外文翻译--机器人机械手.doc

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系别：机电信息系专业：机械设计制造及其自动化班级：姓名：学号：外文出处：ManufacturingEngineeringandTechnology-Machining附件：1.原文；2.译文2013年03月外文原文RobotmanipulatorsTheindustrialRobotmanipulatorisusedinthemanufacturingenvironmenttoincreaseproductivity.Itcanbeusedtodoroutineandtediousassemblylinejobs,oritcanperformjobsthatmightbehazardoustodoroutineandtediousassemblylinejobs,oritcanperformjobsthatmightbehazardoustothehumanworker.Forexample,oneofthefirstindustrialRobotmanipulatorswasusedtoreplacethenuclearfuelrodsinnuclearpowerplants.Ahumandoingthisjobmightbeexposedtoharmfulamountsofradiation.TheindustrialRobotmanipulatorcanalsooperateontheassemblyline,puttingtogethersmallcomponents,suchasplacingelectroniccomponentsonaprintedcircuitboard.Thus,thehumanworkercanberelievedoftheroutineoperationofthistedioustask.Robotmanipulatorscanalsobeprogrammedtodefusebombs,toservethehandicapped,andtoperformfunctionsinnumerousapplicationsinoursociety.TheRobotmanipulatorcanbethoughtofasamachinethatwillmoveanend-of-armtool,sensor,andgrippertoapreprogrammedlocation.WhentheRobotmanipulatorarrivesatthislocation,itwillperformsomesortoftask.Thistaskcouldbewelding,sealing,machineloading,machineunloading,orahostofassemblyjobs.Generally,thisworkcanbeaccomplishedwithouttheinvolvementofahumanbeing,exceptforprogrammingandforturningthesystemonandoff.ThebasicterminologyofRobotmanipulatoricsystemsisintroducedinthefollowing:1.ARobotmanipulatorisareprogrammable,multifunctionalmanipulatordesignedtomoveparts,materials,tools,orspecialdevicesthroughvariableprogrammedmotionsfortheperformanceofavarietyofdifferenttask.Thisbasicdefinitionleadstootherdefinitions,presentedinthefollowingparagraphs,thatgiveacompletepictureofaRobotmanipulatoricsystem.2.PreprogrammedlocationsarepathsthattheRobotmanipulatormustfollowtoaccomplishwork.Atsomeoftheselocations,theRobotmanipulatorwillstopandperformsomeoperation,suchasassemblyofparts,spraypainting,orwelding.ThesepreprogrammedlocationsarestoredintheRobotmanipulatorsmemoryandarerecalledlaterforcontinuousoperation.Furthermore,thesepreprogrammedlocations,aswellasotherprogramdata,canbechangedlaterastheworkrequirementschange.Thus,withregardtothisprogrammingfeature,anindustrialRobotmanipulatorisverymuchlikeacomputer,wheredatacanbestoredandlaterrecalledandedited.3.ThemanipulatoristhearmoftheRobotmanipulator.ItallowstheRobotmanipulatortobend,reach,andtwist.Thismovementisprovidedbythemanipulatorsaxes,alsocalledthedegreesoffreedomoftheRobotmanipulator.ARobotmanipulatorcanhavefrom3to16axes.ThetermdegreesoffreedomoffreedomwillalwaysrelatetothenumberofaxesfoundonaRobotmanipulator.4.ThetoolingandgrippersarenotpartoftheRobotmanipulatoricsystemitself；rather,theyareattachmentsthatfitontheendoftheRobotmanipulatorsarm.TheseattachmentsconnectedtotheendoftheRobotmanipulatorsarmallowtheRobotmanipulatortoliftparts,spot-weld,paint,arc-weld,drill,deburr,anddoavarietyoftasks,dependingonwhatisrequiredoftheRobotmanipulator.5.TheRobotmanipulatoricsystemcanalsocontroltheworkcelloftheoperatingRobotmanipulator.theworkcelloftheRobotmanipulatoristhetotalenvironmentinwhichtheRobotmanipulatormustperformitstask.Includedwithinthiscellmaybethecontroller,theRobotmanipulatormanipulator,aworktable,safetyfeatures,oraconveyor.AlltheequipmentthatisrequiredinorderfortheRobotmanipulatortodoitsjobisincludedintheworkcell.Inaddition,signalsfromoutsidedevicescancommunicatewiththeRobotmanipulatorinordertotelltheRobotmanipulatorwhenitshouldassembleparts,pickupparts,orunloadpartstoaconveyor.TheRobotmanipulatoricsystemhasthreebasiccomponents:themanipulator,thecontroller,andthepowersource.A.ManipulatorThemanipulator,whichdoesthephysicalworkoftheRobotmanipulatoricsystem,consistsoftwosections:themechanicalsectionandtheattachedappendage.Themanipulatoralsohasabasetowhichtheappendagesareattached.Fig.1illustratestheconnectionofthebaseandtheappendageofaRobotmanipulator.Thebaseofthemanipulatorisusuallyfixedtotheflooroftheworkarea.Sometimes,though,thebasemaybemovable.Inthiscase,thebaseisattachedtoeitherarailoratrack,allowingthemanipulatortobemovedfromonelocationtoanother.Asmentionedpreviously,theappendageextendsfromthebaseoftheRobotmanipulator.TheappendageisthearmoftheRobotmanipulator.Itcanbeeitherastraight,movablearmorajointedarm.thejointedarmisalsoknownasanarticulatedarm.TheappendagesoftheRobotmanipulatormanipulatorgivethemanipulatoritsvariousaxesofmotion.Theseaxesareattachedtoafixedbase,which,inturn,issecuredtoamounting.Thismountingensuresthatthemanipulatorwillremaininonelocation。Attheendofthearm,awristisconnected.Thewristismadeupofadditionalaxesandawristflange.ThewristflangeallowstheRobotmanipulatorusertoconnectdifferenttoolingtothewristfordifferentjobs.Themanipulatorsaxesallowittoperformworkwithinacertainarea.ThisareaiscalledtheworkcelloftheRobotmanipulator,anditssizecorrespondstothesizeofthemanipulator.Fig.2illustratestheworkcellofatypicalassemblyRobotmanipulator.AstheRobotmanipulatorsphysicalsizeincreases,thesizeoftheworkcellmustalsoincrease.Themovementofthemanipulatoriscontrolledbyactuators,ordrivesystems.Theactuators,ordrivesystem,allowsthevariousaxestomovewithintheworkcell.Thedrivesystemcanuseelectric,hydraulic,orpneumaticpower.Theenergydevelopedbythedrivesystemisconvertedtomechanicalpowerbyvariousmechanicaldrivesystems.Thedrivesystemsarecoupledthroughmechanicallinkages.Theselinkages,inturn,drivethedifferentaxesoftheRobotmanipulator.Themechanicallinkagesmaybecomposedofchains,gears,andballscrews.B.ControllerThecontrollerintheRobotmanipulatoricsystemistheheartoftheoperation.Thecontrollerstorespreprogrammedinformationforlaterrecall,controlperipheraldevices,andcommunicateswithcomputerswithintheplantforconstantupdatesinproductionThecontrollersisusedtocontroltheRobotmanipulatormanipulatorsmovementsaswellastocontrolperipheralcomponentswithintheworkcell.Theusercanprogramthemovementsofthemanipulatorintothecontrollerthroughtheuseofahand-heldteachpendent.Thisinformationisstoredinthememoryofthecontrollerforlaterrecall.ThecontrollerstoresallprogramdataoftheRobotmanipulatoricsystem.Itcanstoreseveraldifferentprograms,andanyoftheseprogramscanbeedited.Thecontrollerisalsorequiredtocommunicatewithperipheralequipmentwithintheworkcell.Forexample,thecontrollerhasaninputlinethatidentifieswhenamachiningoperationiscompleted.Whenthemachinecycleiscompleted,theinputlineturnson,tellingthecontrollertopositionthemanipulatorsothatitcanpickupthefinishedpart.Then,anewpartispickedupbythemanipulatorandplacedintothemachine.Next,thecontrollersignalsthemachinetostartoperation.Thecontrollercanbemadefrommechanicallyoperateddrumsthatstepthroughasequenceofevents.ThistypeofcontrolleroperateswithaverysimpleRobotmanipulatoricsystem.ThecontrollersfoundonthemajorityofRobotmanipulatoricsystemsaremorecomplexdevicesandrepresentstate-of-the-artelectronics.Thatis,theyaremicroprocessor-operated.Thesemicroprocessorsareeither8-bit,16-bit,or32-bitprocessors.Thispowerallowsthecontrollertobeveryflexibleinitsoperation.Thecontrollercansendelectricsignalsovercommunicationlinesthatallowittotalkwiththevariousaxesofmanipulator.Thistwo-waycommunicationbetweentheRobotmanipulatormanipulatorandthecontrollermaintainsaconstantupdateofthelocationandtheoperationofthesystem.ThecontrolleralsocontrolsanytoolingplacedontheendoftheRobotmanipulatorswrist.Thecontrolleralsohasthejobofcommunicatingwiththedifferentplantcomputers.ThecommunicationlinkestablishestheRobotmanipulatoraspartofacomputer-assistedmanufacturing(CAM)system.Asthebasicdefinitionstated,theRobotmanipulatorisareprogrammable,multifunctionalmanipulator.Therefore,thecontrollermustcontainsometypeofmemorystorage.Themicroprocessor-basedsystemsoperateinconjunctionwithsolid-statememor