职称英语综合考试大纲及模拟题

第一部分考纲解读一、概述总述全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试是由人事部组织实施的一项国家级外语考试。专业类别注三类考试的共同点和不同点每个级别的试卷内容，除综合类外，普通英语和专业英语题目各占50。对于类别的区分意义不大，原则上考生报综合、理工、卫生的任何一类都是可以的，考生可结合自身情况及单位规定进行报考。在正式考试中，50的题都是一样的。等级总分100分考试时间120分钟注参加考试的考生允许带一本普通的英语字典进入考场。建议参加C级和B级考试的考生可以使用牛津英汉双解词典（中级），参加A级考试的考生适用牛津英汉双解词典（高级），还可以同时考虑准备一本牛津英语同义词词典。二、评价目标总目标综合类理工类卫生类A级B级C级A级B级C级2小时内3000词2200词2600词能正确理解所读材料的内容要求（一）词汇量词汇量A级C级B级6000词和短语5000词和短语4000词和短语注可以主要掌握2000个左右的核心单词和短语结构。实际考试中出现的超纲词一般都会给出中文注释。（二）语法知识语法知识句子的基本语序及其意义时、体的形式及其意义句子的结构和常用句型从句的构成及其意义句子中词语的所指、省略、替代、重复，以及句子之间的意义关系注不直接考查语法，对基本语法的考查融入到各类考题中，进行间接考查。（三）阅读理解能力阅读能力主旨和大意猜测词汇和短语的意义理解句子和上下文之间的意义关系判断和推论事实和细节作者的观点和意图三、考试内容与试卷结构总述A、B、C三个等级的考试各由6个部分组成，每个级别的考试题型一样、题量相同，但不同级别考试总的阅读量及难以程度不同。考试主要考查应试者理解书面英语的能力。阅读理解45概括大意与完成句子8阅读判断7词汇选项15完形填空15补全短文10试卷结构及考查目的（总题量65题，满分100分）题型材料类型答题要求考查目的题量分值第一部分词汇选项（四选一）15个句子给出15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，要求应试者从所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。在一定语境下理解单词或短语的意义。1515第二部分阅读判断（三选一）1篇短文（300450词）给出7句话，要求应试者根据文章内容做出判断（正、误、没有直接或间接提到）。识别和判断文章信息。77第三部分概括大意与完成句子选择搭配1篇短文（300450词）分两部分1概况大意（6选4）；2完成句子（6选4）。抓大意，掌握细节。88第四部分阅读理解（四选一）3篇短文（各300450词）每篇短文后有5道题，每道题后面有4个选项，要求应试者从中选择1个最佳答案。抓主旨，掌握细节，做出判断。1545第五部分补全短文（选择搭配）1篇短文（300450词）短文中有5处空白，要求应试者通读短文并将移出的部分重新放回短文的相应位置（6选5）。把握文章结构、作者思路。510第六部分完形填空（四选一）1篇短文（300450词）短文中有15处空白，每处空白给出4个选项，要求应试者从中选出1个最佳答案。正确理解文章内容。1515注A级考题中每篇文章长度为350450词左右；B级考题中每篇文章长度为300450词左右；C级考题中每篇文章长度为250400词左右。四、命题原则（一）合理安排测试项目的层次结构。（二）合理安排测试项目的难度结构。五、答题及计分方法答题1均采用客观性试题；2在答题卡上作答；3每题只选择一个答案；计分方法只计算答对题的数目，答错不倒扣分。第二部分答题技巧一、词汇选项1题型及命题方式题型给出15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，要求应试者从所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。命题方式命题方式主要考查次要考查对大纲指定的词汇的认知，包括动词、形容词、名词、副词及短语。1构词法2同义词、近义词辨析3易混淆词汇辨异4借助语境判断划线词/短语含义的能力5借助划线词/短语的前后搭配推测划线词/短语含义的能力2做题技巧1）借助单词构词法记忆单词构词法合成法派生法转换法两个或两个以上的词一起出现，合成一个新词的方法。在一个词干（或词根）前或后加上一个词级（前缀或后缀）以构成一个新词的方法。不给单词添加任何前后缀，使单词从一种词性变为另一种词性的方法。AFTERNOONAFTERNOONBI“两个”BICYCLE两轮车/自行车BOOKN书BOOKV预定2）借助单词读音与拼写之间的关系记忆单词英语单词中的一些字面组合有其通常对应的读音，因此通过记住单词的读音也就能“联想”起该单词的字母组合形式，借助单词的读音记忆单词是学习和记忆单词的基本方法。元音字母组合AI/EI/WAITPAINTOO/U/BOOKFOOTGOOD辅音组合TR/TR/TREETRAINTRUCKDR/DR/DRESSDRIVE3）联想记忆法记忆英语单词时展开联想，使某一英语单词的拼写，读音或词义与你所熟悉的生活经历，你的知识或与你已经掌握的其他单词发生关系，从而形成对单词的形象记忆，如MAN（男人）WOMAN女人联想妇女除了上班以外，还得做家务，所以妇女要做的工作比男人要做的工作多，因此需要在MAN的前面再加上WORK。