基于控制器显示液晶的物理电学实验

基于控制器显示液晶的物理电学实验顾益飞陈相璋李松（重庆交通大学信息科学与工程学院，重庆南岸400074）摘要液晶显示器是一种功耗低的显示器。它的使用非常广泛，比如电子表，计算器，数码相机，计算机的的显示器，液晶电视等。液晶显示器以其优越的性能，越来越受到各方面的重视，液晶显示器也越来越多的应用于众多领域。液晶显示模块是一种集成度比较高的显示组件，它将液晶显示器，控制器，PCB电路板，背光源和外部连接端口等组装在一起，可以方便的使用于需要液晶的场合。关键词液晶显示器液晶显示模块集成度比较高方便使用1实验目的了解51单片机的基本外围电路设计,学会使用12864液晶显示模块，用物理的科学方法分析实验现象。并了解应用物理学的微型控制计算机的功能。2实验内容应用物理电子元器件设计物理实验电路使用STC89C52，实现对12864液晶显示模块的汉字、图形动态显示实验器材与仪器89C52一块，12864液晶显示模块一块，10K电阻一个，10K可变电阻一个，30PF电容两个，10PF电容一个，开关按钮一个，插针一个，万用表，直流稳压电源器，示波器，烙铁，焊锡等。3实验原理31液晶的物理特性液晶的物理特性是当通电时导通，排列变的有秩序，使光线容易通过；不电时排列混乱，阻止光线通过。让液晶如闸门般地阻隔或让光线穿透。32单色液晶显示器的原理LCD技术是把液晶灌入两个列有细槽的平面之间。这两个平面上的槽互相垂直。也就是说，若一个平面上的分子南北向排列，则另一平面上的分子东西向排列，而位于两个平面之间的分子被强迫进入一种90度扭转的状态。由于光线顺着分子的排列方向传播，所以光线经过液晶时也被扭转90度。但当液晶上加一个电压时，分子便会重新垂直排列，使光线能直射出去，而不发生任何扭转。LCD是依赖极化滤光器片和光线本身。自然光线是朝四面八方随机发散的。极化滤光器实际是一系列越来越细的平行线。这些线形成一张网，阻断不与这些线平行的所有光线。极化滤光器的线正好与第一个垂直，所以能完全阻断那些已经极化的光线。只有两个滤光器的线完全平行，或者光线本身已扭转到与第二个极化滤光器相匹配，光线才得以穿透。LCD正是由这样两个相互垂直的极化滤光器构成，所以在正常情况下应该阻断所有试图穿透的光线。但是，由于两个滤光器之间充满了扭曲液晶，所以在光线穿出第一个滤光器后，会被液晶分子扭转90度，最后从第二个滤光器中穿出。另一方面，若为液晶加一个电压，分子又会重新排列并完全平行，使光线不再扭转，所以正好被第二个滤光器挡住。总之，加电将光线阻断，不加电则使光线射出。当然也可以改变LCD中的液晶排列，使光线在加电时射出，而不加电时被阻断。33传统的点阵获取法在点阵式液晶中显示图像，首先要获得图像的点阵值。最传统、最简单直接的点阵获取方法就是坐标扫描法。其基本步骤为将图像置于坐标系中，根据坐标格上象素的存在与否决定该点值为1还是0；然后将每八个象素值拼成一个字节，从而得到该图像的点阵数据。下图为一个灯泡图像扫描成1616点阵的示意。34液晶模块介绍选用点阵模型液晶模块的液晶显示器，不仅可以显示字符，而且可以显示连续，完整的图形。这种液晶模块是行，列控制型的。控制器是液晶驱动器与计算机或单片机的接口，它以最简单的方式受控于计算机或单片机。这种液晶模块具有自己的一套专用指令，并具有自己的字符发生器CGROM。35液晶模块与MCU的接口介绍351基本指令集352基本指令详细说明353八位并口写操作时序图354八位并口读操作时序图36硬件部分STC89C52C52外围电路LCM模块LCD外围电路361最小系统设计362振荡电路STC89C52内部含有一个振荡器，可以作为CPU的时钟源，也可以由外部振荡器输入时钟信号，作为CPU的时钟源。这里采用片内振荡源，在XTAL1和XTAL2之间连接一个12MHZ的适应晶体以及两个陶瓷电容，构成并联谐振电路363复位电路单片机的硬件复位方法很多，其基本特点是在RST引脚输入两个以上机器周期的高电平便可以实现硬件复位。这里采用的复位电路，既可以上电复位，也可以手动复位。开关断开时RST为低电平，当开关闭合时RST获得高电平，实现对单片机的手动复位。