外文翻译-建筑材料

BUILDINGMATERIALS建筑材料资料来源ENGLISHFORCIVILENGINEERINGMAJORS设计题目吉林省委党校办公楼结构、施工设计学生姓名学院名称土木工程学院专业名称土木工程专业班级名称土木0944班学号指导教师教师职称讲师完成时间2013年4月7日2013年4月7日BUILDINGMATERIALSMATERIALSFORBUILDINGMUSTHAVECERTAINPHYSICALPROPERTIESTOBESTRUCTURALLYUSEFULPRIMARILY,THEYMUSTBEABLETOCARRYALOAD,ORWEIGHT,WITHOUTCHANGINGSHAPEPERMANENTLYWHENALOADISAPPLIEDTOASTRUCTUREMEMBER,ITWILLDEFORMTHATIS,AWIREWILLSTRETCHORABEAMWILLBENDHOWEVER,WHENTHELOADISREMOVED,THEWIREANDTHEBEAMCOMEBACKTOTHEORIGINALPOSITIONSTHISMATERIALPROPERTYISCALLEDELASTICITYIFAMATERIALWERENOTELASTICANDADEFORMATIONWEREPRESENTINTHESTRUCTUREAFTERREMOVALOFTHELOAD,REPEATEDLOADINGANDUNLOADINGEVENTUALLYWOULDINCREASETHEDEFORMATIONTOTHEPOINTWHERETHESTRUCTUREWOULDBECOMEUSELESSALLMATERIALSUSEDINARCHITECTURALSTRUCTURES,SUCHASSTONEANDBRICK,WOOD,STEEL,ALUMINUM,REINFORCEDCONCRETE,ANDPLASTICS,BEHAVEELASTICALLYWITHINACERTAINDEFINEDRANGEOFLOADINGIFTHELOADINGISINCREASEDABOVETHERANGETWOTYPESOFBEHAVIORCANOCCURBRITTLEANDPLASTICINTHEFORMER,THEMATERIALWILLBREAKSUDDENLYINTHELATTER,THEMATERIALBEGINSTOFLOWATACERTAINLOAD,ULTIMATELYLEADINGTOFRACTUREASEXAMPLES,STEELEXHIBITSPLASTICBEHAVIOR,ANDSTONEISBRITTLETHEULTIMATESTRENGTHOFAMATERIALISMEASUREDBYTHESTRESSATWHICHFAILUREOCCURSASECONDIMPORTANTPROPERTYOFABUILDINGMATERIALISITSSTIFFNESSTHISPROPERTYISDEFINEDBYTHEELASTICMODULUS,WHICHISTHERATIOOFTHESTRESS,TOTHESTRAINTHEELASTICMODULUS,THEREFORE,ISAMEASUREOFTHERESISTANCEOFAMATERIALTODEFORMATIONUNDERLOADFORTWOMATERIALSOFEQUALAREAUNDERTHESAMELOAD,THEONEWITHTHEHIGHERELASTICMODULUSHASTHESMALLERDEFORMATIONSTRUCTURALSTEEL,WHICHHASANELASTICMODULUSLF30MILLIONPOUNDSPERSQUAREINCH,OR2,100,000KILOGRAMSPERSQUARECENTIMETER,IS3TIMESASSTIFFASALUMINUM,10TIMESASSTIFFASCONCRETE,AND15TIMESASSTIFFASWOODMASONRYMASONRYCONSISTSOFNATURALMATERIALS,SUCHASSTONE,ORMANUFACTUREDPRODUCTS,SUCHASBRICKANDCONCRETEBLOCKSMASONRYHASBEENUSEDSINCEANCIENTTIMESMUDBRICKSWEREUSEDINTHECITYOFBABYLONFORSECULARBUILDINGS,ANDSTONEWASUSEDFORTHEGREATTEMPLESOFTHENILEVALLEYTHEGREATPYRAMIDINEGYPT,STANDING481FEETHIGH,ISTHEMOSTSPECTACULARMASONRYCONSTRUCTIONMASONRYUNITSORIGINALLYWERESTACKEDWITHOUTUSINGANYBONDINGAGENT,BUTALLMODERNMASONRYCONSTRUCTIONUSESACEMENTMORTARASABONDINGMATERIALMODERNSTRUCTURALMATERIALSINCLUDESTONE,BRICKSOFBURNTCLAYORSLATE,ANDCONCRETEBLOCKSMASONRYISESSENTIALLYACOMPRESSIVEMATERIALITCANNOTWITHSTANDATENSILEFORCE,THATIS,APULLTHEULTIMATECOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHWILLVARYFROM1,000TO4,000PSI,DEPENDINGONTHEPARTICULARCOMBINATIONOFMASONRYUNITANDMORTARUSEDTIMBERTIMBERISONEOFTHEEARLIESTCONSTRUCTIONMATERIALSANDONEOFTHEFEWNATURALMATERIALSWITHGOODTENSILEPROPERTIESHUNDREDSOFDIFFERENTSPECIESOFWOODAREFOUNDTHROUGHOUTTHEWORLD,ANDEACHSPECIESEXHIBITSDIFFERENTPHYSICALCHARACTERISTICSONLYAFEWSPECIESAREUSEDSTRUCTURALLYASFRAMINGMEMBERSINBUILDINGCONSTRUCTIONINTHEUNITEDSTATES,FORINSTANCE,OUTOFMORETHAN600SPECIESOFWOOD,ONLY20SPECIESAREUSEDSTRUCTURALLYTHESEAREGENERALLYTHECONIFERS,ORSOFTWOODS,BOTHBECAUSEOFTHEIRABUNDANCEANDBECAUSEOFTHEEASEWITHWHICHTHEIRWOODCANBESHAPEDTHESPICESOFTIMBERMORECOMMONLYUSEDINTHEUNITEDSTATESFORCONSTRUCTIONAREDOUGLASFIR,SOUTHERNPINE,SPRUCE,ANDREDWOODTHEULTIMATETENSILESTRENGTHOFTHESESPECIESVARIESFROM5,000TO8,000PSIHARDWOODSAREUSEDPRIMARILYFORCABINETWORKANDFORINTERIORFINISHESSUCHASFLOORSBECAUSEOFTHECELLULARNATUREOFWOOD,ITISSTRONGERALONGTHEGRAINTHANACROSSTHEGRAINWOODISPARTICULARLYSTRONGINTENSIONANDCOMPRESSIONPARALLELTOTHEGRAIN,ANDITHASGREATBENDINGSTRENGTHTHESEPROPERTIESMAKEITIDEALLYSUITEDFORCOLUMNSANDBEAMSINSTRUCTURESWOODISNOTEFFECTIVELYUSEDASATENSILEMEMBERINATRUSS,HOWEVER,BECAUSETHETENSILESTRENGTHOFATRUSSMEMBERDEPENDSUPONCONNECTIONSBETWEENMEMBERSITISDIFFICULTTODEVISECONNECTORSHAVEBEENPRODUCEDTOUTILIZETHETENSILESTRENGTHOFTIMBERSSTEELSTEELISANOUTSTANDINGSTRUCTURALMATERIALITHASAHIGHSTRENGTHONAPOUNDFORPOUNDBASISWHENCOMPAREDTOOTHERMATERIALS,EVENTHOUGHITSVOLUMEFORVOLUMEWEIGHTISMORETHANTENTIMESTHATOFWOODITHASAHIGHELASTICMODULUS,WHICHRESULTSINSMALLDEFORMATIONSUNDERLOADITCANBEFORMEDBYROLLINGINTOVARIOUSSTRUCTURALSHAPESSUCHASIBEAMS,PLATES,ANDSHEETSITALSOCANBECASTINTOCOMPLEXSHAPESANDITISALSOPRODUCEDINTHEFORMOFWIRESTRANDSANDROPESFORUSEASCABLESINSUSPENSIONBRIDGESANDSUSPENDEDROOFS,ASELEVATORROPES,