对比ADAPT（使适应，改编）/ADOPT（采用，收养）这两个单词的拼写的差别在第3个字母上，ADAPT的第三个字母是A,ADOPT的第3个字母是O。联想要“适应”一个新的环境，需要从头做起，A这个排列在字母表中的第一个字母就是英语字母的“头”，所以“使适应，改编”所对应的单词拼写应该是ADAPT；“采用，收养”应该是ADOPT。3实例验证综合类2007年B级考题THEYHAVETHECAPABILITYTODESTROYTHEENEMYINAFEWDAYSAPOSSIBILITYBNECESSITYCABILITYDPROBABILITY解析被选项A和D互为近义词，都可以表示“可能性”，因此首先排除掉。划线词是派生词CAPABLE（能干的，有可能的）ITY（性质），词义为“（实际）能力，容量”，NECESSITY【NECESSARYITY（性质）】是“必要性，必需品”。因此C（能力）是答案。二、阅读判断1题型及命题方式题型给出一篇300450词的短文，短文后列出7个句子（以下称判断句），有的句子提供的是正确的信息，有的句子提供的是错误的信息，有的句子提供的信息在原文中并未直接或间接提及，要求应试者根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断。命题方式阅读判断题考查应试者判断识别文章所提供的信息的能力，其中既包括文章中明示的信息，也包括需要考生推断的隐含信息。该题主要考核应试者的细节信息的查找与确认能力、推断能力、上下文意义关系理解能力、近义结构识别能力、主旨大意概括能力。2做题技巧第一、阅读判断句，确定句子中的关键词，然后寻找关键词在文章中所在的句子及段落。第二、判断，阅读理解分析后确定正确答案。3实例验证综合类2008年C、B级考题（PETITIONS）判断句为APETITIONNEEDSTOBESIGNED解析关键词为SIGNED依据此关键词可在第一段找到相关叙述ANYONEWHOWANTEDTOCHANGESOMETHINGWOULDGETALISTOFSIGNATURESFROMPEOPLE。表示出所谓的请愿书就是由一人发起，然后征集签名，以示众议。故此题为“正确”的。三、概况大意与完成句子1题型及命题方式题型本部分为一篇300450词的短文，有两项测试任务1短文后有6个段落小标题，要求应试者根据文章的内容为其中指定的4个段落各选择一个正确的小标题；2短文后有4个不完整的句子，要求应试者在所提供的6个选项中选择4个正确选项分别完成每个句子。不同于传统的阅读理解简答题，这两种题型都不需要考生写出问题的答案，而是给出了几个选项，让考生从中选择搭配。命题方式该题型的考查目的是抓大意、掌握细节，从宏观和微观两个角度全面考查阅读技能。其中概括大意主要考查考生归纳段落主题思想的能力；完成句子主要考查考生掌握短文细节内容的能力。考生在解答这类题目时，既要学会抓住中心大意，找出关键词，又要能够运用多种阅读技巧，把握文章的重要事实和细节。2做题技巧（1）概括大意解题技巧A找段落主题句B确立小标题（2）完成句子解题技巧A找出题目中的关键词，定位到原文中具体段落B快速阅读选定段落，确定正确答案3实例验证（1）概括大意综合类2008年C级（WAYSTOREDUCEEXPOSURETOAIRPOLLUTION）第二段AVOIDWALKINGINBUSYSTREETSCHOOSESIDESTREETSANDPARKSINSTEADPOLLUTIONLEVELSCANFALLACONSIDERABLEAMOUNTJUSTBYMOVINGAFEWMETERSAWAYFROMTHEMAINPOLLUTIONSOURCEEXHAUSTFUMES（废气）ALSODONTWALKBEHINDSMOKERSWALKONTHEWINDWARD（顶风的）SIDEOFTHESTREETWHEREEXPOSUREOFPOLLUTANTS（污染物）CANBE50PERCENTLESSTHANONTHEDOWNWIND（顺风的）SIDE解析这篇文章讲的是怎样减少对空气污染的暴露。文章的第二段所谈的都是有关步行时什么位置受到空气污染最少。第一句话就是说要避免在繁杂的街道上行走，接着又告诫人们不如选择走小马路和公园，不要走在吸烟者的后面，选择顶风的一侧，避开顺风的一侧等。所以整段讲的都是有关挑选在什么地方行走的问题。B选项WHEREYOUWALK（在哪行走），与主旨相符，故选B。（2）完成句子第三段SITTINGONTHEDRIVERSSIDEOFABUSCANINCREASEYOUREXPOSUREBY10PERCENT,COMPAREDWITHSITTINGONTHESIDENEARESTTHEPAVEMENTSITTINGUPSTAIRSONADOUBLEDECKER（双层电车）CANREDUCEEXPOSUREITISDIFFICULTTOSAYWHETHERTRAVELINGONANUNDERGROUNDTRAINISBETTERORWORSETHANTAKINGTHEBUSAIRPOLLUTIONONUNDERGROUNDTRAINSTENDSTOBELESSTOXIC（有毒的）THANTHATATSTREETLEVEL,BECAUSEUNDERGROUNDPOLLUTIONISMOSTLYMADEUPOFTINYIRONPARTICLES（粒子）THROWNUPBYWHEELSHITTINGTHERAILS,WHILEDIESEL（柴油机）ANDPETROLFUMESHAVEAMIXTUREOFPOLLUTANTSTRAVELINGONANUNDERGROUNDTRAINCANREDUCEEXPOSURE解析文章第三段说，AIRPOLLUTIONONUNDERGROUNDTRAINSTENDSTOBELESSTOXICTHANTHATATSTREETLEVEL即地铁里的空气污染比地面交通毒性小后面是原因。