source a - gcse modern world history源-当代世界史

RUSSIA19171941INTHISMODULEYOUWILLLEARNFIVESTRENGTHSANDSEVENWEAKNESSESOFTHETSARSGOVERNMENTIN1913FIVECAUSESOFTHEMARCH1917REVOLUTIONWHYWASTHEREADISASTEREVENTSONTHESIXDAYSOFTHEMARCHREVOLUTIONSIXPROBLEMSOFTHEPROVISIONALGOVERNMENTGOVERNMENTTHATSPROVISIONALWILLBEKILLEDEVENTSOFTHEPROVISIONALGOVERNMENT,MARCHNOVEMBER1917THREEDAYSOFBOLSHEVIKREVOLUTION,68NOVEMBER1917SEVENREASONSTHEBOLSHEVIKSWONPERHAPSSEVENPOWERSGAVELENINANOPPORTUNITYSIXCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEBOLSHEVIKSSTATEGREATBIGCHANGESCREATETERRIBLEWARTHREECAUSESOFTHECIVILWARCAUSESOFTHECIVILWARSIXREASONSTHEBOLSHEVIKSWONWHYTHEBOLSHEVIKSWONTHEWARSEVENEVENTSOFTHECIVILWAR,19181921THENEWECONOMICPOLICYNEPHOWSTALINTOOKPOWERSTALINTAKESPOWERFOURREASONSSTALININTRODUCEDCOLLECTIVISATIONSIXFACTORSNOWTOCOLLECTIVISEKOLKHOZATIMELINEOFCOLLECTIVISATIONSIXSUCCESSESQUITEMODERNGOVERNMENTTECHNOLOGYENRICHESCOLLECTIVISATIONANDTHREEFAILURESPOORFOOLISHKULAKSOFCOLLECTIVISATIONFOURREASONSSTALININTRODUCEDTHE5YEARPLANSTENWAYSTHE5YEARPLANSINDUSTRIALISEDRUSSIATHREESUCCESSESANDTHREEFAILURESOFTHE5YEARPLANSWHYSTALINSTARTEDTHEPURGESWHYUNNEEDEDPURGESFOURCHARACTERISTICSOFSTALINSTERRORSTALINTAKESTOTALCONTROLNINERESULTSOFTHETERRORRESULTSOFTHETERRORINSANESTALINGRABSALLPOWERYOUMUSTASSEMBLETHEFOLLOWINGWORK1RALISTOFEXAMQUESTIONSONRUSSIA1917412RNOTESONRUSSIA1917243RANESSAYWHYWASTHEREAREVOLUTIONINMARCH19174RANESSAYWHATPROBLEMSFACEDTHEPROVISIONALGOVERNMENT,ANDHOWSUCCESSFULWASITINDEALINGWITHTHEM5RNOTESONTHEFILMRECORDOFTHENOVEMBERREVOLUTION6RANESSAYEITHERWHYDIDCIVILWARBREAKOUTORWHYDIDTHEBOLSHEVIKSWIN7RNOTESONLENINSRUSSIA8RANESSAY,HOWDIDSTALINTAKEPOWER9RANESSAY,HOWSUCCESSFULWASEITHERCOLLECTIVISATIONORTHE5YEARPLANS10RNOTESONSTALINSRUSSIA12RNOTESONWHATLIFEWASLIKEINSTALINSRUSSIAHAVEYOUREADCCULPIN,MAKINGHISTORYCOLLINS,CHS4,5AND9JANESHUTER,RUSSIAANDTHEUSSR19051956HEINEMANNJOHNLAVER,RUSSIAANDTHEUSSR19051956HODDERPHILINGRAN,RUSSIA19051991CAMBRIDGEALANWHITE,