364液晶模块部分图中通过可变电阻来调节液晶对比度4软件部分41总体设计使用C语言实现对液晶的定位文字，图形动态显示42流程图开始LCD启动等待初始化闪烁清屏左移显示图形延时闪烁清屏显示四行中文延时闪烁延时5小结51本实验详细的介绍了基本控制电路及液晶显示模块，并对一款常用的LCD驱动控制器的指令和功能进行了介绍。近年来，液晶显示模块应用越来越广泛，因此此实验非常有实际价值，不但熟悉了基本控制电路的结构特点，还对液晶模块有了深刻的了解，并熟悉了对其控制。52创新性521液晶模块外围电路的设计，引入了变阻电阻来调节液晶的对比度，使调节液晶对比度十分方便。522通过将液晶引脚RST与I/O口相接，用软件就能实现对液晶的复位操作。523使用C语言编写闪烁函数，显示字符串函数，显示图像函数等，并通过89C52不断地对液晶写指令和数据，使其达到了循环动态显示文字，显示图片，文字左移，闪烁等效果。524通过亲手设计电路和焊接电路，并对单片机进行编程，通过液晶模块显示出来。达到了理论与实际的结合，而不局限于书本中的理论知识。525实验源程序IFNDEF_LCD12864_H_DEFINE_LCD12864_H_SBITLCD_RSP10/定义引脚SBITLCD_RWP11SBITLCD_EP12SBITPSBP13/使用8位并行接口，PSB1DEFINELCD_DATAP0DEFINEBUSY0X80/用于检测LCD状态字中的BUSY标识/函数声明/写数据/VOIDWRITEDATALCDUNSIGNEDCHARWDLCD/写指令/VOIDWRITECOMMANDLCDUNSIGNEDCHARWCLCD,BUYSC/检测忙/UNSIGNEDCHARREADSTATUSLCDVOID/初始化/VOIDLCDINITVOID/清屏/VOIDLCDCLEARVOID/屏幕闪动/VOIDLCDFLASHVOID/显示一串字符/VOIDDISPLAYLISTCHARUNSIGNEDCHARX,UNSIGNEDCHARY,UNSIGNEDCHARCODEDDATA/显示图形/VOIDDISPLAYIMAGEUNSIGNEDCHARCODEDDATA/延时5MS/VOIDDELAY5MSVOID/延时400MS/VOIDDELAY400MSVOID/函数声明/写数据VOIDWRITEDATALCDUNSIGNEDCHARWDLCDREADSTATUSLCD/检测忙LCD_RS1LCD_RW0LCD_DATAWDLCDLCD_E1LCD_E1LCD_E1LCD_E0/写指令VOIDWRITECOMMANDLCDUNSIGNEDCHARWCLCD,BUYSC/BUYSC为0时忽略忙检测IFBUYSCREADSTATUSLCD/根据需要检测忙LCD_RS0LCD_RW0LCD_DATAWCLCDLCD_E1LCD_E1LCD_E1LCD_E0/读状态UNSIGNEDCHARREADSTATUSLCDVOIDLCD_DATA0XFFLCD_RS0LCD_RW1LCD_E1WHILELCD_DATA/检测忙信号LCD_E0RETURNLCD_DATAVOIDLCDINITVOID/LCM初始化WRITECOMMANDLCD0X30,1/显示模式设置,开始要求每次检测忙信号WRITECOMMANDLCD0X01,1/显示清屏WRITECOMMANDLCD0X06,1/显示光标移动设置WRITECOMMANDLCD0X0C,1/显示开及光标设置VOIDLCDCLEARVOID/清屏WRITECOMMANDLCD0X01,1/显示清屏WRITECOMMANDLCD0X34,1/显示光标移动设置WRITECOMMANDLCD0X30,1/显示开及光标设置VOIDLCDFLASHVOID/闪烁效果WRITECOMMANDLCD0X08,1/显示清屏DELAY400MSWRITECOMMANDLCD0X0C,1/显示开及光标设置DELAY400MSWRITECOMMANDLCD0X08,1/显示清屏DELAY400MSWRITECOMMANDLCD0X0C,1/显示开及光标设置DELAY400MS/按指定位置显示一串字符VOIDDISPLAYLISTCHARUNSIGNEDCHARX,UNSIGNEDCHARY,UNSIGNEDCHARCODEDDATAUNSIGNEDCHARLISTLENGTH,X2LISTLENGTH0X2XIFY4Y4X/限制X不能大于16，Y在14之内SWITCHYCASE1X2|0X80BREAK/根据行数来选择相应地址CASE2X2|0X90BREAKCASE3X2|0X88BREAKCASE4X2|0X98BREAKWRITECOMMANDLCDX2,1/发送地址码WHILEDDATALISTLENGTH0X20/若到达字串尾则退出IFXINCLUDE“LCD12864H“CODEUNSIGNEDCHARA“重庆交通大学“CODEUNSIGNEDCHARB“大学物理创新实验“CODEUNSIGNEDCHARC“信息学院电子3班“CODEUNSIGNEDCHARD“TECODEUNSIGNEDCHARTMP0XFF,0XFE,0XFE,0X80,0X00,0X00,0X18,0X00,0X00,0X00,0X00,0X00,0X01,0X7F,0X7F,0XFF,0XE9,0X6E,0XEE,0X80,0X00,0X00,0X70,0X00,0X80,0X00,0X00,0X00,0X01,0X77,0X69,0X69,0X96,0X96,0XEE,0X80,0X00,0X00,0X70,0X07,0X80,0X00,0X00,0X00,0X01,0X77,0X76,0X97,0XE9,0X6E,0XE0,0X80,0X00,0X00,0XE6,0X1E,0X00,0X00,0X00,0X00,0X01,0X07,0X69,0X69,0X96,0X96,0XFF,0X80,0X00,0X01,0XE8,0X78,0X00,0X00,0X00,0X00,0X01,0XFF,0X76,0X97,0XE9,0X6E,0XFF,0X80,0X00,0X07,0XF7,0XFF,0XFF,0X80,0X00,0X00,0X01,0XFF,0X69,0X69,0X96,0X96,0X00,0X80,0X00,0X0F,0XFF,0XFF,0XF8,0X00,0X00,0X00,0X01,0X00,0X76,0X97,0XE9,0X6F,0XFE,0X80,0X00,0X1F,0XF7,0XFF,0XF0,0X00,0X00,0X00,0X01,0X7F,0XE9,0X69,0X96,0X97,0XFE,0X80,0X00,0XFF,0XFF,0X0F,0XF8,0X00,0X00,0X00,0X01,0X7F,0XF6,0X97,0XE9,0X6E,0X0E,0X80,0X01,0XFF,0XFE,0XF6,0XFF,0X80,0X00,0X00,0X01,0X70,0X69,0X69,0X96,0X96,0XEE,0X80,0X07,0XFF,0XF7,0XFF,0X1F,0XF8,0X00,0X00,0X01,0X77,0X76,0X97,0XE9,0X6E,0XEE,0X80,0XFF,0XFF,0XF0,0X1E,0XFF,0XFE,0X00,0X00,0X01,0X77,0X69,0X69,0X96,0X96,0XFE,0X81,0XFF,0X1F,0XF8,0X01,0XF7,0XE1,0X00,0X00,0X01,0X7F,0X76,0X97,0XE9,0X6E,0X00,0X81,0XFE,0X1F,0XFF,0X00,0X97,0XF0,0X78,0X00,0X01,0X00,0X69,0X69,0X96,0X97,0XFF,0X80,0X00,0X78,0X00,0X00,0X79,0XF8,0X68,0X00,0X01,0XFF,0XF6,0X97,0XE9,0X6F,0XFF,0X80,0X00,0X70,0X00,0X00,0X71,0XFE,0X7E,0X00,0X01,0XFF,0XE9,0X69,0X96,0X96,0X00,0X80,0X00,0X70,0X00,0X00,0X1F,0XFE,0X7F,0X00,0X01,0X00,0X76,0X97,0XE9,0X6E,0XFE,0X80,0X00,0X70,0X00,0X00,0X1E,0XFE,0X97,0X80,0X01,0X7F,0X69,0X69,0X96,0X96,0XEE,0X80,0X01,0XF0,0X00,0X00,0X0E,0XF8,0XFF,0XE0,0X01,0X77,0X76,0X97,0XE9,0X6E,0XEE,0X80,0X00,0XF0,0X00,0X00,0X1E,0XFF,0X9F,0XF0,0X01,0X77,0X69,0X69,0X96,0X96,0XE0,0X80,0X00,0X60,0X00,0X00,0X1E,0XEF,0XF9,0XF0,0X01,0X07,0X76,0X97,0XE9,0X6E,0XFF,0X80,0X00,0X00,0X00,0X00,0X16,0XFF,0X99,0XF8,0X01,0XFF,0X69,0X69,0X96,0X96,0XFF,0X80,0X00,0X00,0X00,0X00,0X79,0XFF,0X79,0XFE,0X01,0XFF,0X76,0X97,0XE9,0X6E,0X00,0X80,0X00,0X00,0X00,0X00,0X7F,0XF9,0XFF,0XFE,0X01,0X00,0X69,0X69,0X96,0X97,0XFE,0X80,0X00,0X00,0X00,0X01,0XE7,0XF9,0X7F,0XEF,0X01,0X7F,0XF6,0X97,0XE9,0X6F,0XFE,0X80,0X00,0X00,0X00,0X01,0XEF,0XF8,0X07,0X87,0X01,0X7F,0XE9,0X69,0X96,0X96,0X0E,0X80,0X00,0X00,0X00,0X1F,0X7F,0X98,0X07,0X01,0X01,0X70,0X76,0X97,0XE9,0X6E,0XEE,0X80,0X00,0X00,0X00,0XFE,0XFF,0X90,0X00,0X00,0X81,0X77,0X69,0X69,0X96,0X96,0XEE,0X80,0X00,0X00,0X01,0XF7,0XFF,0X10,0X00,0X00,0X01,0X77,0X76,0X97,0XE9,0X6E,0XFE,0X80,0X00,0X00,0X1E,0XFF,0XFE,0X00,0X80,0X00,0X01,0X7F,0X69,0X69,0X96,0X96,0X00,0X80,0X00,0X00,0X7F,0X7F,0XEE,0X1F,0XFE,0X00,0X01,0X00,0X76,0X97,0XE9,0X6F,0XFF,0X80,0X00,0X00,0X8E,0XFF,0XE8,0X1F,0XFF,0X00,0X01,0XFF,0XE9,0X69,0X96,0X97,0XFF,0X80,0X00,0X01,0XF9,0XF9,0XE8,0XFF,0XEF,0X00,0X01,0XFF,0XF6,0X97,0XE9,0X6E,0X00,0X80,0X00,0X06,0XF7,0XF9,0X87,0XF0,0X01,0XE0,0X01,0X00,0X69,0X69,0X96,0X96,0XFE,0X80,0X00,0X0F,0X6F,0XF9,0X8F,0XE0,0X00,0XE0,0X01,0X7F,0X76,0X97,0XE9,0X6E,0XEE,0X80,0X00,0X1F,0X9F,0X11,0X0F,0X80,0X00,0X70,0X01,0X77,0X69,0X69,0X96,0X96,0XEE,0X80,0X00,0X7F,0XFF,0X71,0XFF,0X00,0X01,0X91,0X01,0X77,0X76,0X97,0XE9,0X6E,0XE0,0X80,0X00,0X16,0X7F,0X10,0X1F,0X80,0X00,0XFE,0X01,0X07,0X69,0X69,0X96,0X