英文文献翻译-recent advances in peer-to-peer media streaming systems

郑州大学西亚斯国际学院专业英语专业电子设计自动化班级一班院（系）电子信息工程学院电子工程系RECENTADVANCESINPEERTOPEERMEDIASTREAMINGSYSTEMSGAOWEN,HUOLONGSHE,FUQIANGINSTITUTEOFDIGITALMEDIA,PEKINGUNIVERSITY,BEIJING,CHINAABSTRACTRECENTLY,THEREISGREATINTERESTINUSINGTHEPEERTOPEERP2PNETWORKINMEDIASTREAMINGAGREATNUMBEROFP2PMEDIASTREAMINGSYSTEMSHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDINTHISPAPER,WEFIRSTGIVEABRIEFSURVEYONSOMEKEYTECHNIQUESANDALGORITHMSINTHEFIELDOFP2PSTREAMINGRESEARCHWEALSOANALYZETHEMARKETVIEWOFP2PSTREAMINGMEDIASERVICE,ANDGIVEABRIEFDESCRIPTIONABOUTTHECURRENTMAINSTREAMP2PSTREAMINGSYSTEMSDEPLOYEDINCHINAIINTRODUCTIONTHERAPIDDEVELOPMENTOFTHEINTERNETHASCHANGEDTHECONVENTIONALWAYSTHATPEOPLEACCESSANDCONSUMEINFORMATIONBESIDESSENDINGANDRECEIVINGEMAILS,BROWSINGWEBPAGES,ANDDOWNLOADINGDATAFILES,PEOPLEALSOHOPETOCALLTELEPHONE,WATCHMOVIEANDTV,ANDCONDUCTOTHERENTERTAINMENTSVIATHESAMEINTERNETTHEIDEALOBJECTIVEISTHATANYONECANACCESSANYTHINGCONTENTSFROMANYWHEREATANYTIMEITISCOMMONLYCONCEIVEDTHATTHENEXTGENERATIONINTERNETSHOULDBEAMULTIMEDIACOMMUNICATIONNETWORKBASEDONTHECOREOFIPPROTOCOLBESIDESTRADITIONALDATASERVICES,OTHERMULTIMEDIACONTENTSSUCHASVOICE,IMAGE,ANDVIDEO,WOULDALSOBEDELIVEREDOVERTHESAMEIPNETWORK,AMONGWHICHTHESTREAMINGMEDIASERVICEWILLPLAYAVERYMOREIMPORTANTROLESTREAMINGMEDIAENABLESREALTIMEANDCONTINUOUSDELIVERYOFVIDEOANDAUDIODATAINAFASHIONOF“FLOW”,IE,ONCETHESENDERBEGINSTOTRANSMIT,THERECEIVERCANSTARTPLAYBACKALMOSTATTHESAMETIMEWHILEITISRECEIVINGMEDIADATAFROMTHESENDER,INSTEADOFWAITINGFORTHEENTIREMEDIAFILETOBEREADYINTHELOCALSTORAGEUNLIKENORMALDATAFILE,ASTREAMINGMEDIAFILEISHUGE,THUSREQUIRESHIGHCHANNELBANDWIDTHMOREOVER,STREAMINGMEDIAALSOCARRIESSTRINGENTDEMANDINTHETIMINGOFPACKETDELIVERYTHELARGESIZEOFTHESTREAMINGMEDIAASWELLASITSDELIVERYTIMINGREQUIREMENTCAUSESASTREAMINGMEDIASERVERTOBEEXPENSIVETOSETUPANDRUNINTRADITIONALCLIENT/SERVERBASEDMEDIASTREAMINGSYSTEMS,ALLCLIENTSACCESSTHESAMESERVERRESOURCEINTHISSCENARIO,ONTHEONEHAND,THEPROCESSINGPOWER,STORAGECAPACITY,ANDI/OTHROUGHPUTOFTHESERVERMAYBECOMETHEBOTTLENECKONTHEOTHERHAND,LARGENUMBEROFLONGDISTANCENETWORKCONNECTIONSMAYALSOLEADTOTRAFFICCONGESTION,THUSCANNOTAFFORDBETTERQUALITYOFSERVICEQOSCOMPARABLEWITHTHATOFOTHERTRADITIONALINTERNETSERVICES,SUCHASWWWANDFTP,ANDCANNOTMEETTHEPERFORMANCEREQUIREMENTSOFLARGESCALEREALTIMEMEDIASTREAMINGAPPLICATIONS,ESPECIALLYINTHEASPECTSOFSCALABILITY,ADAPTABILITY,FAULTTOLERANCEANDROBUSTNESSTOADDRESSTHESEPROBLEMS,RECENTLYRESEARCHERSHAVEPROPOSEDMANYSOLUTIONS,SUCHASIPMULTICASTANDCDNCONTENTDELIVERYNETWORKHOWEVER,BOTHOFTHEMNEEDSUPPORTSFROMSPECIALHARDWAREFORIPMULTICASTNETWORK,LARGESCALEMULTICASTCAPABLEROUTERSMUSTBEREDEPLOYEDINTHEINTERNETFORCONTENTDELIVERYNETWORK,ALARGENUMBEROFCDNSERVERSSHOULDBEPLACEDATTHENETWORKEDGE,CLOSETOANYRECEIVER,ANDCOOPERATEWITHEACHOTHERTODISTRIBUTEMULTIMEDIADATATHECOSTSOFINFRASTRUCTURESETUPANDADMINISTRATIONAREEXPENSIVE,ANDCANNOTRESOLVETHEPROBLEMSFUNDAMENTALLYINRECENTYEARS,PEERTOPEERP2PNETWORKINGTECHNOLOGYHASGAINEDTREMENDOUSATTENTIONFROMBOTHACADEMYANDINDUSTRYINAP2PSYSTEM,PEERSCOMMUNICATEDIRECTLYWITHEACHOTHERFORTHESHARINGANDEXCHANGEOFDATAASWELLASOTHERRESOURCESSUCHASSTORAGEANDCPUCAPACITY,EACHPEERACTSBOTHASACLIENTWHOCONSUMESRESOURCESFROMOTHERPEERS,ANDALSOASASERVERWHOPROVIDESSERVICEFOROTHERSP2PSYSTEMSCANBENEFITFROMTHEIRFOLLOWINGCHARACTERISTICSADAPTATION,SELFORGANIZATION,LOADBALANCING,FAULTTOLERANCE,AVAILABILITYTHROUGHMASSIVEREPLICATION,ANDTHEABILITYTOPOOLTOGETHERANDHARNESSLARGEAMOUNTSOFRESOURCESFOREXAMPLE,FILESHARINGP2PSYSTEMSDISTRIBUTETHEMAINCOSTOFSHARINGDATABANDWIDTHANDSTORAGEACROSSALLTHEPEERSINTHENETWORK,THEREBYALLOWINGTHEMTOSCALEWITHOUTTHENEEDFORPOWERFULANDEXPENSIVESERVERSP2PSYSTEMSAREORIGINALLYAPPLIEDINNETWORKFILESHARING,ANDHAVEACHIEVEDGREATSUCCESS,SUCHASNAPSTER,GNUTELLA,EMULE,ANDBITTORRENTHOWEVER,DIFFERENTFROMGENERALP2PFILESHARING,P2PMEDIASTREAMINGPOSESMORESTRINGENTTIMINGANDRESOURCEREQUIREMENTSFORREALTIMEMEDIADATATRANSMISSIONANDRENDERING,THEREFOREITISNEEDEDTOPROVIDEMORERESTRICTEDFUNCTIONSINTHERESPECTSOFRESOURCEMANAGEMENT,SCHEDULING,ANDCONTROLVARIOUSP2PMEDIASTREAMINGSYSTEMSHAVEBEENPROPOSEDANDDEVELOPEDRECENTLYEVENINCHINA,NOWADAYSTHEREAREABOUTMORETHANADOZENOFP2PSTREAMINGAPPLICATIONSDEPLOYEDINTHEINTERNETINTHISPAPER,WEFIRSTGIVEABRIEFSURVEYONSOMEKEYRESEARCHISSUESANDALGORITHMSOFP2PSTREAMINGSYSTEMS,ANDTHENANALYZEANDSUMMARIZETHECURRENTSTATUSANDDEVELOPMENTTRENDOFP2PSTREAMINGMARKETINCHINAIIRESEARCHPROGRESSOFP2PMEDIASTREAMINGASIMPLEANDSTRAIGHTFORWARDWAYOFP2PSTREAMINGIMPLEMENTATIONISTOUSETHETECHNIQUEOFAPPLICATIONLAYERMULTICASTALMWITHALM,ALLPEERNODESARESELFORGANIZEDINTOALOGICALOVERLAYTREEOVERTHEEXISTINGIPNETWORKANDTHESTREAMINGDATAAREDISTRIBUTEDALONGTHEOVERLAYTREETHECOSTOFPROVIDINGBANDWIDTHISSHAREDAMONGTHEPEERNODES,REDUCINGTHEBURDENOFTHEMEDIASERVERINAPPLICATIONLAYERMULTICAST,DATAPACKETSAREREPLICATEDANDFORWARDEDATENDHOSTS,INSTEADOFATROUTERSINSIDETHENETWORKCOMPAREDWITHIPMULTICAST,APPLICATIONLAYERMULTICASTHASSEVERALADVANTAGESONTHEONEHAND,SINCETHEREISNONEEDFORSUPPORTSFROMROUTERS,ITCANBEDEPLOYEDGRADUALLYBASEDONTHECURRENTINTERNETINFRASTRUCTUREONTHEOTHERHAND,APPLICATIONLAYERMULTICASTISMOREFLEXIBLETHANIPMULTICAST,ANDCANADAPTDIFFERENTDISTRIBUTIONDEMANDSOFVARIOUSUPPERLEVELAPPLICATIONSTHUS,HOWTOCONSTRUCTANDMAINTAINANEFFICIENTALMBASEDOVERLAYNETWORKHASBECAMEONEOFTHEKEYPROBLEMSOFP2PSTREAMINGRESEARCHTOADDRESSTHISPROBLEM,MAINLYTHREEQUESTIONSSHOULDBEANSWEREDTHEFIRSTRELATESTOTHEP2PNETWORKARCHITECTURE,IE,WHATTOPOLOGIESSHOULDTHEOVERLAYNETWORKBECONSTRUCTEDTHESECONDCONCERNSROUTINGANDSCHEDULINGOFMEDIADATA,IE,ONCETHEOVERLAYTOPOLOGYISDETERMINED,HOWTOFINDANDSELECTAPPROPRIATEUPSTREAMPEERSFROMWHICHTHECURRENTPEERRECEIVESTHENEEDEDMEDIADATATHETHIRDISMEMBERSHIPMANAGEMENT,IE,HOWTOMANAGEANDADAPTTHEUNPREDICTABLEBEHAVIORSOFPEERJOININGANDDEPARTURERECENTLY,SEVERALP2PSTREAMINGSYSTEMSANDALGORITHMSHAVEBEENPROPOSEDTOADDRESSTHEABOVEISSUESFROMTHEVIEWOFNETWORKTOPOLOGY,CURRENTSYSTEMSCANBECLASSIFIEDINTOTHREECATEGORIESAPPROXIMATELYTREEBASEDTOPOLOGY,FORESTBASEDMULTITREETOPOLOGY,ANDMESHTOPOLOGYINTHEFOLLOWINGWEGIVEABRIEFSUMMARIZATIONOFP2PSTREAMINGTECHNIQUESACCORDINGTOTHISCLASSIFICATION21TREEBASEDTOPOLOGYTHETYPICALMODELOFTREEBASEDP2PSTREAMINGSYSTEMISPEERCASTINPEERCAST,NODESAREORGANIZEDASASINGLEMULTICASTTREE,WHERETHEPARENTPROVIDESERVICEONLYDIRECTLYTOITSSONSTHENODEJOININGANDDEPARTURESTRATEGIESUSEDINPEERCASTARESIMPLEFORNODEJOINING,ANEWNODENFIRSTREQUESTSERVICESFROMTHEROOTNODESIFTHESHASENOUGHRESOURCES,ITPROVIDESSERVICEFORNDIRECTLYOTHERWISE,SREDIRECTSTHEREQUESTOFNTOONEOFITSSONSTHESONTHENREPEATSTHISPROCESS,UNTILTHEPARENTOFNISFOUNDSINCEEACHNODEONLYMAINTAINSTHEINFORMATIONOFITSPARENTANDSONS,UNBALANCEDTREEMAYBECONSTRUCTEDGENERALLY,THEREEXISTFOURROUTESELECTIONSTRATEGIESINPEERCASTRANDOMSELECTION,ROUNDROBINSELECTION,SMARTSELECTIONACCORDINGTOPHYSICALPLACEMENT,ANDSMARTSELECTIONACCORDINGTOBANDWIDTHTOACHIEVEABALANCEDMULTICASTTREE,CUSTOMROUTINGPOLICYSHOULDBECHOSENCAREFULLYFORINDIVIDUALPEERNODEZIGZAGISANOTHERTREEBASEDP2PSTREAMINGSYSTEMWHICHCANCONSTRUCTMOREBALANCEDMULTICASTTREEZIGZAGORGANIZESRECEIVERSINTOAHIERARCHYOFBOUNDEDSIZECLUSTERSANDBUILDSTHEMULTICASTTREEBASEDONTHATTHECONNECTIVITYOFTHISTREEISENFORCEDBYASETOFRULES,WHICHGUARANTEESTHATTHETREEALWAYSHASAHEIGHOANDANODEDEGREEOK,WHERENISTHENUMBEROFRECEIVERSANDKISACONSTANTFURTHERMORE,THEEFFECTSOFNETWORKDYNAMICSSUCHASUNPREDICTABLERECEIVERBEHAVIORSAREHANDLEDGRACEFULLYWITHOUTVIOLATINGTHERULESTHISISACHIEVEDREQUIRINGAWORSTCASECONTROLOVERHEADOFORECEIVERANDOKFORANAVERAGERECEIVEROTHERTREEBASEDP2PSTREAMINGSYSTEMSALSOINCLUDENICE,OVERCAST,ANDBAYEUX22FORESTBASEDTOPOLOGYCONVENTIONALTREEBASEDMULTICASTISINHERENTLYNOTWELLMATCHEDTOACOOPERATIVEENVIRONMENTTHEREASONISTHATINANYMULTICASTTREE,THEBURDENOFDUPLICATINGANDFORWARDINGMULTICASTTRAFFICISCARRIEDBYTHESMALLSUBSETOFTHEPEERSTHATAREINTERIORNODESINTHETREEMOSTOFTHEPEERSARELEAFNODESANDCONTRIBUTENORESOURCESTHISCONFLICTSWITHTHEEXPECTATIONTHATALLPEERSSHOULDSHARETHEFORWARDINGLOADTOADDRESSTHISPROBLEM,FORESTBASEDARCHITECTUREISBENEFICIAL,WHICHCONSTRUCTSAFORESTOFMULTICASTTREESTHATDISTRIBUTESTHEFORWARDINGLOADSUBJECTTOTHEBANDWIDTHCONSTRAINTSOFTHEPARTICIPATINGNODESINADECENTRALIZED,SCALABLE,EFFICIENTANDSELFORGANIZINGMANNERATYPICALMODELOFFORESTBASEDP2PSTREAMINGSYSTEMISSPLITSTREAMTHEKEYIDEAOFSPLITSTREAMISTOSPLITTHEORIGINALMEDIADATAINTOSEVERALSTRIPES,ANDMULTICASTEACHSTRIPEUSINGASEPARATETREEPEERSJOINASMANYTREESASTHEREARESTRIPESTHEYWISHTORECEIVEANDTHEYSPECIFYANUPPERBOUNDONTHENUMBEROFSTRIPESTHATTHEYAREWILLINGTOFORWARDTHECHALLENGEISTOCONSTRUCTTHISFORESTOFMULTICASTTREESSUCHTHATANINTERIORNODEINONETREEISALEAFNODEINALLTHEREMAININGTREESANDTHEBANDWIDTHCONSTRAINTSSPECIFIEDBYTHENODESARESATISFIEDTHISENSURESTHATTHEFORWARDINGLOADCANBESPREADACROSSALLPARTICIPATINGPEERSFOREXAMPLE,IFALLNODESWISHTORECEIVEKSTRIPESANDTHEYAREWILLINGTOFORWARDKSTRIPES,SPLITSTREAMWILLCONSTRUCTAFORESTSUCHTHATTHEFORWARDINGLOADISEVENLYBALANCEDACROSSALLNODESWHILEACHIEVINGLOWDELAYANDLINKSTRESSACROSSTHESYSTEMSTRIPINGACROSSMULTIPLETREESALSOINCREASESTHERESILIENCETONODEFAILURESSPLITSTREAMOFFERSIMPROVEDROBUSTNESSTONODEFAILUREANDSUDDENNODEDEPARTURESLIKEOTHERSYSTEMSTHATEXPLOITPATHDIVERSITYINOVERLAYSSPLITSTREAMENSURESTHATTHEVASTMAJORITYOFNODESAREINTERIORNODESINONLYONETREETHEREFORE,THEFAILUREOFASINGLENODECAUSESTHETEMPORARYLOSSOFATMOSTONEOFTHESTRIPESONAVERAGEWITHAPPROPRIATEDATAENCODINGS,APPLICATIONSCANMASKORMITIGATETHEEFFECTSOFNODEFAILURESEVENWHILETHEAFFECTEDTREEISBEINGREPAIREDBESIDESSPLITSTREAM,THEREAREMANYOTHERFORESTBASEDSYSTEMSEXAMPLESINCLUDEBUILDINGMESHBASEDTREENARADAANDITSEXTENSIONS,ANDBULLET,LEVERAGINGLAYEREDCODINGPALS,ANDMULTIPLEDESCRIPTIONCODINGCOOPNET23MESHTOPOLOGYINCONVENTIONALTREEBASEDP2PSTREAMINGARCHITECTURES,ATTHESAMETIMEAPEERCANONLYRECEIVEDATAFROMASINGLEUPSTREAMSENDERDUETOTHEDYNAMICSANDHETEROGENEITYOFNETWORKBANDWIDTHS,ASINGLEPEERSENDERMAYNOTBEABLETOCONTRIBUTEFULLSTREAMINGBANDWIDTHTOAPEERRECEIVERTHISMAYCAUSESERIOUSPERFORMANCEPROBLEMSFORMEDIADECODINGANDRENDERING,SINCETHERECEIVEDMEDIAFRAMESINSOMEENDUSERSMAYBEINCOMPLETEINFORESTBASEDSYSTEMS,EACHPEERCANJOINMANYDIFFERENTMULTICASTTREES,ANDRECEIVEDATAFROMDIFFERENTUPSTREAMSENDERSHOWEVER,FORAGIVENSTRIPEOFAMEDIASTREAM,APEERCANONLYRECEIVETHEDATAOFTHISSTRIPEFROMASINGLESENDER,THUSRESULTSINTHESAMEPROBLEMLIKETHECASEOFSINGLETREEMULTISENDERSCHEMEISMOREEFFICIENTTOOVERCOMETHESEPROBLEMSINTHISSCHEME,ATTHESAMETIMEAPEERCANSELECTANDRECEIVEDATAFROMADIFFERENTSETOFSENDERS,EACHCONTRIBUTINGAPORTIONOFTHESTREAMINGBANDWIDTHINADDITION,DIFFERENTFROMTHEMULTITREESYSTEMS,THESENDERSETMEMBERSMAYCHANGEDYNAMICALLY,DUETOTHEIRUNPREDICTABLEONLINE/OFFLINESTATUSCHANGES,ANDTHETIMEVARIABLEBANDWIDTHANDPACKETLOSSRATEOFTHEINTERNETSINCETHEDATAFLOWHASNOTAFIXEDPATTERN,EVERYPEERCANSENDANDALSORECEIVEDATAFROMEACHOTHER,THUSTHETOPOLOGYOFDATAPLANELIKESMESHTHEMAINCHALLENGESOFMESHTOPOLOGYAREHOWTOSELECTTHEPROPERSETOFSENDERSANDHOWTOCOOPERATEANDSCHEDULETHEDATASENDINGOFDIFFERENTSENDERSEXAMPLESOFMESHBASEDMULTISENDERP2PSTREAMINGSYSTEMINCLUDECOLLECTCAST,GNUSTREAM,ANDDONETCOOLSTREAMINGCOLLECTCASTPUTSITSEMPHASISMAINLYONTHEJUDICIOUSSELECTIONOFSENDERS,CONSTANTMONITORINGOFSENDER/NETWORKSTATUS,ANDTIMELYSWITCHINGOFSENDERSWHENTHESENDERORNETWORKFAILSORSERIOUSLYDEGRADESCOLLECTCASTOPERATESENTIRELYATTHEAPPLICATIONLEVELBUTINFERSANDEXPLOITSPROPERTIESTOPOLOGYANDPERFORMANCEOFTHEUNDERLYINGNETWORKEACHCOLLECTCASTSESSIONINVOLVESTWOSETSOFSENDERSTHESTANDBYSENDERSANDTHEACTIVESENDERSMEMBERSOFTHETWOSETSMAYCHANGEDYNAMICALLYDURINGTHESESSIONTHEMAJORPROPERTIESOFCOLLECTCASTINCLUDETHEFOLLOWING1ITINFERSANDLEVERAGESTHEUNDERLYINGNETWORKTOPOLOGYANDPERFORMANCEINFORMATIONFORTHESELECTIONOFSENDERSTHISISBASEDONANOVELAPPLICATIONOFSEVERALNETWORKPERFORMANCEINFERENCETECHNIQUES2ITMONITORSTHESTATUSOFPEERSANDCONNECTIONSANDREACTSTOPEER/CONNECTIONFAILUREORDEGRADATIONWITHLOWOVERHEAD3ITDYNAMICALLYSWITCHESACTIVESENDERSANDSTANDBYSENDERS,SOTHATTHECOLLECTIVENETWORKPERFORMANCEOUTOFTHEACTIVESENDERSREMAINSSATISFACTORYGNUSTREAMISARECEIVERDRIVENP2PSTREAMINGSYSTEMWHICHISBUILTONTOPOFGNUTELLAITFEATURESMULTISENDERBANDWIDTHAGGREGATION,ADAPTIVEBUFFERCONTROL,PEERFAILUREORDEGRADATIONDETECTIONANDSTREAMINGQUALITYMAINTENANCEGNUSTREAMISAWAREOFTHEDYNAMICSANDHETEROGENEITYOFP2PNETWORKS,ANDLEVERAGESTHEAGGREGATEDSTREAMINGCAPACITYOFINDIVIDUALPEERSENDERSTOACHIEVEFULLSTREAMINGQUALITYGNUSTREAMALSOPERFORMSSELFMONITORINGANDADJUSTMENTINTHEPRESENCEOFPEERFAILUREANDBANDWIDTHDEGRADATIONRECENTLY,DONETIMPLEMENTEDAMULTISENDERMODELBYINTRODUCINGASIMPLERANDSTRAIGHTFORWARDDATADRIVENDESIGN,WHICHDOESNOTMAINTAINANEVENMORECOMPLEXSTRUCTURETHECOREOFDONETISTHEDATACENTRICDESIGNOFSTREAMINGOVERLAY,ANDTHEGOSSIPBASEDDATASCHEDULEANDDISTRIBUTIONALGORITHMINTHEDATACENTRICDESIGNOFDONET,ANODEALWAYSFORWARDSDATATOOTHERSTHATAREEXPECTINGTHEDATA,WITHNOPRESCRIBEDROLESLIKEFATHER/CHILD,INTERNAL/EXTERNAL,ANDUPSTREAMING/DOWNSTREAMING,ETCINOTHERWORDS,ITISTHEAVAILABILITYOFDATATHATGUIDESTHEFLOWDIRECTIONS,WHILENOTASPECIFICOVERLAYSTRUCTURETHATRESTRICTSTHEFLOWDIRECTIONSTHISDATACENTRICDESIGNISSUITABLEFOROVERLAYWITHHIGHDYNAMICNODESGOSSIPALGORITHMSHAVERECENTLYBECOMEPOPULARSOLUTIONSTOMULTICASTMESSAGEDISSEMINATIONINP2PSYSTEMSINATYPICALGOSSIPALGORITHM,ANODESENDSANEWLYGENERATEDMESSAGETOASETOFRANDOMLYSELECTEDNODESTHESENODESDOSIMILARLYINTHENEXTROUND,ANDSODOOTHERNODESUNTILTHEMESSAGEISSPREADTOALLTHERANDOMCHOICEOFGOSSIPTARGETSACHIEVESRESILIENCETORANDOMFAILURESANDENABLESDECENTRALIZEDOPERATIONSSIMILARTOTHERELATEDWORK,DONETEMPLOYSAGOSSIPINGPROTOCOLMEMBERSHIPMANAGEMENTTHEDATASCHEDULEANDDISTRIBUTIONMETHODUSEDINDONETISALSOPARTIALLYMOTIVATEDBYTHEGOSSIPCONCEPTITUSESASMARTPARTNERSELECTIONALGORITHMANDALOWOVERHEADSCHEDULINGALGORITHMTOINTELLIGENTLYPULLDATAFROMMULTIPLEPARTNERS,WHICHGREATLYREDUCESREDUNDANCYEXPERIMENTSSHOWTHAT,COMPAREDWITHATREEBASEDOVERLAY,DONETCANACHIEVEMUCHMORECONTINUOUSSTREAMINGWITHCOMPARABLEDELAYIIIP2PSTREAMINGINCHINASINCETHEFIRSTPRACTICALP2