故选C。四、阅读理解1题型及命题方式题型本部分为三篇300450词的短文，每篇文章后有5道题，要求应试者根据文章的内容，从每道题所给的4个选项中选出1个最佳答案。文章题材广泛，包括人物传记、社会、文化、日常知识、科普常识等，所涉及的背景知识学生一般都可以理解。文章体裁多样，包括叙述文、说明文、议论文等，语言难度及词汇量符合大纲规定的范围，对于超纲的词汇均会标出汉语意思。命题方式考查应试者对文章主旨和细节信息的理解能力。考核题型常设计为文章主旨题、事实细节题、推理判断题、归纳总结题和猜测词义题。2做题技巧（1）掌握文章的主旨和大意（2）了解阐述主旨的事实和细节（3）根据上下文判断某些词汇和短语的意义（4）理解个别句子的意义以及上下文的逻辑关系（5）对文章进行判断、推理和引申，领会作者观点和意图3实例验证综合类2008年C、B（POLITICALSPINS）LASTWEEK,USWHITEHOUSESPOKESMANTONYSNOWSENTJOURNALISTSDIGGINGFORTHEIRDICTIONARIESHECALLEDRECENTCRITICISMBYTHEFORMERPRESIDENTBILLCLINTON“CHUTZPAH”（大胆放肆）WITHJUSTONESENTENCE,SNOWMANAGEDTOMAKEHEADLINES,AJOKEANDADEFENSEOFPRESIDENTGEORGEWBUSHINTERESTINGLY,THISISHOWBATTLESAREFOUGHTANDWONINUSPOLITICSWITHCAREFULLYWORDEDONELINERS（一行字幕新闻）MADEFORTVWHICHOFTENLACKSUBSTANCEANDCLARITY（清晰度）31WHICHSTATEMENTISNOTTRUEOFONE1INERSATHEYAREUNCLEARBTHEYCONTAINALOTOFINFORMATIONCTHEYLACKSUBSTANCEDTHEYARECAREFULLYCONSTRUCTED解析31C题意下面的哪个关于一行字幕新闻的陈述是不正确的缺乏内容。关键词为ONELINER，第一段最后一句很清楚的对其做出解释CAREFULLYWORKEDWHICHOFTENLACKSUBSTANCEANDCLARITY。LACKCLARITY即UNCLEAR,符合A，LACKSUBSTANCE和C完全相同，CAREFULLYWORDED符合D，CAREFULLYCONSTRUCTED。所以和原文内容不符的只有B。故选C。要做好上面这道题，考生需了解阐述主旨的事实和细节，即文中划线部分。五、补全短文1题型及命题方式题型补全短文为一篇300450词的短语，文中有5处空白，文章后面有6组句子，其中5组取自文章自身。要求应试者根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其放回相应位置，以恢复文章原貌。命题方式补全短文题旨在考查应试者把握文章结构、掌握作者思路的能力，分析判断能力和阅读理解能力。这种题型对应试者的阅读能力很高，同时也注重对基础知识，如句法和词汇知识的考查。应试者要能够从宏观的角度把握文章的内容和结构，在具体段落中搞清文章的前后逻辑关系，从语篇的角度搞清楚文章的脉络，吃透文章的意思，运用常见的语篇衔接手段补全语句。2做题技巧应试者在做补全对话时可以遵循以下步骤1、先看空格处两端的邻居，判断该空格处需要什么样的语法结构，从而借助搭配结构从语法上筛选答案。2、再看空格处两端的邻居（主要是空格前的邻居），从而借助语义筛选答案。3、有必要时，再看全句，甚至周围的句群的语义。做到以上几点，就要求应试者首先要通读全文，掌握文章的中心思想，了解文章的大概内容。并且了解每道题的测试目的，也就是了解该题要考词汇，句法还是逻辑，常识。确定解题重点。回答完毕时，应再次通读全文，查错补漏。以下部分为历年真题中补全短文题型的详细讲解，希望考生阅读时，体会以上的运用技巧。同时考生还要通过增大阅读量，多多实践，训练阅读技巧来提高应试能力。3实例验证综合类2008年C级（BOMBEXPLOSIONSINTHAILAND）（50）THAKSINSLAWYER,NOPPADOLPATAMA,DENIEDHISCLIENTSINVOLVEMENTINTHEBOMBINGS,ACCORDINGTOALOCALWEBSITEBSOMEBELIEVETHATSEVERALSENIORARMYOFFICERSLOYALTOTHAKSINPLOTTEDTHEBOMBINGSWITHOUSTED赶下台POLITICIANSTODISCREDIT败坏名声THEGOVERNMENT解析50B句意一些人相信是忠心于他的高级军官和被赶下台的政客密谋了这次爆炸，以达到败坏政府名声的目的。