96,0XFF,0X80,0X00,0XFF,0XFF,0X60,0X1F,0XE0,0X00,0X7E,0X01,0XFF,0X76,0X97,0XE9,0X6E,0XFF,0X80,0X00,0XFE,0XFF,0X00,0X1F,0XFF,0X80,0X1E,0X01,0XFF,0X69,0X69,0X96,0X96,0X00,0X80,0X00,0XFF,0XEF,0X00,0X0F,0XFF,0XF8,0X18,0X01,0X00,0X76,0X97,0XE9,0X6F,0XFE,0X80,0X00,0X96,0XE7,0X00,0X07,0XFF,0XFE,0X0E,0X01,0X7F,0XE9,0X69,0X96,0X97,0XFE,0X80,0X01,0XF9,0XE1,0X00,0X00,0XFF,0XFF,0X08,0X01,0X7F,0XF6,0X97,0XE9,0X6E,0X0E,0X80,0X01,0XF9,0XF1,0X00,0X00,0X1F,0XFF,0X00,0X01,0X70,0X69,0X69,0X96,0X96,0XEE,0X80,0X01,0XF9,0XF8,0X00,0X00,0X09,0XFF,0X80,0X01,0X77,0X76,0X97,0XE9,0X6E,0XEE,0X80,0X01,0XF9,0XF8,0X00,0X00,0X07,0XFF,0X80,0X01,0X77,0X69,0X69,0X96,0X96,0XFE,0X80,0X01,0X01,0XF8,0X00,0X00,0X01,0XFF,0XE0,0X01,0X7F,0X76,0X97,0XE9,0X6E,0X00,0X80,0X01,0XF9,0X8E,0X00,0X00,0X00,0XFF,0X80,0X01,0X00,0X69,0X69,0X96,0X97,0XFF,0X80,0X01,0XF9,0XE6,0X00,0X00,0X00,0X7F,0XE0,0X01,0XFF,0XF6,0X97,0XE9,0X6F,0XFF,0X80,0X00,0XFE,0XF0,0X00,0X00,0X06,0X1F,0XE0,0X01,0XFF,0XE9,0X69,0X96,0X96,0X00,0X80,0X00,0XF8,0XF8,0X00,0X00,0X07,0XFF,0XE0,0X01,0X00,0X76,0X97,0XE9,0X6E,0XFE,0X80,0X00,0X96,0XFF,0X80,0X00,0X01,0XFF,0X80,0X01,0X7F,0X69,0X69,0X96,0X96,0XEE,0X80,0X00,0X7F,0XF9,0X60,0X00,0X01,0XFF,0X80,0X01,0X77,0X76,0X97,0XE9,0X6E,0XEE,0X80,0X00,0X7F,0X78,0X00,0X00,0X18,0XFF,0X80,0X01,0X77,0X69,0X69,0X96,0X96,0XE0,0X80,0X00,0X79,0X7E,0X7F,0X01,0X10,0XFF,0X00,0X01,0X07,0X76,0X97,0XE9,0X6E,0XFF,0X80,0X00,0X1F,0X9F,0XFE,0X1E,0X70,0XFF,0X00,0X01,0XFF,0X69,0X69,0X96,0X96,0XFF,0X80,0X00,0X0F,0XEF,0XE0,0X78,0X79,0XFF,0X00,0X01,0XFF,0X76,0X97,0XE9,0X6E,0X00,0X80,0X00,0X07,0X87,0XE1,0XF8,0XFF,0XFE,0X00,0X01,0X00,0X69,0X69,0X96,0X97,0XFE,0X80,0X00,0X01,0XF9,0XFF,0XF9,0XFF,0XF8,0X00,0X01,0X7F,0XF6,0X97,0XE9,0X6F,0XFE,0X80,0X00,0X00,0XF8,0XFF,0XFF,0XFF,0XF0,0X00,0X01,0X7F,0XE9