2010年高三化学复习知识系统归纳（systematic summary of chemistry review in grade three of senior high school in 2010）

2010年高三化学复习知识系统归纳（SYSTEMATICSUMMARYOFCHEMISTRYREVIEWINGRADETHREEOFSENIORHIGHSCHOOLIN2010）CHEMISTRYISEASYTOFORGETKNOWLEDGEONE,SAVE1WITHLIQUIDBROMINEATHINLAYEROFWATERTHENCOVERANDAIRTIGHTSTOREDINLOWTEMPERATURE2HYDROBROMIDEKEPTINPLASTICBOTTLES3NEWGREENWATERSEALEDWITHBROWNREAGENTBOTTLE4IODINEKEPTINABROWNREAGENTBOTTLEANDPLACEDINTHEDARKTWO,THEROLEOFMATTER1CHLORINEASDISINFECTANT2SILVERBROMIDEFILM,PHOTOGRAPHICPAPER3AGIARTIFICIALRAINFALL4IODINEPREVENTIONOFGOITER5STARCHTOTESTTHEEXISTENCEOFIODINEELEMENT6SODIUMHYPOCHLORITEBLEACHINGTEXTILESTHREE,BALANCEPROBLEMSAREEASYTOIGNORE1NITROGENDIOXIDETHEBALANCEBETWEENTHEPRESENCEANDTHEFOURNITROGENOXIDES2THEEQUILIBRIUMCONSTANTISONLYRELATEDTOTEMPERATURE,ANDHASNOTHINGTODOWITHTHECONCENTRATIONANDPRESSUREFOUR,WESHOULDPAYATTENTIONTOTHEAVOGADEROCONSTANT1RAREGASESAREMONATOMICMOLECULES2GASSHOULDBEUSEDONLY224INTHESTANDARDCONDITION3THREESULFUROXIDE,THESTANDARDCONDITIONISSOLIDBENZENE,TOLUENE,CARBONTETRACHLORIDE,HEXANESTANDARDCONDITIONISLIQUID4HYDROLYSISOFIRONION,ALUMINUMION,AMMONIUMION,ANDIONIZATIONOFWEAKELECTROLYTE5WHITEPHOSPHORUSP4,BETWEENPHOSPHORUSANDPHOSPHORUSISTHEKEYSIX6SOMEORGANICCOMPOUNDSHAVETHESAMENUMBEROFCHEMICALBONDSINISOMERS7FIVE,MATTERANDITSCHEMICALFORMULA1FLUORITECAF22BARITEBASO43QUARTZOPTICALFIBERSIO24GYPSUMCASO42H2O5MATUREGYPSUM2CASO4H2O6BROCHANTITEBLUEVITRIOLCUSO45H2O7MELANTERITEFESO47H2O8ALUMKALSO4212H2O9GOSLARITEZNSO47H2O10AWNALUMNASO410H2O11SODANA2CO312BICARBONATEOFSODANAHCO313SODANA2S2O310H2OSIX,METAL1LIGHTESTLITHIUM2THEHEAVIESTOSMIUM3LOWESTMELTINGPOINTMERCURY4THEHIGHESTMELTINGPOINTTUNGSTEN5MAXIMUMHARDNESSCHROMIUM6THECONTENTOFALUMINUMISTHEMOSTINTHEEARTHCRUST7THEBESTCONDUCTIVITYISSILVER8DUCTILITYISBESTGOLDSEVEN,ELEMENTCYCLE1THENUMBEROFMONONUCLEARPARTICLESWITHTHESAMENUMBEROFPROTONS,THELARGERTHENUMBEROFELECTRONS,THELARGERTHERADIUS2ATOMICRADIUSTHESAMEIONINTHEELECTRONLAYERDECREASESWITHTHEINCREASEOFATOMICNUMBER3SEMICONDUCTORMATERIALSNEARTHEMETALANDNONMETALBOUNDARIES4PESTICIDESINTHETOPRIGHTOFTHEPERIODICTABLEOFELEMENTS5THECATALYSTANDTHEHIGHTEMPERATURERESISTANTMATERIAL,INTHEEXCESSIVEELEMENTSEARCHEIGHT,CRYSTAL1THESTRONGERTHEIONICBONDIS,THEHIGHERTHEBOILINGPOINTIS2THEELECTRONEGATIVITYDIFFERENCEOFBECL2ANDALCL3ISLESSTHAN17,WHICHISCONSIDEREDASCOVALENTCOMPOUND3SUBSTANCESTHATCANFORMHYDROGENBONDSHF,H2O,NH34CRYSTALSSOLIDSWITHREGULARGEOMETRICSHAPESWITHFIXEDMELTINGPOINTS5ATOMICCRYSTALSSTRUCTURESPACETHREEDIMENSIONALNETWORKSTRUCTUREPROPERTIESHIGHBOILINGPOINTANDHIGHHARDNESSCHEMICALFORMULAISONLYTHESIMPLESTRATIORATHERTHANTHEMOLECULARFORMULA6MELTINGBOILINGPOINTATOMICCRYSTALIONICCRYSTALMOLECULARCRYSTALGENERALLAWISNOTABSOLUTE7THECHANGEOFMOLECULARCRYSTALSTATESONLYDESTROYSTHEFANDEHUAFORCEANDDOESNOTDESTROYTHECHEMICALBONDNINE,THEBROMINEFADEDMATERIAL1ACTIVATEDCARBONADSORPTION2GASOLINE,BENZENE,CARBONTETRACHLORIDE,EXTRACTION3SILVERNITRATEREACTION4ACTIVEMETAL,REDUCTIVEINORGANICREDOXREACTION5REACTIONWITHALKALINESUBSTANCE6SUBSTITUTEDPHENOL7DILUTEHYDROCARBON,ETCADDITIONOFALKYNESTEN,NITROGENFIXATION1CONCEPTTHEPROCESSOFTRANSFORMINGFREENITROGENINTOCOMPOUNDNITROGENELEVEN,EASILYLIQUEFIEDGAS1REDLITMUSPAPER,ONLYAMMONIAWETBLUEGASTEST2CHLORINEGAS3SULFURDIOXIDETWELVE,IONCOEXISTENCE1THEREDOXREACTIONBETWEENIONSCANNOTCOEXISTIRONIONANDIODIDEIONIRONIONANDSULFURIONFERROUSIONANDHYDROGENIONMEETNITRATEION2BYIONDOUBLEHYDROLYSISCANCOEXISTALUMINUMIONANDCARBONATEIONANDBICARBONATEIONORSULFURIONSORPARTIALALUMINUMIONSIRONIONSANDCARBONATEIONSTHIRTEEN,IONIZATION1THEIONIZATIONANDHYDROLYSISPROCESSESAREENDOTHERMIC,ANDTHEIONIZATIONDEGREEINCREASESWITHTHEINCREASEOFTEMPERATURE2ACIDBASEINHIBITIONOFWATERIONIZATION3THEDISSOCIATIONOFBRINETOPROMOTETHEIONIZATIONOFINFLUENTFOURTEEN,EXPERIMENTALINSTRUMENTS1CAPACITYBOTTLEACCURATETO001,COMMONLYUSEDSPECIFICATIONSHAVE50ML,100ML,150ML,250ML,500ML,1000MLNEEDTOFILLINSUCHSPECIFICATIONS2BURETSACCURATETO001,COMMONSPECIFICATIONSARE25ML,50MLTHESOLUTIONSHOULDBEWASHED23TIMESBEFORELOADING3CONDENSATEPIPETHELOWERENDOFTHEWATERINLET,THEUPPERENDOFTHEWATER,THEDIRECTIONOFFLOWANDTHEDIRECTIONOFSTEAMINTHEPIPEOPPOSITE4GLASSRODSTIRORTRANSFERLIQUID,DIPINASMALLAMOUNTOFLIQUID5KAIPUGENERATORTOPRODUCECO2,H2,H2SGASFIFTEEN,THREEPLACEUSINGCOTTONREGIMENT1WHENTHESOLIDSOLIDHEATINGDEVICEPRODUCESGAS,THECOTTONMASSISPLACEDINTHEBIGTESTTUBEMOUTHTOPREVENTTHESOLIDPOWDERFROMENTERINGTHEDUCTWITHTHEAIRFLOW,THUSBLOCKINGTHECATHETER2WHENTHEAMMONIAISPRODUCEDINTHELABORATORY,THECOTTONCLUSTERISPLACEDINTHETESTTUBEORTHEGASCYLINDERMOUTHTOCOLLECTAMMONIA,TOPREVENTAMMONIAANDAIRCONVECTION,ANDTOENSURETHEPURITYOFAMMONIAGASCOLLECTION3WHENLARGETUBESWEREUSEDFORACETYLENEPRODUCTIONINTHELABORATORY,THECOTTONBALLSWEREPLACEDINTHEBIGTESTTUBEMOUTHTOPREVENTTHEFOAMFROMPRODUCINGINTOTHECATHETER4WITHOUTPURENO2GAS,32GCUREACTSWITHSUFFICIENTCONCENTRATEDNITRICACIDTOPRODUCEGASWHICHISALWAYSLESSTHAN01MOL5THEREISACHEMICALBONDINANYCRYSTALTHISISNOTTRUE,EGRAREGAS6ASSUMINGTHATTHEREISASOLUTIONOFPH10,THEIONIZATIONOFWATERMAYBEPROMOTEDORINHIBITED7THEIONICCRYSTALCHANGESINSTATEANDTHEIONICBONDMUSTBEDESTROYED8THEPHVALUEOFWATERATNORMALTEMPERATUREISEQUALTO7,THEHIGHERTHETEMPERATURE,THESMALLERTHEPHVALUE,THEGREATERTHEKWSYSTEMATICSUMMARYOFCHEMISTRYREVIEWINGRADETHREEOFSENIORHIGHSCHOOLIN2010FIRST,IMPORTANTBASICCONCEPTSANDTERMINOLOGYTHREESOMELAWS1LAWOFCONSERVATIONOFMASS1CONTENTTHETOTALMASSOFTHESUBSTANCESINVOLVEDINTHECHEMICALREACTIONISEQUALTOTHETOTALMASSOFTHESUBSTANCESPRODUCEDBYTHEREACTION2THEREASONISTHATATOMSARETHESMALLESTPARTICLESINCHEMICALCHANGESANDCANNOTBESUBDIVIDEDINCHEMICALCHANGESTHEREFORE,BEFOREANDAFTERCHEMICALCHANGES,THESPECIESOFATOMSARECONSTANT,THENUMBERISCONSTANT,THEMASSISCONSTANT,ANDTHEMASSISCONSERVEDBEFOREANDAFTERTHEREACTION3APPLICATION1USINGTHELAWOFCONSERVATIONOFMASSFORSIMPLECALCULATION2WRITINGANDBALANCINGCHEMICALEQUATIONS3INFERTHECOMPOSITIONANDCHEMICALFORMULAOFMATTER2AVOGADEROSLAW1ATTHESAMETEMPERATUREANDATTHESAMEPRESSURE,ANYGASOFTHESAMEVOLUMECONTAINSTHESAMENUMBEROFMOLECULESFOURATTHESAME,THESAMEPRESSUREANDTHESAMESIZE,THESAMENUMBEROFMOLECULESIE,THESAMEAMOUNTOFSUBSTANCETHERANGEOFUSEISGAS2INFERENCEUNDERTHESAMEPRESSURE,THEVOLUMERATIOOFGASISEQUALTOTHERATIOOFMATERIALTOVOLUMETHESAMETEMPERATUREANDPRESSURE,THEGASDENSITYRATIOISEQUALTOITSRELATIVEMOLECULARMASSRATIOATTHESAMETEMPERATUREANDPRESSURE,THESAMEVOLUMEOFANYGASMASSRATIOISEQUALTOITSRELATIVEMOLECULARMASSRATIOUNDERTHESAMEPRESSURE,THEVOLUMERATIOOFANYGASTOTHEMASSOFTONGWENISEQUALTOTHEINVERSERATIOOFITSRELATIVEMOLECULARMASSATTHESAMEVOLUME,THEPRESSURERATIOISEQUALTOTHERATIOOFTHEAMOUNTOFMATERIAL3THERELATIONBETWEENMOLARVOLUMEOFGASANDAVOGADEROSLAWAVOGADEROSLAWISANIMPORTANTRULEFORSTUDYINGTHEPROPERTIESOFGASES,WHICHISAPPLICABLETOANYGASINANYSITUATIONTHEMOLARVOLUMEOFGASISAPPLICABLETOANYGASUNDERANYCONDITIONACERTAINTEMPERATUREANDACERTAINPRESSURETHEMOLARVOLUMEOFGASAGREESWITHAVOGADEROSLAW224L/MOLISCONFINEDTOTHECONDITIONOFTHESTANDARDCASEITISASPECIALCASEOFTHEMOLARVOLUMEOFGASANDASPECIALCASEOFAVOGADEROSLAWTHELAWOFVOLUMERATIOOF3GASREACTIONATTHESAMETEMPERATUREANDPRESSURE,THEGASINTHEREACTIONVOLUMEOFEACHSIMPLEINTEGERRATIOTHECOMPOSITIONOF4ATOMSANDNUCLEIMASSNUMBERAPROTONNUMBERZNEUTRONNUMBERNCHARGENUMBEROFNUCLEUSPROTONNUMBEROUTERELECTRONNUMBEROFNUCLEUSATOMICNUMBERTHEDISTRIBUTIONLAWOFEXTERNALELECTRONSIN5NUCLEITHENUMBEROFTHEELECTRONELECTRONLAYERISUPTOACCOMMODATE2N2THEOUTERMOSTELECTRONNUMBERDOESNOTEXCEED8K2THESECONDARYLAYERISNOTMORETHAN18,THIRDBOTTOMLAYERISNOTMORETHAN32THEPRINCIPLEOFTHELOWESTENERGYELECTRONICENERGYISALWAYSFROMTHELOWESTLAYERINTHEELECTRONICLINEUP,THENFROMINSIDETOOUTSIDE,RANKEDINTHEELECTRONICENERGYGRADUALLYINCREASED,WHICHFILLEDTHEKLAYERLLAYER,LLAYERISLINEDWITHROWSOFMLAYER6COMMONCHEMICALBONDSANDTHREEBONDPARAMETERSBONDLENGTH,BONDENERGY,BONDANGLERELATIONBETWEENFOURKINDSOFCRYSTALSANDCHEMICALBONDSANDINTERMOLECULARFORCES7OXIDATIONREDUCTIONREACTIONLAWANDRELATEDCONCEPTS1THELAWOFOXIDATIONANDREDUCIBILITYOFELEMENTSCOMMONMETALACTIVITYORDERTABLEK,CA,NA,MG,AL,ZN,FE,SN,PBH,CU,HG,AG,PT,AUREDUCTIONABILITYLOSSOFELECTRONLOSSABILITYWEREREDUCEDK,CA2,NA,MG2,AL3,ZN2,FE2,SN2,PB2H,CU2,HG2,AGOXIDATIONABILITYENHANCEDELECTRONCAPACITYNONMETALLICACTIVITYORDERTABLEFOCLBRISREDUCEDOXIDATIONCAPACITYFCLBRIS2REDUCEDCAPACITYENHANCEMENTPERIODICTABLEOF8ELEMENTSANDPERIODICLAWOFELEMENTS1PERIODICLAWOFELEMENTSCONTENTSTHEELEMENTPROPERTIESCHANGEPERIODICALLYWITHTHEINCREASEOFATOMICNUMBEROFELEMENTSTHEPERIODICPROPERTIESOFTHEELEMENTSTHEESSENCEOFCHANGEISTHEINEVITABLERESULTOFNUCLEARELECTRONCONFIGURATIONCHANGESPERIODICALLY2PERIODICTABLEOFELEMENTSSTRUCTUREPERIODICANDFAMILYAPPLICATIONTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHETHREERELATIONSOF“LOCATION,STRUCTUREANDNATURE“3THECHANGEREGULARITYOFELEMENTMETALANDNONMETALTHECHANGELAWOFATOMICRADIUSANDIONICRADIUS9FACTORSAFFECTINGTHERATEOFCHEMICALREACTIONANDTHEIRINFLUENCERESULTSINTERNALCAUSEPROPERTIESOFREACTANTSTHECONCENTRATIONOFVTHEPRESSUREVGASTHEEXTERNALTEMPERATUREVTHECATALYSTVCATALYSTOTHERLIGHT,ULTRASOUND,LASER,RADIATION,ELECTROMAGNETICWAVE,REACTANTPARTICLESIZE,DIFFUSIONRATE,SOLVENT,ETC10CONDITIONSAFFECTINGCHEMICALEQUILIBRIUM1CONCENTRATIONUNDERTHESAMECONDITIONS,INCREASINGTHECONCENTRATIONOFREACTANTSORREDUCINGTHECONCENTRATIONOFTHEPRODUCT,THEBALANCEMOVESTOWARDTHEPOSITIVEREACTIONDIRECTIONOTHERWISE,ITMOVESTOTHEDIRECTIONOFTHEREVERSEREACTION2PRESSUREWHENTHEOTHERCONDITIONSARECONSTANT,THEINCREASEOFPRESSUREWILLMOVETHEBALANCETOTHEDIRECTIONOFDECREASINGTHEVOLUMEOFGAS,ANDREDUCETHEPRESSUREBALANCETOMOVETOWARDSTHEINCREASEOFTHEVOLUMEOFGASNOTEFORTHESAMEVOLUMEOFGASREACTION,INCREASEORDECREASETHEPRESSUREBALANCEDOESNOTMOVEIFTHEEQUILIBRIUMMIXTUREISSOLIDORLIQUID,THEPRESSUREBALANCEDOESNOTCHANGE3THECHANGEOFPRESSUREMUSTCHANGETHECONCENTRATIONTOMAKETHEEQUILIBRIUMMOVE3TEMPERATUREWHENOTHERCONDITIONSREMAINUNCHANGED,INCREASETHETEMPERATUREBALANCETOTHEENDOTHERMICDIRECTIONREDUCETHETEMPERATUREBALANCETOTHEDIRECTIONOFHEATRELEASEWHENTHETEMPERATURECHANGES,THEBALANCEWILLGENERALLYMOVENOTETHECATALYSTCANINCREASEORSLOWDOWNTHERATEOFPOSITIVEANDNEGATIVEREACTIONSATTHESAMERATE,SOADDINGTHECATALYSTDOESNOTAFFECTTHEEQUILIBRIUM,BUTITCANSHORTENTHETIMETOREACHEQUILIBRIUMTHEREISAGENERALRELATIONSHIPINEQUILIBRIUM1THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENREACTIONCONSTANTRATIOWHETHERANDTOWHATEXTENT,CHANGETHEMATERIALINTHEREACTIONMOLARRATIOISCONSTANTEQUALTOTHESTOICHIOMETRICRATIOOFTHENUMBER2MASSCON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RATUREIS00COR273K,PRESSUREIS101X105PAOR1ATM6MOLARMASSMUNITG/MOL1G7THEAMOUNTOFSUBSTANCENAMOUNTOFSUBSTANCEMASSMASSGRAM/MOLARMASSG/FOFMATTER8THEAMOUNTOFSUBSTANCECONCENTRATIONCFRICTION/LIFT9SOLUTEMASSFRACTIONATHEMASSFRACTIONOFSOLUTEISMSOLUTE/MSOLVENTX100THESAMEUNITUPANDDOWN10THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEVARIOUSQUANTITIESNCV11CALCULATINGTHECONCENTRATIONMASSFRACTIONSUBSTANCECONCENTRATIONANDSOLUTESOLUTEMASSFRACTIONACM/1000PTHEDILUTIONOFC12SOLUTIONCONCENTRATIONVCONCENTRATEDCDILUTEVDILUTED13SOLUTIONMIXEDSAMESOLUTEDIFFERENTCONCENTRATIONC1V1C2V2C3V3CMIXEDVMIXED14EQUILIBRIUMCONVERSIONRATETHEAMOUNTOFCONVERTEDREACTANTSTHATACCOUNTSFORTHEAMOUNTOFREACTANTSSTARTINGTOREACHEQUILIBRIUMCTURN/CUPX100ORALPHANTURN/NUPX100ORALPHAVTURN/VUPX100IONPRODUCTCONSTANTOF15WATERKWHOH1014250CPHVALUEOF16SOLUTION1PHLGHH10PH2POHLGOHOH10POH3250C,PHPOH14THEIONIZATIONDEGREEOF17ELECTROLYTEALPHANIONIZATIONNSTARTINGALPHACIONIZATIONCSTARTINGALPHAONEWEAKACIDSOLUTIONSUCHASCH3COOHHCACIDALPHAAWEAKBASESOLUTIONSUCHASNH3H2O0HCBASEALPHASIXPAYATTENTIONTOREADINGTEXTBOOKSBEFOREREADINGISANIMPORTANTPARTOFTHEGENERALREVIEWOFCHEMISTRY,STUDENTSSHOULDBEBASEDONTHEIRACTUALREADING,MAKETARGETED,TRUETOTHELEAKFILLED,STRENGTHENINGTHEBASICROLE1,READCOMMONSENSECONTENTWHATARETHENONMETALLICELEMENTSANDTHEMETALELEMENTSTHATARETHEMOSTABUNDANTINTHEEARTHSCRUSTMAINCAUSESOFFORMATIONOFACIDRAINTHECAUSEOFCARBONMONOXIDEPOISONINGINHUMANBODYAQUAINGREDIENTSWHATISTHEMARKOFTHEDEVELOPMENTLEVELOFACOUNTRYSPETROLEUMINDUSTRYANDSOON2READTHEKNOWLEDGEOFINDUSTRIALPRODUCTIONFOREXAMPLE,THERAWMATERIALS,EQUIPMENT,PRODUCTCOMPONENTSANDSOONINTHEINDUSTRIALPRODUCTIONATTHESAMETIMETOGRASPTHENECESSARYPRODUCTIONPRINCIPLEWHYSHOULDTHEOREBEFINELYCRUSHEDINTHEBOILINGFURNACEWHYABSORBTHREESULFURTRIOXIDEWITHOUTABSORPTIONOFWATERINA