来使政府名声败坏，迫使当局者下台。最后一句是他的律师对他的辩护，说明前面应是有人对他提出质疑，故选B。六、完形填空1题型及命题方式题型完形填空为一篇300450词的短文，文中有15处空白，每处空白给了4个选项，要求应试者根据根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。命题原则考查考生结合上下文的综合理解能力和语言运用能力，即在阅读理解基础上对篇章结构、语法和词汇知识的运用能力。2做题技巧（1）细读标题和首句，推测全文（2）通读全文，把握大意（3）逐题斟酌，初选答案（4）重读原文，核对答案3实例验证综合类UFOS2008年C级SIXTYYEARSAGO,AMANNAMEDKENNETHARNOLDSAWSOMETHINGTHATWECANSTILL（51）TODAYSOMETHINGTHATCHANGEDPOPULARCULTUREFOREVER备选项51ALOOKBSEECSEEKDFEEL解析51B根据第一句话中的动词SAW，可以推断出此处仍然是看。故选B。第三部分冲刺模拟2012年职称英语等级考试模拟题一（综合类C级）第1部分词汇选项第115题，每题1分，共15分下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。1THENORMALPRICEOFATICKETFORANADULTIS230AORDINARYBPROPERCFAIRDMEDIUM2WEHAVETOASKTHEMTOQUITTALKINGINORDERTHATALLPEOPLEPRESENTCOULDHEARUSCLEARLYADECREASEBCEASECCONTINUEDKEEPON3THEKLONDIKEWASTHESCENEOFONEOFTHEBIGGESTGOLDRUSHESTHEWORLDHASEVERKNOWNALOCATIONBVIEWCEVENTDLANDSCAPE4OFTHEREPTILEGROUPS,THESNAKEGROUPWASTHEFINALONETOAPPEARALASTBBESTCUGLIESTDLONGEST5COLLEGESANDUNIVERSITIESUSUALLYGIVEDIPLOMASORCERTIFICATESTOSTUDENTSWHOCOMPLETECOURSEREQUIREMENTSADEQUATELYARESPONSIBLYBSUFFICIENTLYCPATIENTLYDSUCCESSFULLY6AWILLISADOCUMENTWRITTENTOENSURETHATTHEWISHESOFTHEDECEASEDAREREALIZEDAFULFILLEDBACCEPTEDCADVOCATEDDRECEIVED7SHEHASBEENTHESUBJECTOFMASSIVEMEDIACOVERAGEAEXTENSIVEBNEGATIVECEXPENSIVEDACTIVE8THECONFERENCEEXPLOREDTHEPOSSIBILITYOFCLOSERTRADELINKSAREJECTEDBINVESTIGATEDCPROPOSEDDPOSTPONED9WHATWERETHEEFFECTSOFTHEDECISIONSHEMADEAREASONSBRESULTSCCAUSESDBASES10THESEAWASCALMANDSTILLAQUITEBQUIETCYETDROUGH11INABULLFIGHT,ITISTHEMOVEMENT,NOTTHECOLOR,OFOBJECTSTHATAROUSESTHEBULLACONFUSESBEXCITESCSCARESDDIVERTS12MARYCALLEDMEUPVERYLATELASTNIGHTASHOUTEDATMEBVISITEDMECTELEPHONEDMEDWAKEDME13MARYGETSUPATTHESAMETIMEEVERYMORNINGAARISESBRAISESCARRIVESDSTANDSUP14SUSANISLOOKINGFORTHEDICTIONARY,WHICHSHELOSTYESTERDAYAFINDINGBLOOKINGUPCLOOKINGATDTRYINGTOFIND15ALLTHEPEOPLEASSEMBLEDATMARYSHOUSEACOLLECTEDBFIXEDCASSERTEDDASSIST第2部分阅读判断第1622题，每题1分，共7分下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。