFINITIONOFSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTEMERGEDALTHOUGHTHEBRUNDTLANDREPORTPRODUCEDTHEMOSTWIDELYUSEDFORMULATIONDEVELOPMENTTHAT“MEETSTHENEEDSOFTHEPRESENTWITHOUTCOMPROMISINGTHEABILITYOFFUTUREGENERATIONSTOMEETTHEIROWNNEEDS”THISVERSIONHASMANYPROBLEMSFORONETHING,ITISANTHROPOCENTRICFORANOTHER,ITINTRODUCESTHEHIGHLYSUBJECTIVECONCEPTOFNEEDSOTHER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DRESSEDASWELL,TOREDUCETHEABILITYOFENTRENCHEDINTERESTSTOPREVENTACTIONONSUSTAINABILITYRELATEDISSUESPOLITICALLEADERSHIP,OFCOURSE,ISESSENTIALONMANYFRONTSSUCHALONGTERM,MANYPRONGEDEFFORTAPPEARSNECESSARYTOHELPMETROPOLITANREGIONSEVOLVETOTHEPOINTWHERESUSTAINABILITYPLANNINGCANINFACTSUCCEEDREFERENCES1BARLOW,IM1991METROPOLITANGOVERNMENTNEWYORKROUTLEDGE2KEATING,WDENNIS,ANDNORMANKRUMHOLZ1991DOWNTOWNPLANSOFTHE1980SJOURNALOFTHEAMERICANPLANNINGASSOCIATION572136523MITLIN,DIANA1992SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTAGUIDETOTHELITERATUREENVIRONMENTANDURBANIZATION41111244PEARCE,DAVID1990SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTECONOMICSANDENVIRONMENTINTHETHIRDWORLDLONDONEDWARDELGAR5PUTNAM,ROBERTD1993MAKINGDEMOCRACYWORKCIVICTRADITIONSINMODERNITALYPRINCETON,NJPRINCETONUNIVERSITYPRESS6RUSK,DAVID1993CITIESWITHOUTSUBURBSBALTIMOREJOHNSHOPKINSUNIVERSITYPRESS7SUSMAN,CARL,ED1976PLANNINGTHEFOURTHMIGRATIONTHENEGLECTEDVISIONOFTHEREGIONALPLANNINGASSOCIATIONOFAMERICACAMBRIDGE,MAMITPRESS8URBANECOLOGY1996BLUEPRINTFORASUSTAINABLEBAYAREAOAKLAND,CAAUTHORJOURNALOFPLANNINGEDUCATIONANDRESEARCH，2000（20）133都市规划的可持续发展斯蒂芬惠勒加州大学摘要本文建立了这样的框架，通过调查在城市发展中应用可持续性概念及其意义的起源，来考虑可持续发展在大城市中的情况。测量历史方法用来规划城市区域和分析环境，用在被创造区域的可持续发展规划。可持续发展被看作是需要一个历史的、长远的规划方法，以及某些直接的总政策，例如减缓城市形成，减少汽车的使用，生态系统的保护以及促进公平。基于三个样本地区的经验，研究提出了在视觉陈述、联盟建设、制度发展、政府间的激励框架、指标、公众参与和社会学习方面的一项长期战略，越来越有可能帮助创造一个可持续发展的区域环境。关键词高层建筑办公大楼巨型结构绿色建筑简介可持续发展的许多方面是大都会区域规模的最好论述。受益主体特别是区域协调，包括土地使用、运输、空气质量、水质、生态保护、便宜住房规定和维护社会公平。问题是，这种最困难的水平通常是随着政治意愿和机构能力而改变。这些困难在北美尤为巨大，那里的区域规划结构已经变淡，从而经常缺乏刺激都市地区的长期稳定性。不过，许多都市的稳定联系优先权被自主控制住了，还有更多的可能出现于未来。目前的问题是规划者，政治家，和积极分子能如何更好的发展它们或帮助它们取得成功。正文本文将探讨可持续发展理念的起源和它应用于城市发展的涵义，简要调查规划城市地区的历史方法，并分析了都市可持续发展规划的可能实现条件。最大的重点是关于如何创建一个环境使都市可持续发展规划发生，而不是在于特定技术或政策方向。这是因为1尽管具体的策略仍被争论，但许多一般可持续发展的规划方向已经众所周知；2现有都市可持续发展计划在北美才刚起步，很少提供评价理由；3许多观察家最迫切的问题是持续的努力将如何实现。以下讨论是基于文献回顾，同时与区域规划可持续发展和使用为例的三个北美都市波特兰、多伦多及旧金山海湾，由于各种各样的进步的区域规划措施，以这样或那样的方式被看作用来推广可持续发展。1大城市的可持续发展情况尽管它起源于19世纪晚期，“持续产生”的林地活动原产于德国，“可持续”这个词似乎最先在1972年畅销国内外的研究全球资源使用的书中用来形容人类的发展模式。建模分析通过灾难性的全球系统中段的崩溃之后，目前人口与资源使用在二十一世纪的趋势。作者说他们的信念是“它可能影响到这些发展趋势，建立生态和经济稳定的条件，那可持续能到很远的未来”。在20世纪70年代初许多其他的事件也推了动对长远发展趋势的考虑，其中最引人注目的是1972年的人类环境联合国会议在斯德哥尔摩举行以及1973年的能源危机。选区领先了对可持续发展的早期作品组成的国际导向的环境保护者。伦理学家在社会公平问题的驱使下，在二十世纪七十年代中期也参与发展可持续发展的概念。最早的是在关于建立一个可持续性社会的书发表两年后由一位神学家参加了1974年的世界委员会会议，那个会议发布了教堂要求的“可持续社会”。与此同时，面向环境经济学家形成了第三个重要支持者。作家赫尔曼戴利和肯尼思等混淆了“成长”和“进步”的现代主义概念，并提出了全新的思想，即长期保持生态健康的人可能更适合稳态有用的经济，这需要协调经济、环境和社会公正而成为一个可持续发展讨论的持久的主题。在20世纪80年代末和90年代初，可持续发展概念通过世界环境与发展委员会发表的调查报告进入国际主流，此时国际文学在这个问题上的趋势在迅速增长。不幸的是，可持续发展的不完善的定义出现了。虽然布伦特兰报告制作了最广泛的使用概念满足当代人的需要而不损害子孙后代满足其自身的需要，但是这个版本有很多问题。首先，这是人类中心说；另一方面，它介绍了高度主观概念的需要。而其他定义也有同样的问题，如所引起的景观生态学理论、承载力的概念常是强调的重点。虽然这个方法有重要的教育价值，人类的承载能力促进地区的自然景观，但我们的星球作为一个整体是很难确定的，人类文化的流动性与他们的能力代替了对资源的稀缺。第三个解释方法主要凭借“自然资本”的经济概念，根据英国经济学家大卫皮尔斯的解释，“可持续发展是根据自然资本的储蓄不应该减少”。然而，尝试测量自然资本更别说社会资本很快会陷入一个方法论困境，而且要求在经济能力上对经济学价值实体有高度的信任。这里定义的策略是为了简单的定义可持续发展“发展提高人的长期的健康和生态系统”。这个方法强调长期的可持续发展规划，但是却能避免争论毫无贡献的能力、需要、自然资本或结束可持续状态。在理论上，一个健康进化方向的共识可以通过参与和交流发展计划过程来测量，可以通过多方面的绩效指标测定。直到20世纪90年代初，一些可持续性团体才提倡集中精力关注可持续发展的城市模式。然而，在20世纪90年代，“可持续发展城市”项目开始出现在许多地区，