ANDASWIRESFORPRESTRESSINGCONCRETESTEELELEMENTSCANBEJOINEDTOGETHERBYVARIOUSMEANS,SUCHASBOLTING,RIVETING,ORWELDINGCARBONSTEELSARESUBJECTTOCORROSIONTHROUGHOXIDATIONANDMUSTBEPROTECTEDFROMCONTACTWITHTHEATMOSPHEREBYPAINTINGTHEMOREMBEDDINGTHEMINCONCRETE,ABOVETEMPERATURESOFABOUT700F,STEELRAPIDLYLOSESITSSTRENGTH,ANDTHEREFOREITMUSTBECOVEREDINAJACKETOFAFIREPROOFMATERIALTOINCREASEITSFIRERESISTANCETHEADDITIONOFALLOYINGELEMENTS,SUCHASSILICONORMANGANESE,RESULTSINHIGHERSTRENGTHSTEELSWITHTENSILESTRENGTHSUPTO250,000PSITHESESTEELSAREUSEDWHERETHESIZEOFASTRUCTURALMEMBERBECOMESCRITICAL,ASINTHECASEOFCOLUMNSINASKYSCRAPERALUMINUMALUMINUMISESPECIALLYUSEFULASABUILDINGMATERIALWHENLIGHTWEIGHT,STRENGTH,ANDCORROSIONRESISTANCEAREALLIMPORTANTFACTORSBECAUSEPUREALUMINUMISEXTREMELYSOFTANDDUCTILE,ALLOYINGELEMENTS,SUCHASMAGNESIUM,SILICON,ZINC,ANDCOPPER,MUSTBEADDEDTOITTOIMPARTTHESTRENGTHREQUIREDFORSTRUCTURALUSESTRUCTURALALUMINUMALLOYSBEHAVEELASTICALLYTHEYHAVEANELASTICMODULUSONETHIRDASGREATASSTEELANDTHEREFOREDEFORMTHREETIMESASMUCHASSTEELUNDERTHESAMELOADTHEUNITWEIGHTOFANALUMINUMALLOYISONETHIRDTHATOFSTEELUNDERTHESAMELOADTHEUNITWEIGHTOFANALUMINUMALLOYISONETHIRDTHATOFSTEEL,ANDTHEREFOREANALUMINUMMEMBERWILLBELIGHTERTHANASTEELMEMBEROFCOMPARABLESTRENGTHTHEULTIMATETENSILESTRENGTHOFALUMINUMALLOYSRANGESFROM20,000TO60,000PSIALUMINUMCANBEFORMEDINTOAVARIETYOFSHAPESITCANBEEXTRUDEDTOFORMIBEAMS,DRAWNTOFORMWIRESANDRODS,ANDROLLEDTOFORMFOILANDPLATESALUMINUMMEMBERSCANBEPUTTOGETHERINTHESAMEWAYASSTEELBYRIVETING,BOLTING,ANDBYWELDINGAPARTFROMITSUSEFORFRAMINGMEMBERSINBUILDINGSANDPREFABRICATEDHOUSING,ALUMINUMALSOFINDSEXTENSIVEUSEFORWINDOWFRAMESANDFORTHESKINOFTHEBUILDINGINCURTAINWALLCONSTRUCTIONCONCRETECONCRETEISAMIXTUREOFWATER,SANDANDGRAVEL,ANDPORTLANDCEMENTCRUSHEDSTONE,MANUFACTUREDLIGHTWEIGHTSTONE,ANDSEASHELLSAREOFTENUSEDINLIEUOFNATURALGRAVELPORTLANDCEMENT,WHICHISAMIXTUREOFMATERIALSCONTAININGCALCIUMANDCLAY,ISHEATERINAKILNANDTHENPULVERIZEDCONCRETEDERIVESITSSTRENGTHFROMTHEFACTTHATPULVERIZEDPORTLANDCEMENT,WHENMIXEDWITHWATER,HARDENSBYAPROCESSCALLEDHYDRATIONINANIDEALMIXTURE,CONCRETECONSISTSOFABOUTTHREEFOURTHSSANDANDGRAVEBYVOLUMEANDONEFOURTHCEMENTPASTETHEPHYSICALPROPERTIESOFCONCRETEAREHIGHLYSENSITIVETOVARIATIONSINTHEMIXTUREOFTHECOMPONENTS,SOAPARTICULARCOMBINATIONOFTHESEINGREDIENTSMUSTBECUSTOMDESIGNEDTOACHIEVESPECIFIEDRESULTSINTERMSOFSTRENGTHORSKRINKAGEWHENCONCRETEISPOUREDINTOAMOLDORFORM,ITCONTAINSFREEWATER,NOTREQUIREDFORHYDRATION,WHICHEVAPORATESASTHECONCRETEHARDENS,ITRELEASESTHISEXCESSWATEROVERAPERIODOFTIMEANDSHRINKSASARESULTOFTHISSHRINKAGE,FINECRACKSOFTENDEVELOPINORDERTOMINIMIZETHESESHRINKAGECRACKS,CONCRETEMUSTBEHARDENEDBYKEEPINGITMOISTFORATLEAST5DAYSTHESTRENGTHOFCONCRETEINCREASESINTIMEBECAUSETHEHYDRATIONPROCESSCONTINUESFORYEARSASAPRACTICALMATTER,THESTRENGTHAT28DAYSISCONSIDEREDSTANDARDCONCRETEDEFORMSUNDERLOADINANELASTICMANNERALTHOUGHITSELASTICMODULUSISONETENTHTHATOFSTEEL,SIMILARDEFORMATIONSWILLRESULTSINCEITSSTRENGTHISALSOABOUTONETENTHTHATOFSTEELCONCRETEISBASICALLYACOMPRESSIVEMATERIALANDHASNEGLIGIBLETENSILESTRENGTHREINFORCEDCONCRETEREINFORCEDCONCRETEHASSTEELBARSTHATAREPLACEDINACONCRETEMEMBERTOCARRYTENSILEFORCESTHESEREINFORCINGBARS,WHICHRANGEINDIAMETERFROM025INCHTO225INCHES,HAVEWRINKLESONTHESURFACESTOENSUREABONDWITHTHECONCRETEALTHOUGHREINFORCEDCONCRETEWASDEVELOPEDINMANYCOUNTRIES,ITSDISCOVERYUSUALLYISATTRIBUTEDTOJOSEPHMONNIER,AFRENCHGARDENER,WHOUSEDAWIRENETWORKTOREINFORCECONCRETETUBESIN1868THISPROCESSISWORKABLEBECAUSESTEELANDCONCRETEEXPANDANDCONTRACTEQUALLYWHENTHETEMPERATURECHANGESIFTHISWERENOTTHECASE,THEBONDBETWEENTHESTEELANDCONCRETEWOULDBEBROKENBYACHANGEINTEMPERATURESINCETHETWOMATERIALSWOULDRESPONDDIFFERENTLYREINFORCEDCONCRETECANBEMOLDEDINTOINNUMERABLESHAPES,SUCHASBEAMS,COLUMNS,SLABS,ANDARCHES,ANDISTHEREFOREEASILYADAPTEDTOAPARTICULARFORMOFBUILDINGREINFORCEDCONCRETEWITHULTIMATETENSILESTRENGTHSINEXCESSOF10,000PSIISPOSSIBLE,ALTHOUGHMOSTCOMMERCIALCONCRETEISPRODUCEDWITHSTRENGTHSUNDER6,000PSIPLASTICSPLASTICSARERAPIDLYBECOMINGIMPORTANTCONSTRUCTIONMATERIALSBECAUSEOFTHEGREATVARIETY,STRENGTH,DURABILITY,ANDLIGHTNESSAPLASTICISASYNTHETICMATERIALORRESINWHICHCANBEMOLDEDINTOANYDESIREDSHAPEANDWHICHUSESANORGANICSUBSTANCEASABINDERORGANICPLASTICSAREDIVIDEDINTOTWOGENERALGROUPSTHERMOSETTINGANDTHERMOPLASTICTHETHERMOSETTINGGROUPBECOMESRIGIDTHROUGHACHEMICALCHANGETHATOCCURSWHENHEATISAPPLIEDONCESET,THESEPLASTICSCANNOTBEREMOLDEDTHETHERMOPLASTICGROUPREMAINSSOFTATHIGHTEMPERATURESANDMUSTBECOOLEDBEFOREBECOMINGRIGIDTHISGROUPISNOTUSEDGENERALLYASASTRUCTURALMATERIALTHEULTIMATESTRENGTHOFMOSTPLASTICMATERIALSISFROM7,000TO12,000PSI,ALTHOUGHNYLONHASATENSILESTRENGTHUPTO60,000PSI英文出处土木工程专业英语LESSON18TEXTBUILDINGMATERIALSP158160建筑材料材料是具备一定的物理性能的对建筑结构有用物质。从根本上说,他们必须能够承担荷载,和自重,不能改变自身形状的永久存在着。当有荷载施加于结构上,它将变形也就是说,一根钢材受力将会变弯曲。然而,当卸载之后，它又会回到原来的位置。这种材料的性能被称之为弹性。如果一种物质并不具有弹性或变形后的在结构中不是呈现负弯矩的话,它受到重复的荷载作用后会使其变形的越来越大最后破坏。所有材料都是用在在建筑结构当中的,例如石头和砖块、木材、钢材、铝材、钢筋混凝土、塑料、都是在它们的弹性范围内承担荷载。如果荷载作用范围增加了以上两种破坏类型就很可能发生呈现出脆性和塑性。在前者中,材料会突然发生破坏。在后者的资料开始变形,在一定载荷作用下,导致其破坏。例如,钢铁和石头是塑性破坏的行为,一种材料的最终强度测定是它发生破坏时候的强度。第二个重要的特性是它的频率，也就是建筑材料刚度不足的问题。这个属性所定义的弹性模量,这是应力与应变的变化关系。即弹性模量,因此,它是测量材料在荷载作用下的变形方式。对两种材料相同的区域在同样的载荷条件下,一个带着更高的弹性模量有较小的变形。钢结构,具有较大的弹性模量低频3000万磅每平方英寸,或为210万公斤/平方厘米,是铝强度的3倍；是混凝土强度的10倍；木材强度的15倍。砌块。由天然材料砌体,如石,或人造的产品,如砖和混凝土块。砌体自古以来一直使用泥砖使用的城市建筑,和巴比伦世俗石头被用于大神庙尼罗河河谷。埃及的大金字塔,站481英尺高,是最壮观的砌体结构。砌体原本堆放没有使用任何粘接剂,但是所有的现代砌体施工使用水泥砂浆作为一种粘接材料。现代结构材料包括石,石板的砖块,粘土或混凝土块。砌体实质上是一种抗压资料它不能承受拉力,也就是说,拉一下。最终的抗压强度将会改变从1000英尺到4,000PSI,这取决于特定的组合和砂浆砌体使用。木材。木材是最早的一种建筑材料,这其中的一些天然材料拉伸性能很好。数百种不同的木材遍布世界的每一个角落,不同的本质特征。只有少数物种使用作为框架结构在建筑施工。在美国,例如,从超过600余种木材,只有20个物种被使用在结构上。这些都是一般的针叶树,或软木,这是因为他们的数量多和因为容易用,他们是由木材可以加工形成的。香料木材更广泛地使用在美国为施工王花旗松南部松木、云杉、及红杉。的极限强度的这些物种的不同于从5000到8000磅。主要用于家具和室内装饰,如地板。由于自然生长的木头,它顺纹要比它的横纹强度要大得多。木头是有非常强的拉力和压力的,同时具有较大的弯曲强度。这些特性使它非常适合于柱和梁结构中。有效的木材不用作抗拉构件,然而,由于桁架的抗拉强度取决于一品框架之间联系的构件。很难想出连接部位用拉伸强度不是很足的木料。钢。钢是一种杰出的结构材料。相比其他的材料同质量的钢材有很高的强度,尽管其单位重量是木头制品的十倍以上。它有高弹性模量等因素,导致在载荷下变形很小。它可以形成了轧制成各种结构形状如箱形梁、板、和被褥它也能被放到复杂的形状,它也是生产钢丝股的形式作为电缆和绳索在悬索桥的屋顶,因为电梯和缆绳,电线,在绳索、预应力施工。钢的元素可以连接在一起,用各种方式,如螺栓、铆钉或焊接。碳素钢受腐蚀通过氧化、必须受到保护与大气的隔绝,因此它们嵌入在混凝土或在约700F以上温度的将迅速失去其强度,因此它必须包含在一件保护层的防火的材料,以增加其防火性能。添加的合金元素,如硅锰、导致更高的强度钢与拉伸力量到250,000磅。用在这些钢结构构件的大小就变得尤其重要。铝。铝是一种特别的建筑材料轻、强度及耐蚀性都是重要的因素。因为单纯铝是极度柔软和韧性,合金元素,例如镁、硅、锌和铜,必须加到有传力要求的结构上。结构铝合金具有弹性。他们有一种弹性模量的三分之一,因此在同样的载荷条件下变形是钢的三倍。在同样的载荷条件下单位铝合金材料的重量是钢的三分之一。单位铝合金