THEBARBIEDOLLSINTHEMID1940S,THEYOUNGAMBITIOUSDUORUTHANDELLIOTTHANDLEROWNEDACOMPANYTHATMADEWOODENPICTURESFRAMES结构ITWASIN1945THATRUTHANDELLIOTHANDLERJOINTEDWITHTHEIRCLOSEFRIENDHAROLDMATTSONTOFORMACOMPANYTHATWOULDBEKNOWNFORTHEMOSTFAMOUSANDSUCCESSFULDOLLEVERCREATEDTHECOMPANYWOULDBENAMEDMATTEL,MATTFORMATTSON,ANDELFORELLIOTINTHEMID1950S,WHILEVISITINGSWITZERLAND,RUTHHANDLERPURCHASEDAGERMANLILLIDOLLLILLIWASASHARPLY,PRETTYFASHIONDOLLFIRSTMADEIN1955SHEWASORIGINALLYFASHIONEDAFTERAFAMOUSCARTOONCHARACTERINTHEWESTGERMANNEWSLETTER,BUILDLILLIISTHEDOLLTHATWOULDINSPIRERUTHHANDLERTODESIGNTHEBARBIEDOLLWITHTHEHELPOFHERTECHNICIANSANDENGINEERSATMATTEL,BARBIEWASBORNRUTHTHENHIREDCHARLOTTEJOHNSON,AFASHIONDESIGNER,TOCREATEBARBIESWARDROBE衣柜ITWASIN1958THATTHEPATENTFORBARBIEWASOBTAINEDTHISWOULDBEAFASHIONDOLLUNLIKEANYOFHERTIMESHEWOULDBELONGLIMITED,SHARPLY,BEAUTIFUL,ANDONLY115INCHESTALLRUTHANDELLIOTWOULDNAMETHEIRFASHIONDOLLAFTERTHEIROWNDAUGHTER,BARDIEIN1959,THEBARBIEDOLLWOULDMAKEHERWAYTOTHENEWYORKSHOWANDRECEIVEACOOLRECEPTIONFROMTHETOYBUYERSBARBIEHASUNDERGONEALOTOFCHANGESOVERTHEYEARSANDHASMANAGEDTOKEEPUPWITHCURRENTTRENDSINHAIRSTYLES,MADEUP化妆ANDCLOTHINGSHEISAREFLECTIONOFTHEHISTORYOFFASHIONSINCEHERINTRODUCTIONTOTHETOYMARKETBARBIEHASAUNIVERSALAPPEALANDCOLLECTORSBOTHYOUNGANDOLDENJOYTIMESPENTANDMEMORIESMADEWITHTHEIRDOLLS16WHENRUTHANDELLIOTHANDLERWASYOUNG,THEYHADASTRONGDESIRETOBEHIGHLYSUCCESSFULARIGHTBWRONGCNOTMENTIONED17HAROLDMATTSON,RUTHANDELLIOTHANDLEROWNEDMATTELARIGHTBWRONGCNOTMENTIONED18LILLI,WHOTOOKTHESHAPEOFAPRETTYGIRL,WASFASHIONEDAFTERAGERMANDOLLARIGHTBWRONGCNOTMENTIONED19RUTHHANDLERSINSPIRATIONFORTHEDESIGNOFBARBIEDOLLCOMEFROMAFASHIONDESIGNERARIGHTBWRONGCNOTMENTIONED20SINCE1959MOREANDMOREPEOPLEAREINTHEMARKETFORTHEBARBIEDOLLARIGHTBWRONGCNOTMENTIONED21SINCETHEBIRTHOFTHEBARBIEDOLLITHASSERVEDASASIGNTOSHOWTHETENDENCYOFTHEFASHIONARIGHTBWRONGCNOTMENTIONED22THEBARBIEDOLLHASUNDERGONEMANYCHANGESOVERTHEYEARSARIGHTBWRONGCNOTMENTIONED第3部分概括大意与完成句子（第2330题，每题1分，共8分）下面的短文后有2项测试任务1第2326题要求从所给的6个选项中为第25段每段选择1个最佳标题；2第2730题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。TRANSPORTANDTRADE1TRANSPORTISONEOFTHEAIDSTOTRADEBYMOVINGGOODSFROMPLACESWHERETHEYAREPLENTIFULTOPLACESWHERETHEYARESCARCE,TRANSPORTADDSTOTHEIRVALUETHEMOREEASILYGOODSCANBEBROUGHTOVERTHEDISTANCETHATSEPARATESPRODUCERANDCONSUMER,THEBETTERFORTRADEWHENTHEREWERENORAILWAYS,NOGOODROADS,NOCANALS,ANDONLYSMALLSAILINGSHIPS,TRADEWASONASMALLSCALE2THEGREATADVANCESMADEINTRANSPORTDURINGTHELASTTWOHUNDREDYEARSWEREACCOMPANIEDBYABIGINCREASEINTRADEBIGGERANDFASTERSHIPSENABLEDATRADEINMEATTODEVELOPBETWEENBRITAINANDNEWZEALAND,FORINSTANCEQUICKERTRANSPORTMAKESPOSSIBLEMASSPRODUCTIONANDBIGBUSINESS,DRAWINGSUPPLIESFROM,ANDSELLINGGOODSTO,ALLPARTSOFTHEGLOBALBIGFACTORIESCOULDNOTEXISTWITHOUTTRANSPORTTOCARRYTHELARGENUMBEROFWORKERSTHEYNEEDTOANDFROMTHEIRHOMESBIGCITYSTORESCOULDNOTHAVEDEVELOPEDUNLESSCUSTOMERSCOULDTRAVELEASILYFROMTHESUBURBSANDGOODSDELIVEREDTOTHEIRHOMESBIGCITIESCOULDNOTSURVIVEUNLESSFOODCOULDBEBROUGHTFROMADISTANCE3TRANSPORTALSOPREVENTSWASTEMUCHOFTHEFISHLANDEDATTHEPORTSWOULDBEWASTEDIFITCOULDNOTBETAKENQUICKLYTOINLANDTOWNSTRANSPORTHASGIVENUSAMUCHGREATERVARIETYOFFOODSANDGOODSSINCEWENOLONGERHAVETOLIVEONWHATISPRODUCEDLOCALLYFOODS,WHICHATONETIMECOULDBEOBTAINED获得ONLYDURINGAPARTOFTHEYEAR,CANNOWBEOBTAINEDALLTHROUGHTHEYEARTRANSPORTHASRAISEDTHESTANDARDOFLIVING4BYMOVINGFUEL,RAWMATERIALS,ANDEVENPOWER,AS,FOREXAMPLE,THROUGHELECTRICCABLES,TRANSPORTHASLEDTOTHEESTABLISHMENTOFINDUSTRIESANDTRADEINAREASWHERETHEYWOULDHAVEBEENIMPOSSIBLEBEFOREDISTRICTSANDCOUNTRIESCANCONCENTRATEONMAKINGTHINGSWHICHTHEYCANDOBETTERANDMORECHEAPLYTHANOTHERSANDCANTHENEXCHANGETHEMWITHONEANOTHERTHECHEAPERANDQUICKERTRANSPORTBECOMES,THELONGERTHEDISTANCEOVERWHICHGOODSCANPROFITABLYBECARRIEDCOUNTRIESWITHPOORTRANSPORTHAVEALOWERSTANDARDOFLIVING5COMMERCEREQUIRESNOTONLYTHEMOVINGOFGOODSANDPEOPLEBUTALSOTHECARRYINGOFMESSAGESANDINFORMATIONMEANSOFCOMMUNICATION,LIKETELEPHONES,CABLESANDRADIO,SENDINFORMATIONABOUTPRICES,SUPPLIES,ANDCHANGINGCONDITIONSINDIFFERENTPARTSOFTHEWORLDINTHISWAY,ADVANCEDCOMMUNICATIONSYSTEMSALSOHELPTODEVELOPTRADE23PARAGRAPH2_24PARAGRAPH3_25PARAGRAPH4_26PARAGRAPH5_AHIGHERLIVINGSTANDARDBIMPORTANCEOFTRANSPORTINTRADECVARIOUSMEANSOFTRANSPORTDBIRTHOFTRANSPORTRELATEDINDUSTRIESANDTRADEEROLEOFINFORMATIONINTRADEFPUBLICTRANSPORTATION27THEDEVELOPMENTOFMODERNMEANSOFTRANSPORT_28ONLYWHENGOODSCANBECARRIEDTOALLPARTSOFTHEWORLDQUICKLY_29TRANSPORTHASMADEITPOSSIBLEFORPEOPLETOEATWHATEVERFOODTHEYWANT_30INTHETRADEOFMODERNSOCIETYTHETRANSMISSIONOFINFORMATIONPLAYSASIMPORTANTAROLEAS_ATOSENDGOODSTOVARIOUSPARTSOFTHEWORLDBATANYTIMEDURINGTHEYEARCHASGREATLYPROMOTEDTRADEDISITPOSSIBLETOPRODUCEONALARGESCALEETHETRANSPORTOFGOODSFITISPOSSIBLETOPRODUCEONALARGESCALE第4部分阅读理解第3145题，每题3分，共45分下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。