高中化学基本恶补（the basic cramming of senior high school chemistry）

高中化学基本恶补（THEBASICCRAMMINGOFSENIORHIGHSCHOOLCHEMISTRY）FIRST,PHYSICALPROPERTIES1,COLOREDGASF2LIGHTYELLOWGREEN,CL2HUANGLVSHAI,BR2GREDBROWN,I2GPURPLE,NO2REDBROWN,O3PALEBLUE,THERESTARECOLORLESSGASTHECOLOROFOTHERSUBSTANCESISSHOWNINTHECOLORCHARTOFTHEEXAMINATIONMANUAL2,THEPUNGENTSMELLOFGASHF,HCL,HBR,HI,NH3,SO2,NO2,F2,CL2,BR2GSMELLYEGGSSMELLOFGASH2S3MELTINGPOINTANDSTATETHEMELTINGPOINTOFTHESAMEKINDOFMETALDECREASESFROMTOPTOBOTTOM,ANDTHEMELTINGPOINTOFTHENONMETALLICMETALRISESFROMTOPTOBOTTOM2THEMELTINGBOILINGPOINTOFTHENONMETALLICELEMENTSINCREASESFROMTOPTOBOTTOM,ANDTHENH3,H2OANDHFANOMALIESWITHHYDROGENBONDSAREANOMALOUSINTHEGASEOUSORGANICCOMPOUNDSATROOMTEMPERATURETHENUMBEROFCARBONATOMSISLESSTHANOREQUALTO4HYDROCARBON,METHYLCHLORIDE,FORMALDEHYDE4THELAWOFMELTINGBOILINGPOINTATOMICCRYSTALIONICCRYSTALMOLECULARCRYSTAL,METALCRYSTALISNOTNECESSARILYTHEMELTINGOFATOMICCRYSTALSONLYDESTROYSCOVALENTBONDS,ANDTHEMELTINGOFIONICCRYSTALSONLYDESTROYSTHEIONICBONDSTHEMELTINGOFMOLECULARCRYSTALSONLYDESTROYSINTERMOLECULARFORCESITISLIQUIDATROOMTEMPERATURE,THEELEMENTALBR2HGGASEOUSELEMENTALH2,O2,O3,N2,F2,CL2TEMPERATUREWASLIQUIDINORGANICCOMPOUNDSAREMAINLYH2O,H2O2,SULFURICACID,NITRICACIDTHESAMEGENERALORGANICCARBONATOMSINCREASES,MELTINGTHEHIGHERBOILINGPOINT,MOREBRANCHED,LOWERMELTINGPOINTANDBOILINGPOINTAMONGISOMERS,THEPOSITIVE,THEDIFFERENT,THENEW,THEADJACENT,THEINTERMEDIATEANDTHEOPPOSITETHECOMPARISONOFBOILINGPOINTANDMELTINGPOINTOFATTENTIONUNDERNORMALTEMPERATURE,SOLIDLIQUIDGASSUCHASPDRYCARBONDISULFIDE9SUBLIMATIONSUBSTANCESELEMENTALIODINE,DRYICE,ANDALSOCANBESUBLIMATEDREDPHOSPHORUSCUTOFFFROMTHEAIRCONDITION,BUTAFTERCOOLINGINTOWHITEPHOSPHORUS,ALUMINUMCHLORIDEORFERRICCHLORIDESUBLIMATIONCANBE100DEGREESTHELIQUEFIEDGASNH3,CL2,NH3CANBEUSEDASAREFRIGERANT4,SOLUBILITYTHESOLUBILITYOFCOMMONGASISFROMBIGTOSMALLNH3,HCL,SO2,H2S,CL2,CO2EASILYSOLUBLEINWATERINTHEAIRTOFORMMISTOFGAS,GASCANDOTHEFOUNTAINEXPERIMENTNH3,HF,HCL,HBR,HITHEGASDISSOLVEDINWATERCO2,SO2,CL2,BR2,H2S,NO2GANTIGASSUCTIONDEVICESHOULDBEUSEDWHENABSORBINGTAILGASWHICHISEASYTODISSOLVEINWATERORGANICSUBSTANCESDISSOLVEDINWATERLOWALCOHOLS,ALDEHYDES,ACIDS,GLUCOSE,FRUCTOSE,SUCROSE,STARCH,AMINOACIDSPHENOLDISSOLUTIONTHESOLUBILITYOFHALOGENELEMENTSINORGANICSOLVENTSISLARGERTHANTHATINWATERTHESULFURANDPHOSPHORUSARESOLUBLEINCARBONDISULFIDEPHENOLSLIGHTLYSOLUBLEINWATERMORETHAN65DEGREESSOLUBLE,SOLUBLEINALCOHOLANDOTHERORGANICSOLVENTSTHETHREEKINDOFINSOLUBLESULFATEGAIYINBEI,ACHLORIDEINSOLUBLESILVER,ONLYSOLUBLEPOTASSIUMSODIUMAMMONIUMCARBONATETHEMOSTSOLIDSOLUBILITYINCREASESWITHTHETEMPERATURE,THETEMPERATUREHASLITTLEEFFECTONTHEMINORITYSUCHASNACL,VERYFEWWITHTEMPERATUREINCREASESSUCHASCAOH2THESOLUBILITYOFGASDECREASESWITHTHEINCREASEOFTEMPERATUREANDINCREASESWITHTHEINCREASEOFPRESSURE5,DENSITY1THEGENERALDENSITYOFTHEELEMENTSOFTHESAMESPECIESINCREASESFROMTOPTOBOTTOMTHEGASDENSITYISDETERMINEDBYTHERELATIVEMOLECULARWEIGHTTHEDENSITYOFORGANICCOMPOUNDSCONTAININGC,HANDOISLESSTHANTHATOFWATERPHENOLISGREATERTHANWATER,ANDTHEDENSITYOFORGANICMATTERCONTAININGBROMINE,IODINE,NITROGROUPANDMANYCHLORINEISGREATERTHANTHATOFWATERTHEDENSITYOFSODIUMISLESSTHANTHATOFWATER,WHICHISGREATERTHANTHATOFALCOHOLANDBENZENE6GENERALLY,METALLICELEMENTSWITHMETALLICLUSTERANDELECTRICALCONDUCTIVITYAREALLMETALSNOTNECESSARILYGRAPHITEHASTHISPROPERTY,BUTISITNONMETALLICTWO,STRUCTURE1,RADIUSTHERADIUSOFTHEATOMINTHEPERIODICTABLEDECREASESFROMTHELOWERLEFTTOTHEUPPERRIGHTEXCEPTFORTHENOBLEGASTHEIONRADIUSINCREASESFROMTOPTOBOTTOM,ANDTHEMETALIONSANDNONMETALIONSINTHESAMEPERIODDECREASEFROMLEFTTORIGHT,BUTTHERADIUSOFNONMETALLICIONSISLARGERTHANTHERADIUSOFMETALIONSTHELARGERTHEPROTONNUMBERIS,THESMALLERTHERADIUSIS2,VALENCETHEREISNONEGATIVEVALENCEFORGENERALMETALELEMENTS,BUTTHEREAREANIONSFORMEDBYMETALSNONMETALLICELEMENTSEXCEPTOANDFHAVETHEHIGHESTPOSITIVEVALENCETHESUMOFTHEABSOLUTEVALUEOFTHEHIGHESTPOSITIVEPRICEANDTHELOWESTNEGATIVEPRICEIS8THEPRICEISGENERALLYNONIRONMETAL,METALVALENCEISGENERALLYC,CL,S,N,OTHESUBSTANCESOFVARIOUSELEMENTSOFALGEBRAANDZEROVALENCEACCORDINGTOTHEVALENCEOFCORRECTWRITINGFORMULAFORMULA,ANDCANJUDGETHEVALENCEACCORDINGTOTHECHEMICALFORMULA3REPRESENTATIONOFMOLECULARSTRUCTUREWHETHERITISTHE8ELECTRONSTABLESTRUCTURE,MAINLYDEPENDSONTHENUMBEROFCOVALENTBONDSFORMEDBYNONMETALELEMENTSHALOGENBOND,OXYGENDOUBLEBOND,NITROGENOUSTRIPLEBOND,CARBONGROUPKEYFOURTHEELEMENTSINCOMMONBORONCANNOTFORM8ELECTRONSTABLESTRUCTUREMASTERTHESPATIALSTRUCTUREOFTHEFOLLOWINGMOLECULESCO2,H2O,NH3,CH4,C2H4,C2H2,C6H6,P44THEPOLARITYOFBONDANDTHEPOLARITYOFMOLECULEMASTERINGTHECONCEPTSOFCHEMICALBONDS,IONICBONDS,COVALENTBONDS,POLARCOVALENTBONDS,NONPOLARCOVALENTBONDS,INTERMOLECULARFORCESANDHYDROGENBONDSMASTERINGTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENFOURKINDSOFCRYSTALSANDCHEMICALBONDANDFANDEHUAFORCEGRASPTHEPOLARRELATIONSHIPBETWEENMOLECULARPOLARITYANDCOVALENTBONDTHEMOLECULESOFTWODIFFERENTATOMSMUSTBEPOLARMOLECULESCOMMONNONPOLARMOLECULESCO2,SO3,PCL3,CH4,CCL4,C2H4,C2H2,C6H6ANDMOSTNONMETALLICELEMENTSTHREEBASICCONCEPTS1THECONCEPTOFDISTINGUISHINGELEMENTS,ISOTOPES,ATOMS,MOLECULES,IONS,CLUSTERSANDSUBSTITUENTSCORRECTLYWRITETHENAMES,SYMBOLS,IONICSYMBOLSOFCOMMONELEMENTS,INCLUDINGIA,IVA,VA,VIA,VIIA,RAREGASELEMENTS,120ELEMENTSANDZN,FE,CU,HG,AG,PT,AUANDSOON2INTHEPHYSICALCHANGES,THEMOLECULESREMAINTHESAME,THEATOMSINTHECHEMICALCHANGESREMAINUNCHANGED,ANDTHEMOLECULESCHANGETHEPHYSICALCHANGESOFCOMMONPROPERTIESDISTILLATION,FRACTIONATION,FLAMEREACTIONANDCOLLOIDDINGDAERPHENOMENON,ELECTROPHORESIS,COLLOIDALAGGREGATION,DIALYSIS,BROWN,PROTEINADSORPTION,PRECIPITATION,EVAPORATION,SEPARATION,EXTRACTIONLIQUID,DISSOLVEDIMPURITIESALCOHOLDISSOLVEDIODINEETCCHEMICALCHANGESINCOMMONSYNTHESIS,DECOMPOSITION,ELECTROLYTESOLUTIONCONDUCTIVITY,PROTEINDENATURATION,DISTILLATION,ELECTROLYSIS,METALCORROSION,WEATHERING,VULCANIZATION,PASSIVATION,CRACKING,CRACKING,COLORREACTION,ALLOTROPEANDCONVERSIONOFALKALITOOIL,WATER,ALUMCRYSTALLINEHYDRATEDEHYDRATION,CONCENTRATEDSULFURICACIDDEHYDRATIONNOTETHELOSSOFVITRIOLCONCENTRATEDSULFURICACIDISACHEMICALCHANGE,DRYGASPHYSICALCHANGE3UNDERSTANDTHEMEANINGANDRELATIONSHIPOFATOMICWEIGHTRELATIVEATOMICWEIGHT,MOLECULARWEIGHTRELATIVEMOLECULARWEIGHT,MOLARMASS,MASSNUMBER4PURESUBSTANCEHASAFIXEDBOILINGPOINT,ICEWATERMIXING,H2ANDD2MIXING,WATERANDHEAVYWATERMIXING,CRYSTALLIZATIONHYDRATEISPURETHEREISNOFIXEDMELTINGPOINTANDBOILINGPOINTMIXTURES,SUCHASGLASS,PETROLEUM,THERMIT,SOLUTION,SUSPENSION,EMULSION,COLLOID,POLYMERCOMPOUND,BLEACHINGPOWDER,BLEACHINGPOWDER,NATURALOIL,ALKALILIME,AQUAREGIA,ALLOTROPEOFMATERIALCOMPOSITIONO2ANDO3,ISOMERSAMATERIALSUCHASC5H125MASTERTHECHARACTERISTICSANDCOMMONREACTIONSOFCHEMICALREACTIONCLASSIFICATIONAFROMTHECOMPOSITIONOFTHEMATERIALCHEMICALREACTION,DECOMPOSITIONREACTION,DISPLACEMENTREACTION,METATHESISREACTIONBFROMORWITHOUTELECTRONTRANSFERREDOXREACTIONORNONREDOXREACTIONCFROMREACTIONPARTICLESIONREACTIONORMOLECULARREACTIONTHEDEGREEANDDIRECTIONOFDFROMREACTIONREVERSIBLEREACTIONORIRREVERSIBLEREACTIONEFROMTHETHERMALEFFECTOFREACTIONENDOTHERMICREACTIONOREXOTHERMICREACTIONTHE6ALLOTROPEISPURE,PHYSICALPROPERTIESBETWEENALLOTROPEOFDIFFERENTCHEMICALPROPERTIES,BASICALLYTHESAMETHEDIAMETEROFULTRAFINEPARTICLESINNANOMATERIALSISINTHESAMEORDEROFMAGNITUDEASTHATOFCOLLOIDALPARTICLES,ALLOFWHICHARE10100NM17FAT,STARCH,PROTEIN,PHENOL,NITROGLYCERIN,SODIUMALUM,AL2S3,MG3N2,CAC2ETCUNDERCERTAINCONDITIONSCANUNDERGOHYDROLYSISREACTIONINTHEPRESENCEOFNAANDO18SODIUMPEROXIDEIS21SI,OATOMSEXISTONLYINQUARTZ,MOLECULESDONOTEXISTTHESMALLERTHEPHVALUEOFTHE19SOLUTIONIS,THEGREATERTHEHYDROGENIONCONCENTRATIONIS,THELESSTHENUMBEROFHYDROGENIONSWILLBE20ELEMENTS,SUCHASCUANDCL2,ARENEITHERELECTROLYTESNORNONELECTROLYTESIN21SODIUMCHLORIDECRYSTALS,THEREARE6NEARESTANDEQUALCHLORIDEIONSPERSODIUMION22THEMETALELEMENTSWITHMOREELECTRONLOSSARENOTNECESSARILYMOREACTIVETHANTHOSEWITHLESSELECTRONLOSS,SUCHASNAANDAL23ATROOMTEMPERATURE20C,SOLUBILITYISMORETHAN10GRAMSSOLUBLEMORETHAN1GRAMSOFSOLUBLELESSTHAN1GRAMSOFSLIGHTLYSOLUBLELESSTHAN001GRAMSINSOLUBLE24COLLOIDCHARGEDGENERALLYSPEAKING,METALHYDROXIDE,METALOXIDECOLLOIDALPARTICLESWITHPOSITIVE,NONMETALLICOXIDE,METALSULFIDECOLLOIDALPARTICLESWITHNEGATIVECHARGE25OXIDATIONMNO4,CL2,BR2,FE3,I2,S26MATERIALSTHATCANFORMHYDROGENBONDSH2O,NH3,HF,CH3CH2OH27WHENTHEPHVALUEOFRAINWATERISLESSTHAN56,ITBECOMESACIDRAIN28SUBSTITUTIONREACTIONSINCLUDEHALOGENATION,NITRATION,HYDROLYSISOFHALOGENATEDHYDROCARBONS,HYDROLYSISOFESTERS,ESTERIFICATIONANDSOON29COLLOIDPRECIPITATIONMETHOD1ADDINGELECTROLYTE2ADDINGTHEOPPOSITECOLLOID3HEATING30COMMONCOLLOIDLIQUIDSOLFEOH3,AGI,MILK,SOYBEANMILK,PORRIDGE,ETCAEROSOLSFOG,CLOUD,SMOKE,ETCSOLIDSOLCOLOREDGLASS,SMOKECRYSTAL,ETC31THEDENSITYOFAMMONIAWATERISLESSTHAN1,THEDENSITYOFSULFURICACIDISGREATERTHAN1,ANDTHEDENSITYOFCONCENTRATEDSULFURICACIDIS184G/CM3,98THECONCENTRATIONWAS184MOL/L32CARBOHYDRATESARENOTNECESSARILYCARBOHYDRATES,SUCHASFORMALDEHYDEFOURBASICTHEORY1,MASTERADIAGRAMATOMICSTRUCTUREDIAGRAM,TYPEFIVEMOLECULARFORMULA,STRUCTURETYPE,SIMPLESTRUCTURETYPE,ELECTRONICTYPE,SIMPLETYPE,SIXEQUATIONSCHEMICALEQUATION,IONIZATIONEQUATION,HYDROLYSISEQUATION,EQUATION,IONELECTRODEEQUATION,THERMOCHEMICALEQUATIONOFTHERIGHTOFWRITING2,THESIMPLESTORGANICMATTERTYPETHESAME1CHC2H2ANDC6H62CH23CH2OOLEFINSANDNAPHTHENESFORMALDEHYDE,ACETICACID,METHYLFORMATEANDCNH2NOSATURATEDMONOALDEHYDEORSATURATEDMONOKETONEANDTWOTIMESASMUCHASTHENUMBEROFCARBONATOMSANDASATURATEDMONOCARBOXYLICACIDORESTERFOREXAMPLEACETALDEHYDEC2H4OANDBUTYRICACIDANDITSISOMERSC4H8O23,THENUCLEUSOFANATOMISCOMPOSEDOFPROTONSANDNEUTRONS,BUTNOATOMICPROTIUM1HNEUTRON4EACHCYCLEINTHEPERIODICTABLEDOESNOTNECESSARILYSTARTFROMTHEMETALELEMENT,FOREXAMPLE,THEFIRSTCYCLEBEGINSWITHHYDROGEN5ANDIIIBCONTAINTHEMOSTKINDSOFELEMENTSTHEREAREMANYKINDSOFCOMPOUNDSFORMEDBYCARBONELEMENTS,ANDTHECRYSTALSCOMPOSEDOFELEMENTSINGROUPIVABELONGTOATOMICCRYSTALS,SUCHASDIAMOND,CRYSTALSILICON,SILICONDIOXIDE,SILICONCARBIDEANDSOON6ATOMSWITHTHESAMEMASS,ATOMSTHATDONOTNECESSARILYBELONGTOTHESAMEELEMENTS,SUCHAS18OAND18F,40KAND40CA7AIVVIIAFAMILYVIIAELEMENTSNOTONLYALLOTROPES,ANDNOTWITHELEMENTALOXYGENDIRECTLY8,ACTIVEMETALANDNONMETALIONCOMPOUNDSGENERALLYFORMLIVELY,BUTALCL3ISACOVALENTCOMPOUNDMELTINGPOINTANDBOILINGPOINTISLOW,YISHENGHUA,DOUBLEPOLYMOLECULE,ALLATOMSHAVEREACHEDTHEOUTER8ELECTRONICSTABILITYSTRUCTURE9,THEMOREACTIVENATUREOFTHEGENERALELEMENT,THENATUREOFITSELEMENTSAREALSOLIVELY,BUTNANDPCONTRARY,BECAUSEN2FORMEDTHREEKEYS10NONMETALLICELEMENTSGENERALLYFORMCOVALENTCOMPOUNDS,BUTNH4CL,NH4NO3ANDOTHERAMMONIUMSALTSAREIONICCOMPOUNDS11THEREISNOSINGLEMOLECULEINTHEIONICCOMPOUNDUNDERGENERALCONDITIONS,BUTINTHEGASEOUSSTATE,ITEXISTSASASINGLEMOLECULESUCHASNACL12COMPOUNDSCONTAININGNONPOLARBONDSARENOTNECESSARILYCOVALENTCOMPOUNDS,SUCHASNA2O2,FES2,CAC2,ETC13,THEMOLECULESARENOTNECESSARILYNONPOLARMOLECULES,SUCHASO3ISPOLARMOLECULES14,HYDROGENINGENERALHYDRIDESIS1,BUTHYDROGENINMETALHYDRIDEIS1,SUCHASNAH,CAH2ANDSOON15NONMETALLICELEMENTSGENERALLYDONOTCONDUCTELECTRICITY,BUTGRAPHITECANCONDUCTELECTRICITY,ANDSILICONISASEMICONDUCTOR16NONMETALLICOXIDESAREGENERALLYACIDICOXIDES,BUTCOANDNOARENOTACIDICOXIDES,BUTBELONGTONONSALTOXIDES17ACIDOXIDESDONOTREACTWITHWATERSIO218,METALOXIDESAREGENERALLYALKALINEOXIDES,BUTSOMEHIGHVALENCEMETALOXIDESAREACIDICOXIDES,SUCHASMN2O7,CRO3ETCBUTBELONGTOACIDICOXYGEN,2KOHMN2O72KMNO4H2O19THESUMOFTHEHIGHESTPOSITIVEVALENCEOFNONMETALELEMENTSANDTHEABSOLUTEVALUEOFITSNEGATIVEVALENCEISEQUALTO8,BUTFLUORINEHASNOPOSITIVEVALENCE,ANDOXYGENIS2VALENCEINOF220CRYSTALSCONTAININGCATIONSDONOTNECESSARILYCONTAINANIONS,SUCHASMETALCATIONSINMETALCRYSTALSWITHOUTANIONS21IONICCRYSTALSDONOTNECESSARILYCONTAINIONICBONDS,SUCHASNAOH,NA2O2,NH4CL,CH3COONA,ETC,ANDALSOCONTAINCOVALENTBONDS22THESTRUCTUREOFTHEELECTRONLAYEROFTHERAREGASATOMMUSTBESTABLESTRUCTURE,ANDTHESTRUCTUREOFTHEELECTRONLAYEROFTHEOTHERATOMSMUSTNOTBESTABLETHESTRUCTUREOFTHEELECTRONLAYEROFTHE23IONMUSTBESTABLETHERADIUSOFTHE24CATIONMUSTBESMALLERTHANTHERADIUSOFTHECORRESPONDINGATOM,ANDTHERADIUSOFTHEANIONMUSTBELARGERTHANTHERADIUSOFTHECORRESPONDINGATOM25THERADIUSOFAHIGHVALENCECATIONFORMEDBYANATOMMUSTBESMALLERTHANTHERADIUSOFITSLOWVALENCECATIONSUCHASFE3S2IBRCLOHOXYGENCONTAININGIONFCATHODEAGHG2FE3CU2HPB2SN2FE2ZN2AL3MG2NACA2K67ELECTROLYTICMELTINGOFIONICCOMPOUNDSSMELTINGMETALSNACL,MGCL2,AL2O3METALSMELTINGBYTHERMALREDUCTIONZNTOCUSMELTINGMETALSBYTHERMALDECOMPOSITIONHGANDAGWHENCOPPERISREFINEDBY68,COPPERISUSEDASANODE,REFINEDCOPPERASCATHODE,ANDCOPPERSULFATESOLUTIONASELECTROLYTE69INDUSTRIALUSEOFELECTROLYTICSATURATEDSALTWATERTOPRODUCECHLORINE,HYDROGENANDSODIUMHYDROXIDEWEREOBTAINEDSIMULTANEOUSLYTHEANODEISGRAPHITEANDTHECATHODEISIRONDURINGELECTROLYSISPRINCIPLEOF70PREFERENTIALOXIDATIONIFASOLUTIONCONTAINSAVARIETYOFREDUCINGSUBSTANCESATTHESAMETIME,WHENADDINGANOXIDANT,THEPRIORITYOFREDOXSUBSTANCESSUCHASREDUCINGS2FE2IBRCL,ATTHESAMETIMETHEABOVESOLUTIONCONTAININGIONSPASSINTOTHECL2ACCORDINGTOTHEABOVEORDERBYOXIDATIONPRINCIPLEOF71PRIORITYREDUCTIONTHESOLUTIONOFFE3,CU2ANDFE2ISALSOADDEDINTOZNPOWDER,WHICHISREDUCEDTOTHEORDEROFFE3,CU2ANDFE2INTHEORDERTHATTHEOXIDATIONISSTRONGESTTOWEAKPRINCIPLEOF72PREFERENTIALPRECIPITATIONIFTHEREARESEVERALKINDSOFIONSWHICHCANPRECIPITATEWITHTHEREAGENTADDEDINASOLUTION,THESOLUBILITYSTRICTLYSPEAKINGSHOULDBETHESOLUBILITYPRODUCTISPREFERENTIALLYPRECIPITATEDSUCHASMGOH2SOLUBILITYISSMALLERTHANMGCO3,INADDITIONTOTRYTOUSEOHMG2PRINCIPLEOF73PRIORITYNEUTRALIZATIONIFASOLUTIONCONTAINSSEVERALACIDICSUBSTANCESORALKALINESUBSTANCES,WHENANALKALIORACIDISADDED,THEACIDICORALKALINESTRONGSUBSTANCEISPREFERENTIALLYNEUTRALIZEDWHENHYDROCHLORICACIDWASADDEDTOTHEMIXEDSOLUTIONOFNAOHANDNA2CO3,ITOCCURREDFIRSTNAOHTENHCLNACLTENH2O,ANDTHENOCCURREDAGAINNA2CO3TENHCINAHCO3TENNACL,ANDFINALLYOCCURREDNAHCO3HCLNACLTENCO2TENH2OPRINCIPLEOF74PRIORITYARRANGEMENTINAMULTIELECTRONATOM,THEENERGYOFTHEELECTRONISDIFFERENTTHECLOSERTOTHENUCLEUS,THELOWERTHEENERGYWHENTHEELECTRONSAREARRANGED,THEYAREARRANGEDONTHELOWERENERGYORBIT,ANDTHENARRANGEDINTHEHIGHERENERGYORBITAFTERTHELOWENERGYTRACKISFILLED75PREFERREDVOLATILIZATIONPRINCIPLEWHENTHEMIXTUREOFSUBSTANCESWITHDIFFERENTBOILINGPOINTSISBOILING,THESUBSTANCESWITHLOWBOILINGPOINTAREPREFERENTIALLYVOLATILIZEDSOMETIMESFORMINGAZEOTROPEAFTER100GRAMSOF36HYDROCHLORICACIDEVAPORATES10GRAMSOFWATER,THEHYDROCHLORICACIDCONCENTRATIONBECOMESSMALLER,BECAUSETHEBOILINGPOINTOFHCLISLOWERTHANTHATOFWATER,ANDWHENTHEWATERISEVAPORATED,HCLHASEVAPORATEDPETROLEUMFRACTIONATION,THEFIRSTVOLATILEGASOLINEISTHELOWESTBOILINGPOINT,FOLLOWEDBYKEROSENE,DIESEL,LUBRICATINGOILANDSOON76PRINCIPLEOFPRIORITYDISCRIMINATIONAVARIETYOFMATERIALIDENTIFICATIONFIRSTUSEPHYSICALMETHODSSEECOLOR,APPEARANCE,SMELL,OBSERVATION,ANDCHEMICALSOLUBILITYMETHODSSOLIDSUBSTANCESAREGENERALLYFIRSTDISSOLVEDINTOSOLUTION,ANDTHENIDENTIFYWITHTHETESTPAPERTOTESTTHEDIFFERENTIALGASWETTING78,INCREASINGTHECONCENTRATIONOFREACTANTA,THENTHECONVERSIONRATEOFADOESNOTNECESSARILYDECREASEFORAVARIETYOFREVERSIBLEREACTIONREACTANTINTHEREACTION,THEAMOUNTOFAINCREASED,THECONVERSIONRATEOFADECREASEDBUTFORTHEREACTION2NO2GASN2O4GASWHENITREACTSINASEALEDCONTAINERINAFIXEDVOLUME,IFTHEINCREASEOFNO2CONCENTRATION,DUETOINCREASEDPRESSUREWITHINTHESYSTEM,ANDFROMTHEBALANCETOWARDTHEGASVOLUMEDECREASESINTHEDIRECTIONOFMOVEMENT,MOVEMENTANDBALANCERIGHTATTHISPOINT,THECONVERSIONRATEOFNO2ISNOTDECREASED,BUTINCREASED79THECONVERSIONRATEOFEACHREACTANTISEQUALINTHEREACTIONPROCESSBYADDINGTHEINITIALAMOUNTTOTHECOEFFICIENTOFREACTION80,ISOMERSTHEORGANICCOMPOUNDSWITHTHEGENERALFORMULAOFCNH2NO2MAYBECARBOXYLICACID,ESTER,HYDROXYALDEHYDETHEFORMULAWITHCNH2N2ORGANICSMAYBEDIENES,ALKYNEFIVECHEMICALPROPERTIES1,SO2CANBEUSEDASBLEACHINGAGENTALTHOUGHSO2CANORGANICBLEACHINGINGENERAL,BUTCANNOTBEBLEACHEDASINDICATORLITMUSTESTSOLUTIONSO2FUCHSINAREFADEDBECAUSEOFBLEACHING,SO2ANDPOTASSIUMPERMANGANATEAREFADEDBECAUSETHEREDUCTIONOFWATER,SO2NAOHSOLUTIONCONTAININGPHENOLPHTHALEINAREFADEDBECAUSESOLUBLEINACIDDOESNOTGENERATE2,SO2ANDCL2INTOTHEWATER,ALTHOUGHTHEREAREBLEACHING,BUTTHETWOMIXEDWITHTHEAMOUNTOFMATERIAL,ANDTHENINTOTHEWATERWILLLOSEBLEACH,3DILUTEHYDROCHLORICACIDISADDEDINTOASOLUTIONBYADDINGDROPSOFDILUTEHYDROCHLORICACIDTHEFIRSTPOSSIBILITYISTOPRODUCEINSOLUBLECOMPOUNDSWITHCLINCLUDE1AGNO3THESECONDPOSSIBILITYISTOREACTWITHHTOFORMINSOLUBLECOMPOUNDSINCLUDETHESOLUBLESILICATESIO32ION,THEEQUATIONISSIO322HH2SIO3THEFORMATIONOFPHENOLTURBIDITYSOLUTIONBYPHENOLSODIUMSOLUTIONANDHYDROCHLORICACIDTHES2O32IONS2O322HEQUATIONSSO2H2O4SOMECOLLOIDS,SUCHASFEOH3FE,OH3,ARENEGATIVELYCHARGEDANDNEGATIVELYCHARGEDWITHH,RESULTINGINCOLLOIDCONDENSATION,AND,OFCOURSE,IFTHEHYDROCHLORICACIDISADDEDTOEXCESS,THEPRECIPITATEWILLDISSOLVEIFHISOLUTIONISADDED,ITWILLEVENTUALLYOXIDIZETOI2THEALO2IONEQUATIONALO2HH2OALOH3,OFCOURSE,IFYOUCONTINUETODROPWITHHYDROCHLORICACIDTOBEEXCESSIVE,THEPRECIPITATEWILLDISSOLVE4THEEFFECTOFCONCENTRATEDSULFURICACIDTHEREACTIONOFCONCENTRATEDSULFURICACIDWITHCUSTRONGOXIDATIONANDACIDITYETHYLENEPRODUCTIONINLABORATORYCATALYTIC,DEHYDRATINGLABORATORYPREPARATIONOFNITROBENZENECATALYST,WATERABSORBENT,ESTERIFICATIONREACTIONCATALYST,WATERABSORBENTPOURCONCENTRATEDSULFURICACIDINTOSUCROSEDEHYDRATION,STRONGOXIDATIONANDWATERABSORPTIONTHEVITRIOLINTHESULFURICACIDWATER5THEORGANICMATTERTHATCANREACTWITHSILVERMIRRORISNOTNECESSARILYALDEHYDE,ITMAYBETHESECONDTHIRDALDEHYDEFORMICACIDFORMATEFORMICACIDANDESTER5GLUCOSETHEMALTOSEUNDERALKALINEENVIRONMENT6ASUBSTANCETHATREACTSWITHACIDSANDBASESAL,AL2O3,ALOH3THEAMMONIUMSALTSOFWEAKACIDSNH42CO3,NH42SO3,NH42S,ETCTHEWEAKACIDSALT,NAHCO3,NAHSO3NAHSAMINOACIDSIFTHETOPICDOESNOTSPECIFYSTRONGBASEISNAOH,THENUSEBAOH2,NA2CO3,NA2SO3CANALSOBE7,TOXICGASESF2,HF,CL2,H2S,SO2,CO,NO2,NO,BR2G,HCN8THEGASESTHATCANNOTCOEXISTATNORMALTEMPERATUREH2SANDSO2,H2SANDCL2,HIANDCL2,NH3ANDHCL,NOANDO2,F2ANDH29,ITSAQUEOUSSOLUTIONISACIDICGASHF,HCL,HBR,HI,H2S,SO2,CO2,NO2,BR2GTHEREDLITMUSPAPER10,CANMAKETHEWETBLUEGASNH3BLEACHEDGASCL2WITHWATERANDSO2,BUTTHEEFFECTOFBLEACHINGISWEAKENEDWHENTHEYAREUSEDSIMULTANEOUSLYCL2COMMONLYUSEDSTARCHIODIDEPAPER,CL2CANMAKETHEPURPLELITMUSPAPERTURNSREDAFTERTHEFIRSTWETFADE11,CANMAKECLEARLIMEWATERTURBIDITYGASCO2ANDSO2,BUTPASSINTOEXCESSIVEGASPRECIPITATIONANDDISAPPEAR,IDENTIFICATIONSUPPLIESRED12,THEGASHASSTRONGOXIDATIONF2,CL2,BR2G,NO2,O2,O3GASHASSTRONGORRELATIVELYSTRONGREDUCTIONOFH2S,H2,CO,NH3,HI,HBR,HCL,NO,H2,CO,BUTTHEHCL,NO,SO2WITHCONCENTRATEDSULFURICACIDSO2ANDN2BOTHDRYANDISALSOTHEPRIMARYOXIDATION,13,GASANDWATERCANREACTIONCL2,F2,NO2,BR2G,CO2,SO2,NH3,NO2,BR2CL2GANDWATERREACTIONISAREDOXREACTIONANDAREDISPROPORTIONATION,ONLYF2REACTSVIOLENTLYWITHWATERTOPRODUCEO214,CANMAKEWETSTARCHPOTASSIUMIODIDETESTPAPER