PSTREAMINGMEDIASYSTEMWASBORN,P2PSTREAMINGSERVICEHASEXPERIENCEDASIGNIFICANTGROWTHINCHINA,ESPECIALLYINTHEYEAR2005AND2006ACCORDINGTOAMARKETREPORT,OVERMORETHAN12,000,000INTERNETUSERSHAVEACCESSEDP2PSTREAMINGSERVICEORDOWNLOADEDP2PSTREAMINGSOFTWAREINCHINAITISPREDICTEDTHATBYTHEENDOFTHEYEAR2006,THISNUMBERCANTAKEAGROWTHTOABOVE25,000,000FACINGSUCHALARGEPREPROFITABLEMARKET,TILLNOWTHEREAREATLEASTOVER15ORGANIZATIONSTHATAREPROVIDINGP2PORLIKELYSTREAMINGSERVICESWITHTHEMOSTREPRESENTATIVE,PPLIVE,PPSTREAM,MYSEE,ROXANDUUSEEHAVETAKENOVER80OFTHECURRENTMARKETSHAREINTHERESTOFTHISSECTION,WEWILLANALYZETHEMARKETVIEWOFP2PSTREAMINGMEDIASERVICE,ANDTHENGIVEABRIEFINTRODUCTIONTOTHECURRENTMAINSTREAMP2PMEDIASTREAMINGSYSTEMSDEPLOYEDINCHINATHEREARETHREEREASONSWHICHCAUSEP2PMEDIASTREAMINGSERVICESOPOPULARINCHINAINRECENTYEARSFIRSTLY,THANKSTOTHERAPIDADVANCEOFAUDIOANDVIDEOCOMPRESSIONTECHNOLOGIES,USERSCANEASILYHAVEACCESSTOSTREAMINGMEDIAINAVERYLOWBITRATEMOREANDMOREMULTIMEDIAPRODUCTIONS,TVCLIPS,ANDMOVIESAREFULLOFTHEWHOLEINTERNETTHISMAKESTHEP2PSTREAMINGSERVICEPROVIDERSEASIERTOGETENOUGHMEDIASOURCESFORSERVICETHANBEFOREWITHTHEVARIOUSANDABUNDANTSUPPLYOFMEDIACONTENTS,SERVICEPROVIDERSCANATTRACTMOREANDMORECLIENTSTHELARGERTHECLIENTNUMBER,THEEASIERTOMAKETESTOFSOFTWAREANDSERVICESSECONDLY,COMPAREDWITHTHETRADITIONALWAYOFWATCHINGVIDEOFROMTHEINTERNET,SUCHASVOD,USERSCANGETMORESATISFIEDQUALITYOFSERVICEINCURRENTBANDWIDTHLIMITEDNETWORKENVIRONMENTFINALLY,BYTHEGROWTHOFUSERSSNETWORKACCESSBANDWIDTH,THEYDEMANDONMORELUXURYEXPERIENCE,NOTSIMPLYONTEXTANDPICTURES,BUTMOREONFLUENTANDHIGHDEFINITIONVIDEOSUSERSTRENDMAKESALARGEROOMAGEFORP2PSTREAMINGSERVICETOGROWALTHOUGHP2PSTREAMINGSERVICEHASACHIEVEDACONSIDERABLEUSEREXPERIENCEANDDEFINITELYITWOULDHAVEABRIGHTFUTURE,THEREARESTILLSEVERALISSUESNEEDTOPAYATTENTIONTOFIRST,CURRENTSERVICEPROVIDERSHAVENOTFOUNDANYDISTINCTBUSINESSMODELSYETCURRENTLY,ALMOSTALLP2PSOLUTIONVENDORSAREPROVIDINGTVPROGRAM/MOVIEBROADCASTINGSFREEOFCHARGEOBVIOUSLY,ITISNOTPRACTICALFORTHESERVICEPROVIDERTOCHARGETHEUSERSINTHETIMEOFPROMOTINGTHESERVICEINTHESTARTINGPERIOD,DEVELOPINGUSERNUMBERSANDGAININGSUBSCRIBERSARETHEKEYPOINTSBUTEARNINGPROFITSSECOND,P2PSTREAMINGSERVICEPROVIDERSSHOULDFACETHECHALLENGEOFCOPYRIGHTASWEVEJUSTMENTIONED,SOMEP2PVENDORSPROVIDETV/MOVIEBROADCASTINGUSINGTHIRDPARTYCONTENTSWITHOUTCHECKINGTHEIRLEGALSTATUSFORLONGTERMDEVELOPMENT,SERVICEPROVIDERSMUSTMAKECOOPERATIONWITHCONTENTPROVIDERSTOMAKEATWINWINTHIRDLYP2PSTREAMINGSERVICEPROVIDERSMUSTFACETHESURVEILLANCEFROMTHEINTERNETSERVICEPROVIDERSISPSANDGOVERNMENTALAUTHORITIESONTHEONEHAND,THEPURPOSEOFP2PISTOMAXIMIZETHEUSAGEOFBANDWIDTHRESOURCE,HOWEVER,TOTHEOPPOSITE,THEBANDWIDTHSPEWINGCAUSEDBYSUCHAPPLICATIONSOFTENMAKESTHEISPSFEELINTOLERABLEISPSUSUALLYTAKEREJECTIVEACTIONS,SUCHASLIMITINGTHEAPPLICATIONBANDWIDTHOREVENBLOCKINGTHEAPPLICATIONFROMRUNNINGONTHEINTERNETHOWEVER,LIMITINGORBLOCKINGISNOTTHEMOSTPROPERWAYTOSOLVETHEPROBLEM,ANDTHECONFLICTSBETWEENTHEISPSANDP2PSTREAMINGSERVICEPROVIDERSWILLBEINEXISTENCEFORACERTAINWHILEONTHEOTHERHAND,BEINGREGARDEDASANEWMEDIATRENDONTHEWEB,GOVERNMENTALAUTHORITIESMUSTTAKESURVEILLANCEONP2PSTREAMINGSERVICETOGUARANTEETHEORDERLINESSOFTHEINDUSTRYBYTHETWOSIDESOFSURVEILLANCE,P2PSTREAMINGSERVICEPROVIDERSMUSTPLAYTHEGAMEPRUDENTIALLYPPLIVECOM,INVESTEDBYSOFTBANKHK,WHICHISACKNOWLEDGEDASTHENUMBERONEINTERMSOFSUBSCRIBERSINCHINA,WASFOUNDEDINTHEEARLY2005PPLIVEHASVERYSTABLEPLAYINGQUALITY,ANDITSELDOMCHANGESTHEPLAYERSSTATETOBUFFERINGDURINGPLAYINGWHENWATCHINGANEWCHANNEL,THEAVERAGEWAITINGTIMEFROMSEARCHINGTOPLAYINGISABOUT35STO55SPPLIVEPROVIDESOVER200CHANNELS,CATEGORIZEDBYPROVINCIALTVSTATIONS,SPORTS,CARTOON,ENTERTAINMENT,HKFILMS,GAMING,MOVIESETC,BUTVERYFEWPROGRAMSOFOVERSEASTVSTATIONSPPLIVECURRENTLYONLYSUPPORTSBROADCASTING,ANDALMOSTALLTHEPROGRAMBITRATEISBETWEEN300KBPS400KBPSWITHMEDIACODECLIKEWINDOWSMEDIAVIDEOWMVORREALMEDIARMITSPROGRAMTIMETABLEISBOTHSHOWNONTHEWEBSITEANDDISPLAYEDATTHECLIENTPLAYERADVERTISINGCOMMERCIALSISSUPPORTEDBYTHECLIENTWORTHTOBEMENTIONED,PPLIVEBROADCASTEDSUPERGIRLCONTESTSIN2005ANDITWASREPORTEDTHATTHECONCURRENTONLINEUSERSHITARECORDOF500KFORTHEFINALCONTESTTHOUGHTHEPOPULARUSERSITHAS,SOMECONTENTSPPLIVEPROVIDESARELACKOFCOPYRIGHT,WHICHMAYBEAHIDDENTROUBLEFORITSLONGTERMDEVELOPMENTPPSTREAM,WHICHISFOUNDEDBYTWOENGINEERSINSICHUANPROVINCE,WASANNOUNCEDALSOINTHEYEAR2005COMPAREDWITHPPLIVE,PPSTREAMHASSIMILARFUNCTIONSBUTHIGHERCONNECTINGSPEEDUSUALLYWHENOPENINGANEWCHANNEL,THEAVERAGEWAITINGTIMEISABOUT25S45S,ANDITSWATCHINGFLUENCYISALSOASGOODASPPLIVEPPSTREAMPROVIDESAROUND90CHANNELS,CATEGORIZEDBYPHOENIXTV,WENGUANGTV,SPORTS,ENTERTAINMENT,MOVIE,TVDRAMASERIES,GAMINGCARTOON,MUSI