第一篇ONEROOMSCHOOLSONEROOMSCHOOLSAREPARTOFTHEHERITAGEOFTHEUNITEDSTATES,ANDTHEMENTIONOFTHEMMAKESPEOPLEFEELAVAGUELONGINGFOR“THEWAYTHINGSWERE”ONEROOMSCHOOLSAREANENDANGEREDSPECIES濒于灭绝的物种,HOWEVERFORMORETHANAHUNDREDYEARS,ONEROOMSCHOOLSHAVEBEENSYSTEMATICALLY系统地SHUTDOWN关闭ANDTHEIRSTUDENTSAWAYTOCENTRALIZEDSCHOOLSASRECENTLYAS1930THEREWERE149,000ONEROOMSCHOOLSINTHEUNITEDSTATESBY1970THEREWERE1,800TODAY,OFTHENEARLY800REMAININGONEROOMSCHOOLS,MORETHAN350AREINNEBRASKATHERESTARESCATTEREDTHROUGHAFEWOTHERSTATESTHATHAVEONTHEIRROADMAPSWIDEOPENSPACESBETWEENTOWNSNOWTHATTHEREAREHARDLYANYLEFT,EDUCATORSAREBEGINNINGTOTHINKTHATMAYBETHEREISSOMETHINGYETTOBELEARNEDFROMONEROOMSCHOOLS,SOMETHINGTHATSERVEDTHEPIONEERSTHATMIGHTSERVEASWELLTODAYPROGRESSIVEEDUCATORSHAVECOMEUPWITHPROGRESSIVESOUNDINGNAMESLIKE“PEERGROUPTEACHING”AND“MULTIAGEGROUPING”FOREDUCATIONALPROCEDURESTHATOCCURNATURALLYINTHEONEROOMSCHOOLINAONEROOMSCHOOLTHECHILDRENTEACHEACHOTHERBECAUSETHETEACHERISBUSYPARTOFTHETIMETEACHINGSOMEONEELSEAFOURTHGRADERCANWORKATAFIFTHGRADELEVELINMATHANDATHIRDGRADELEVELINENGLISHWITHOUTTHESTIGMA耻辱ASSOCIATEDWITHBEINGLEFTBACKORTHEPRESSURESOFBEINGSKIPPEDAHEADAYOUNGSTERWITHALEARNINGDISABILITYCANFINDHISORHEROWNLEVELWITHOUTBEINGSEPARATEDFROMTHEOTHERPUPILSINLARGERURBANANDSUBURBANSCHOOLSTODAY,THISISCALLED“MAINSTREAMING”AFEWHOURSINASMALLSCHOOLTHATHASONLYONECLASSROOMANDITBECOMESCLEARWHYSOMANYPARENTSFEELTHATONEOFTHEADVANTAGESOFLIVINGINNEBRASKAISTHATTHEIRCHILDRENHAVETOGOTOAONEROOMSCHOOL31ITISIMPLIEDINTHEPASSAGETHATMANYEDUCATORSANDPARENTSTODAYFEELTHATONEROOMSCHOOLSANEEDTOBESHUTDOWNBARETHEBESTINNEBRASKACAREAGOODEXAMPLEOFTHEGOODOLDDAYSDPROVIDEGOODEDUCATION32WHYAREONEROOMSCHOOLSINDANGEROFDISAPPEARINGABECAUSETHEYALLEXISTINONESTATEBBECAUSETHEYSKIPTOOMANYCHILDRENAHEADCBECAUSETHEREISATRENDTOWARDCENTRALIZATIONDBECAUSETHEREISNOFOURTHGRADELEVELINANYOFTHEM33WHATISMENTIONEDASAMAJORCHARACTERISTICOFTHEONEROOMSCHOOLSYSTEMINTHESECONDPARAGRAPHASOMECHILDRENHAVETOBELEFTBACKBTEACHERSAREALWAYSBUSYCPUPILSHAVEMOREFREEDOMDLEARNINGISNOTLIMITEDTOONEGRADELEVELATATIME34WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGCANBESTDESCRIBETHEAUTHORSATTITUDETOWARDONEROOMSCHOOLSAPRAISINGBANGRYCCRITICALDHUMOROUS35ITCANBEINFERREDFROMTHELASTSENTENCETHATPARENTSLIVINGINNEBRASKAADONTLIKECENTRALIZEDSCHOOLSBRECEIVEDEDUCATIONINONEROOMSCHOOLSCPREFERRURALLIFETOURBANONEDCOMEFROMOTHERSTATES第二篇BUSTRAVELNOWANDTHENNOBODY,EXCEPTPERHAPSLITTLECHILDREN,CONSIDERSAJOURNEYINABUSASEXCITINGEXPERIENCEALTHOUGHTHEREARETHOUSANDSOFCARSONTHEROADS,MOREPEOPLETRAVELBYBUSTHANBYCARWORKERSRUSHINGTOTHEIROFFICESORFACTORIES,CHILDRENHURRYINGTOSCHOOL,HOUSEWIVESGOINGSHOPPING,USEBUSESFORCITIESWITHOUTOTHERPUBLICTRANSPORTSERVICES,IFALLTHEBUSESWERETOSTOPRUNNINGFORADAY,WORKWOULDCOMETOASTANDSTILLINHUNDREDSOFOFFICESANDFACTORIESANDMOSTCLASSROOMSWOULDBEDESERTEDBUSESTODAYARELARGEANDHAVECOMFORTABLESEATS,MOSTLYFACINGTHEFRONTTOGETTHEDRIVERTOSTOPATABUSSTOP,APASSENGERHASMERELYTOPUSHABUTTON,WHICHRINGSABELLPLACEDNEARTHEDRIVERTHEBUSSCHEDULEFORTHECITYISWELLPLANNED,ANDSELDOMDOESONEHAVETOWAITVERYLONGTOCATCHABUSONECANGOFROMALMOSTANYPARTOFTHECITYTOANOTHERBYBUSOFCOURSE,THEREAREDRAWBACKSINBUSTRAVELOFTENTHEBUSESAREFILLEDTOCAPACITY,ESPECIALLYDURINGTHERUSHHOURS,ANDTHENONEMAYHAVETOWAITLONGERTHANUSUALATABUSSTOPFORABUSWITHSPACEFORMOREPASSENGERSIFONEGETSINTOACROWDEDBUS,ONEMAYHAVETOREMAINSTANDINGTHROUGHOUTTHEJOURNEYHOLDINGONTOALEATHERSTRAPTHISCANBEQUITEUNCOMFORTABLEANDEVENALITTLEDANGEROUS,ASONEMAYBEJERKEDOFFONESFEETIFTHEBUSSTOPSORSTARTSSUDDENLYINSPITEOFTHEINCONVENIENCES,WESHOULDBEGRATEFULFORTHEADVANTAGESOFBUSTRAVELTODAYTHESITUATIONWASQUITEDIFFERENTAGENERATIONORTWOAGOINTHEEARLY1830SBUSESWEREMUCHSMALLERTHANTHEYARENOWTHEYDIDNOTRUNTOAPROPERTIMETABLE时间表TOCATCHABUSONESTOODATABUSSTOPMANYROADSDIDNOTEVENHAVEBUSSTOPS,ANDTOOKONESCHANCEBUSESTOOKINASMANYPASSENGERSASCOULDSQUEEZEIN挤进去PASSENGERSSATONBENCHESPLACEDONEITHERSIDEOFTHEBUS,FACINGEACHOTHER36INABIGCITY,CARSARELESSIMPORTANTTHANBUSESBECAUSEACARSCARRYFARFEWERPEOPLEBCARTRAVELISLESSEXCITINGCCARSAREMOREEXPENSIVEDCARSAREINCONVENIENT37INORDERTOGETOFFTHEBUS,APASSENGERHASTOASHOUTTOTHEDRIVERBPUSHSOMEBUTTONSCJUMPOFFTHEBUSDRINGASPECIALBELL38BUSTRAVELNOWADAYSAISWORSETHANBEFOREBISNOBETTERTHANBEFORECISMORECONVENIENTTHANBEFOREDISTHESAMEASBEFORE39WHATMAYHAPPENWHENONEISSTANDINGINACROWDEDBUSAONEMAYBEFORCEDTOLEAVETHEBUSBONEMAYNOTHAVETOPAYTHEFARECONEMAYBECOMESUFFOCATEDDONEMAYLOSEONESBALANCE40WECANDEDUCEFROMTHEFOURTHPARAGRAPHTHATINFORMERTIMESBUSSERVICESWEREAEVENTFULBIRREGULARCEFFICIENTDWELLPLANNED第三篇TVSHOWSANDLONGBUSTRIPSLONGBUSRIDESARELIKETELEVISIONSSHOWSTHEYHAVEABEGINNING,AMIDDLE,ANDANENDWITHCOMMERCIALS商业的THROWNINEVERYTHREEORFOURMINUTESTHECOMMERCIALSAREUNAVOIDABLETHEYHAPPENWHETHERYOUWANTTHEMORNOTEVERYCOUPLEOFMINUTESABILLBOARDGLIDESBYOUTSI