LENINSRUSSIACOLLINSMARTYNWHITTOCK,STALINSRUSSIACOLLINSDEANSMART,RUSSIAUNDERLENINANDSTALINLONGMANSOURCEATHECORONATIONOFNICHOLAS,1896ITWASABADOMENWHENTHECROSSOFSTANDREWFELLFROMHISCLOAKDIDYOUKNOWTHEOKRANAWASHEADQUARTEREDINTHESTPETERSBURGECCLESIASTICALACADEMY,ANDWASTHUSLINKEDWITHTHERUSSIANORTHODOXCHURCHSOURCEBEVENTS19171941191417RUSSIAISRUINEDBYENTERINGWORLDWARIMARCH1917FEBRUARYREVOLUTIONNICHOLASABDICATESMARNOV1917PROVISIONALGOVERNMENTKERENSKYNOVEMBER1917OCTOBERREVOLUTIONBOLSHEVIKS19171924LENININPOWERCIVILWARANDWARCOMMUNISMKRONSTADTMUTINYANDNEWECONOMICPOLICY19241941STALINCOMESTOPOWERFIVEYEARPLANS,COLLECTIVISATIONANDPURGESSOURCECTHEWORKERSHAVENOTHINGTOLOSEBUTTHEIRCHAINSWORKERSOFTHEWORLD,UNITEKARLMARX,THECOMMUNISTMANIFESTO1848HOWSTRONGWASTHETSARSGOVERNMENTIN1913STRENGTHS1THEPEASANTSLOVEDTHETSARASTHEIRFATHER,ANDREVEREDHIMASEMPOWEREDFROMGODTHOUGHTHISWASSHATTEREDINSTPETERSBURGIN1905,WHENTHECOSSACKSATTACKEDAPEACEFULDEMONSTRATIONBLOODYSUNDAY2THEROMANOVDYNASTYHADRULEDSINCE1613THE300THCELEBRATIONSSAWAWAVEOFPOPULARITYFORTHETSAR3THECHURCHWASPOWERFULANDSUPPORTEDTHEGOVERNMENT4GOVERNMENTANDTHEARMYWERECONTROLLEDBYTHENOBLESANDSUPPORTEDTHEGOVERNMENT,WHICHUSEDTHECOSSACKSTOPUTDOWNPROTESTSEGBLOODYSUNDAY19055THESECRETPOLICEOKRANAANDPRESSCENSORSHIPWEAKNESSES1RUSSIAHADBEENHUMILIATEDINAWARWITHJAPAN,19042THEREWEREMANYNATIONALITIES,LANGUAGESANDRELIGIONSTHEONLYUNITYWASTHEROMANOVDYNASTY3RUSSIAWASVAST125MILLIONPEOPLESPREADACROSSEUROPEANDASIATHISMADEGOVERNMENTDIFFICULT,ESPECIALLYBECAUSEOFPOORCOMMUNICATIONSBADROADSANDFEWRAILWAYS4ANOUTOFDATEFARMINGECONOMYMOSTOFTHEPOPULATIONWEREPEASANTSWHOLIVEDINTHECOUNTRYANDAREUNDERTHECONTROLOFTHENOBLES5RUSSIAWASBEGINNINGTOINDUSTRIALISETOWNS/FACTORIESWERESTARTINGTOGROWUPBUTTHEREWASWORKERPOVERTYANDPOORLIVINGCONDITIONSWHICHCREATEDALARGEWORKFORCE,DISAFFECTEDANDCONCENTRATEDINPETROGRAD,THECAPITALALSOASMALLWEALTHIERMIDDLECLASSWEREBEGINNINGTOWANTASAYINTHEGOVERNMENT6TSARNICHOLASWASANAUTOCRATIN1905,HEHADBEENFORCEDTOACCEPTADUMAPARLIAMENT,BUTITHADNOPOWERANDTHETSARDISMISSEDITIFITDISAGREEDWITHHIMNICHOLASCARRIEDOUTALLTHEBUSINESSOFGOVERNMENTALONE,WITHOUTEVENASECRETARY,ANIMPOSSIBLELOADHEWASAWEAKTSARATFIRSTHEREFUSEDTOCOMPROMISETHEN,INTHECRISISOF1917,FAILEDTOACT7THEREWASOPPOSITIONTOTHEGOVERNMENTFROMSOCIALREVOLUTIONARIESWANTEDAPEASANTREVOLUTIONTHECOMMUNISTSFOLLOWERSOFKARLMARX,WHOWEREDIVIDEDINTOTHEMODERATEMENSHEVIKSANDTHEEXTREMISTBOLSHEVIKSAFTER1900,THEREWEREMANYASSASSINATIONSANDPROTESTSEGBLOODYSUNDAY,1905ANDTHEMURDEROFPRIMEMINISTERSTOLYPININ1911WHYWASTHEREADISASTERIN1917IN1917CROWDSRIOTEDONTHESTREETSTHESOLDIERSJOINEDTHEMTHENTHEMEMBERSOFTHEDUMAJOINEDTHEREBELLIONTHEYFORCEDTHETSARTOABDICATE1WEAKNESSOFRUSSIAUNDERLAYEVERYTHINGSEEWEAKNESSES17ONPAGE22WORLDWARITHISWASTHEKEYFACTORTHEARMYWASBADLYLEDANDPOORLYEQUIPPEDRUSSIANDEFEATSATTANNENBERGANDMASURIANLAKESTHERUSSIANSLOST200,000MENLOSTTHEGOVERNMENTTHESUPPORTOFTHEARMYTHEWARTOOK15MILLIONMENFROMTHEFARMSANDTRAINSHADTOBEUSEDFORTHEWARSOTHEYCOULDNOTBRINGFOODTOTHECITIESSOTHEREWEREFOODSHORTAGESANDFOODPRICESROSE,ALLOFWHICHCREATEDANGERANDUNRESTINPETROGRADTHEWINTEROF191617WASSEVEREFOODSHORTAGESGOTWORSETHEREWASAFAMINEINTHECITIES3TSARSMISTAKESTHETSARTOOKPERSONALCOMMANDOFTHEARMYWHICHDIDNOTHELPTHEWAREFFORTANDMEANTHEWASBLAMEDFORTHEDEFEATSHELEFTTHETSARINAINCHARGESHEWASINCOMPETENTSHELETRASPUTINRUNTHEGOVERNMENT,ANDBECAUSESHEWASAGERMANRUMOURSCIRCULATEDTHATSHEWASTRYINGTOHELPGERMANYTOWINBYFEBRUARY1917THEGOVERNMENTWASINCHAOSFINALLY,INTHECRISIS,NICHOLASWENTTOPIECESANDFAILEDTODOANYTHINGSEESOURCEA4ARMYABANDONEDTHETSARON8MARCH1917,THEREWERERIOTSINPETROGRADABOUTTHEFOODSHORTAGESANDTHEWARON12MARCHTHEARMYABANDONEDTHETSARTHESOLDIERSMUTINIEDANDREFUSEDTOPUTDOWNTHERIOTSTHEGOVERNMENTLOSTCONTROLOFTHECOUNTRY5DUMAABANDONEDTHETSARON13MARCHMEMBERSOFTHEDUMAWENTTONICHOLASTOTELLHIMTOABDICATESOURCEAON12MARCH1917RODZIANKO,THEPRESIDENTOFTHEDUMA,TELEGRAPHEDTHETSARTHESITUATIONISGETTINGWORSESOMETHINGHASTOBEDONEIMMEDIATELYTOMORROWISTOOLATETHELASTHOURHASSTRUCKTHEFUTUREOFTHECOUNTRYANDTHEROYALFAMILYISBEINGDECIDEDTHETSARREADITANDSAIDAGAIN,THATFATBELLIEDRODZIANKOHASWRITTENMEALOADOFNONSENSE,WHICHIWONTEVENBOTHERTOANSWERON13MARCHTHEDUMAFORCEDNICHOLASTOABDICATEEVENTSOFTHEREVOLUTION7MARCHSTEELWORKERSGOONSTRIKE8MARCHINTERNATIONALWOMENSDAYDEMONSTRATIONS/BREADRIOTS910MARCHMOREDEMONSTRATIONS/STRIKESTSARINACALLSINTHEARMY11MARCHTROOPSFIREONCROWDSTHEDUMAURGESACTIONTSARDISSOLVESTHEDUMA12MARCHSOLDIERSMUTINYANDJOINRIOTSDUMASETSUPAPROVISIONALGOVERNMENT,LEDBYKERENSKYSOLDIERSANDWORKERSSETUPTHEPETROGRADSOVIETOF2,500ELECTEDDEPUTIESIETHETSARSGOVERNMENTHADFALLEN/RUSSIAHAD2GOVERNMENTS13MARCHTHETSARGETSONTHETRAINTOPETROGRAD,BUTON14MARCHISARRESTEDONTHEWAYANDON15MARCHABDICATESTHEPROVISIONALGOVERNMENTANDITSPROBLEMSGOVERNMENTTHATSPROVISIONALWILLBEKILLEDTHEFEBRUARYREVOLUTIONWASAPOPULARUPRISINGWHICHBROUGHTTHEMIDDLECLASSTOPOWERTHEDUMATOOKOVERTHEGOVERNMENT,ANDITSETUPAPROVISIONALTEMPORARY12MANEXECUTIVELEDBYALEXANDERKERENSKYITWASAMODERATEGOVERNMENT,ANDALTHOUGHFACEDBYDIFFICULTPROBLEMSITTRIEDTORULERUSSIAINAWAYWHICHWASNOTTOOREVOLUTIONARYPROBLEMACTIONSUCCESS/FAILUREGOVERNMENTTHEPETROGRADSOVIETWASVERYPOWERFULITBUILTUPANATIONWIDENETWORKOFSOVIETSWHICHTOOKTHEIRORDERSFROMITORDERNUMBER1FORBADESOLDIERSANDWORKERSTOOBEYTHEPROVISIONALGOVERNMENTUNLESSTHESOVIETAGREEDIETHEGOVERNMENTWASPOWERLESSTOACTUNLESSTHESOVIETAGREEDTHEPROVISIONALGOVERNMENTDIDNOTHINGTOTRYTOENDTHEPOWEROFTHESOVIETSTERRIBLECONDITIONSINFLATIONANDHUNGERGOTWORSEBECAUSETHEWARDIDNTENDIETHEPEOPLESTAYEDANGRYTHEPROVISIONALGOVERNMENTDIDNTMANAGETOENDTHEFOODSHORTAGESORINFLATIONPEASANTSSTARTEDTAKINGTHENOBLESLANDIEANARCHYINTHECOUNTRYSIDETHEPROVISIONALGOVERNMENTSENTTROOPSTOTAKEBACKTHELANDTHISMADETHEPEASANTSVERYANGRYWARTHEPROVISIONALGOVERNMENTTRIEDTOCONTINUETHEWARITATTACKEDAUSTRIAINJUNE1917,BUTAFTERINITIALSUCCESSES,THEGERMANMOVEDINANDTHERUSSIANWEREDEFEATEDSOLDIERSDESERTEDTHEREWASANAVALMUTINYIETHEWARWASADISASTERTHEPROVISIONALGOVERNMENTSETUPDEATHSQUADSTOEXECUTEDESERTERSTHISMADETHINGSWORSEBYOCTOBER1917,SOLDIERSWEREDESERTING,GOINGHOME,KILLINGTHELANDLORDS,ANDTAKINGLANDBOLSHEVIKSLENINRETURNEDANDPUBLISHEDHISPLANSFORRUSSIATHEAPRILTHESESPEACE,BREAD,LANDALLPOWERTOTHESOVIETSSTATEOWNERSHIPOFFACTORIESANDBANKSTHEYTRIEDTOTAKEOVERTHEGOVERNMENTBYRIOTINGINTHEJULYDAYSIEGOVERNMENTUNDERATTACKTHEPROVISIONALGOVERNMENTALLOWEDFREEDOMOFSPEECHANDTHEPRESS,ANDRELEASEDPOLITICALPRISONERSAFTERTHEJULYDAYS,THEPROVISIONALGOVERNMENTARRESTEDTHELEADERS,BUTLETTHEBOLSHEVIKPARTYCONTINUETHISHELPEDTHEBOLSHEVIKSKORNILOVTRIEDARIGHTWING/PROTSARARMYCOUPINAUGUST1917IEGOVERNMENTUNDERATTACKTHEPROVISIONALGOVERNMENTHADNOCONTROLOFTHEARMYANDHADTOASKTHEBOLSHEVIKSTOHELPITTHISMADETHEGOVERNMENTSEEMWEAKANDMADETHEBOLSHEVIKSPOPULARTHEYTOOKCONTROLOFTHESOVIETSTHEPROVISIONALGOVERNMENT,MARCHNOVEMBER1917MARCHTHEPROVISIONALGOVERNMENTWASFACEDBYMASSIVEPROBLEMSINFLATION,HUNGER,PEASANTANARCHY,WAR,BOLSHEVIKANDTSARISTAGITATORSTHEPETROGRADSOVIETISSUEDORDERNO1WORKERSANDSOLDIERSMUSTOBEYTHEPROVISIONALGOVERNMENTONLYIFTHESOVIETAGREESHOWEVER,THESOVIETSWERESTILLCONTROLLEDBYTHEMENSHEVIKSMODERATECOMMUNISTSAPRILTHEGERMANGOVERNMENTSMUGGLEDTHEBOLSHEVIKLEADERLENINBACKINTORUSSIAHEPUBLISHEDHISMANIFESTOTHEAPRILTHESESJUNEFAILUREOFTHEJUNEMILITARYOFFENSIVEAGAINSTAUSTRIAJULYBOLSHEVIKRIOTSTHEJULYDAYSWEREDEFEATED,BUTTHEBOLSHEVIKPARTYWASNOTBANNEDAUGUSTGENERALKORNILOVREVOLTS,BUTWASDEFEATEDBYTHEBOLSHEVIKSSEPTEMBERTHEBOLSHEVIKSEXTREMISTCOMMUNISTSTOOKOVERTHEPETROGRADSOVIETTROTSKYBECAMESPRESIDENT67NOVEMBER2425OCTOBEROLDSTYLEBOLSHEVIKREVOLUTIONTHEBOLSHEVIKCOUPDTATNOVEMBER19176NOVEMBERREDGUARDSTOOKOVERBRIDGESANDTHETELEPHONEEXCHANGE7NOVEMBERREDGUARDSTOOKOVERBANKS,GOVERNMENTBUILDINGS,ANDTHERAILWAYSTATIONSTHECRUISERAURORASHELLEDTHEWINTERPALACETHATNIGHT940PMTHEREDGUARDSTOOKTHEWINTERPALACEANDARRESTEDTHEPROVISIONALGOVERNMENTLEADERS8NOVEMBERLENINANNOUNCEDTHENEWCOMMUNISTGOVERNMENTSOURCEALATERDEPICTIONSOFTHEOCTOBERREVOLUTIONSUCHASTHISSTILLFROMSERGEIEISENSTEINS1927FILMOKTYBAR,SHOWTHEREVOLUTIONASANHEROICWORKERSSTRUGGLEINFACT,INPETROGRAD,ITWASAVIRTUALLYBLOODLESSTAKEOVERALTHOUGHTHEREWASSOMEFIERCEFIGHTINGINMOSCOWDIDYOUKNOWIN1917,THERUSSIANCALENDARHADNOTYETBEENREFORMED,SOITWAS13DAYSBEHINDOTHERCOUNTRIESTHISISWHYWECALL815MARCHTHEFEBRUARYREVOLUTION,ANDTHEBOLSHEVIKCOUPDTATOF68NOVEMBERTHEOCTOBERREVOLUTIONTASKS1USETHEINFORMATIONONPAGES45TOWRITEANARRATIVEESSAYDESCRIBETHEEVENTSOFFEBRUARYTONOVEMBER19172PERSONALRESEARCHFINDOUTABOUTTHEFOLLOWINGBLOODYSUNDAY1905RASPUTINKARLMARXANDCOMMUNISMLENINTROTKSY3WHYDIDTHEPROVISIONALGOVERNMENTLASTONLYEIGHTMONTHSSOURCEATHEPROVISIONALGOVERNMENTHADDWINDLEDTOAMEETINGOFMINISTERSINTHEWINTERPALACEAFEWREDGUARDSCLIMBEDINTHROUGHTHESERVANTSENTRANCEANDARRESTEDTHEMWRITTENBYAJPTAYLOR,AMODERNHISTORIANSOURCEBTHEWINTERPALACEWASDEFENDEDBYTHEWOMENSDEATHBATTALIONWHATHAPPENEDTOTHEWOMENWEASKEDASOLDIERHELAUGHEDWEFOUNDTHEMHIDINGINABACKROOMCRYINGWEDIDNOTKNOWWHATTODOWITHTHEMINTHEENDWEJUSTSENTTHEMHOMEWRITTENBYANAMERICANWHOWASINRUSSIAIN1917TASKWHICHWASMOREIMPORTANTINTHEBOLSHEVIKVICTORYTHESTRENGTHSOFTHEBOLSHEVIKS,ORTHEWEAKNESSESOFTHEPROVISIONALGOVERNMENTWHYDIDTHEBOLSHEVIKREVOLUTIONOFNOVEMBER1917SUCCEEDPERHAPSSEVENPOWERSGAVELENINANOPPORTUNITYPROVISIONALGOVERNMENTPROBLEMSGOVERNMENTTHATSPROVISIONALWILLBEKILLEDTHEBOLSHEVIKSSUCCEEDEDBECAUSETHEPROVISIONALGOVERNMENTWASWEAKANDUNPOPULARWHENITWASATTACKED,NOBODYWASPREPAREDTODEFENDITSLOGANSTHEBOLSHEVIKSHADGOODSLOGANSSUCHASPEACE,BREAD,LANDANDALLPOWERTOTHESOVIETSOTHERPARTIESCLAIMEDTHEYCOULDNEVERDELIVERTHEIRPROMISES,BUTTHEIRARGUMENTSWERETOOCOMPLICATEDFORPEOPLETOUNDERSTANDTHISMEANTTHATTHEYGOTTHEPUBLICSSUPPORTPRAVDATHEPARTYRANITSOWNPROPAGANDAMACHINE,INCLUDINGTHENEWSPAPERPRAVDATRUTH,WHICHGOTTHEIRIDEASACROSSGERMANMONEYTHEGERMANSFINANCEDTHEBOLSHEVIKSBECAUSETHEYKNEWTHATLENINWANTEDTOTAKERUSSIAOUTOFTHEWARTHISGAVETHEMTHEMONEYTOMOUNTTHEIRPUBLICITYCAMPAIGNSLENINABRILLIANTLEADERAPROFESSIONALREVOLUTIONARYWITHANIRONWILL,RUTHLESS,BRILLIANTSPEAKER,AGOODPLANNERWITHONEAIMTOOVERTHROWTHEGOVERNMENTTHEBOLSHEVIKSWEREWELLLEDARMYAPRIVATEBOLSHEVIKARMYTHEREDGUARDS,DEDICATEDTOTHEREVOLUTION,WASSETUPANDTRAINEDUNDERLEONTROTSKYITGAVETHEBOLSHEVIKSTHEMILITARYPOWERTOWINORGANISATIONTHEBOLSHEVIKSWEREBRILLIANTLYORGANISEDACENTRALCOMMITTEECONTROLLEDBYLENINANDOTHERLEADINGBOLSHEVIKSSENTORDERSTOTHESOVIETS,WHOGAVEORDERSTOTHEFACTORIESNUMBERSGREWTO2MILLIONIN3MONTHSUNLIKETHEPROVISIONALGOVERNMENT,THEBOLSHEVIKSDEMANDEDTOTALOBEDIENCEFROMTHEIRMEMBERS,SOTHEYWEREWELLDISCIPLINEDTHEMEMBERSDIDWHATTHELEADERSWANTEDWHATKINDOFSTATEDIDTHEBOLSHEVIKSSETUP19171921GREATBIGCHANGESCREATETERRIBLEWARGOVERNMENTCHANGESELECTIONSWEREHELDINNOVEMBER1917FORANEWGOVERNMENTTHEASSEMBLYTHEBOLSHEVIKSWON175SEATSANDTHESOCIALREVOLUTIONARIESWON370SEATSWHENITMETIN1918,LENINUSEDTHEREDGUARDSTOCLOSEIT,ANDKILLEDANYBODYWHOOBJECTEDINSTEAD,LENINRULEDBYDECREECHANGEFROMAUTOCRATICGOVERNMENTTOGOVERNMENTBYTHEPARTYBRESTLITOVSKTHEBOLSHEVIKSENDEDTHEWARWITHGERMANY1917THETREATYGAVEMUCHOFRUSSIASBESTAGRICULTURALANDINDUSTRIALLANDTOGERMANYUKRAINE,ESTONIA,LATVIAANDLITHUANIAPEACENOTWARCOMMUNISTSTATELENININTRODUCEDCOMMUNISTLAWS1LANDWASTAKENFROMTHETSARANDNOBLESANDGIVENITTOTHEPEASANTS2FACTORIESWEREPUTUNDERTHECONTROLOFELECTEDCOMMITTEESOFWORKERSPEASANTSOWNEDTHEIRLANDMANYRUSSIANSFEAREDTHATTHISWOULDRUINRUSSIAPOLITICALLYRUTHLESSTHEPOLITBUROWASDIVIDEDINTOTWOHALVESTHELEFTISTSZINOVIEVANDKAMENEVWANTEDWORLDREVOLUTION,ANDTOABOLISHTHENEP,BUTTHEYHATEDTROTSKYBECAUSETHEYTHOUGHTHEWASTOOAMBITIOUSTHERIGHTISTSBUKHARIN,RYKOVANDTOMSKYWANTEDTOCONTINUETHENEPUNTILTHEUSSRWASSTRONGERSTALINPLAYEDONESIDEAGAINSTTHEOTHERTOTAKEPOWER1FIRST,HEALLIEDWITHZINOVIEVANDKAMENEVTOCOVERUPLENINSWILLANDTOGETTROTSKYDISMISSED1925TROTSKYWENTINTOEXILE19282THEN,HEADVOCATEDSOCIALISMINONECOUNTRYHESAIDTHATTHEUSSRSHOULDFIRSTBECOMESTRONG,THENTRYTOBRINGWORLDREVOLUTIONANDALLIEDWITHTHERIGHTISTSTOGETZINOVIEVANDKAMENEVDISMISSED1927STALINPUTHISSUPPORTERSINTOTHEPOLITBURO3FINALLY,HEARGUEDTHATTHENEPWASUNCOMMUNIST,ANDGOTBUKHARIN,RYKOVANDTOMSKYDISMISSED1929SOURCEA1927STALINANNOUNCEDCOLLECTIVISATIONPEASANTSASKEDTOTAKEPARTVOLUNTARILYIGNORED1928FOODSHORTAGESPOLICECONFISCATEDFOODANDTOOKITTOTHETOWNS1929STALINANNOUNCEDCOMPULSORYCOLLECTIVISATION,ENFORCEDBYTHEARMYTHEPEASANTSBURNEDTHEIRCROPSANDBARNS,ANDKILLEDTHEIRANIMALS1930FAMINESTALINPAUSEDCOLLECTIVISATIONPEASANTSWEREALLOWEDTOOWNASMALLPLOTOFLAND1931COLLECTIVISATIONRESTARTEDBY1932TWOTHIRDSOFTHEVILLAGESHADBEENCOLLECTIVISEDMORERESISTANCE,BURNING/KILLINGMEANWHILE,THEGOVERNMENTTOOKMOREFOODFORTHETOWNS,SO193233FAMINE,ESPINUKRAINEWHERE5MILLIONDIEDSTALINBLAMED,ANDDECLAREDWARON,THEKULAKSTHEIRLANDWASTAKENANDTHEYWERESHOT/SENTTOLABOURCAMPSINSIBERIA/WHOLEVILLAGESSURROUNDEDANDKILLED1934ALL7MILLIONKULAKSELIMINATED193999OFLANDCOLLECTIVISED90PEASANTSLIVEONONEOFMILLIONKOLKHOZ4,000STATEFARMSFARMINGRUNBYGOVERNMENTOFFICIALSSOURCEBPRODUCTIONMILLIONS192819331937TONSOFGRAIN736997STATEPROCUREMENT,TONS1123HEADOFCATTLE703851HEADOFSHEEPMILLIONSDIEDKULAKSELIMINATEDSOURCEASUCCESSES1THEUSSRWASTURNEDINTOAMODERNSTATE2THEREWASGENUINECOMMUNISTENTHUSIASMAMONGTHEYOUNGPIONEERS3THEREWEREHUGEACHIEVEMENTSINTHEFOLLOWINGAREASNEWCITIESDAM/HYDROELECTRICPOWERTRANSPORTCHURCHESCLOSEDDOWNETHNICGROUPSSTALINENFORCEDRUSSIFICATIONOFALLTHESOVIETUNIONORDINARYPEOPLEWEREDENOUNCED/ARRESTED/SENTTOTHEGULAGTHESYSTEMOFLABOURCAMPS20MILLIONRUSSIANSDIEDPEOPLELIVEDINFEARAPPARATCHIKSPARTYMEMBERSLOYALTOSTALINGOTALLTHENEWFLATS,JOBS,HOLIDAYSETCCULTOFSTALINPICTURES,STATUES,CONTINUOUSPRAISEANDAPPLAUSEPLACESNAMEDAFTERHIMMOTHERSTAUGHTTHEIRCHILDRENTHATSTALINWASTHEWISESTMANOFTHEAGEHISTORYBOOKSANDPHOTOGRAPHSWERECHANGEDTOMAKEHIMTHEHEROOFTHEREVOLUTION,ANDOBLITERATETHENAMESOFPURGEDPEOPLEEGTROTSKYSOURCEAWHYUNNEEDEDPURGESWHOLECOUNTRYSTALINBELIEVEDTHATRUSSIAHADTOBEUNITEDWITHHIMASLEADERIFITWASTOBESTRONGURGENCYSTALINBELIEVEDRUSSIAHAD10YEARSTOCATCHUPWITHTHEWESTERNWORLDBEFOREGERMANYINVADEDPARANOIASTALINBECAMEINCREASINGLYPARANOIDSEEINGPLOTSEVERYWHEREANDPOWERMADHEDEMANDEDCONTINUOUSPRAISEANDAPPLAUSEIN1935,HISWIFEKILLEDHERSELFSOURCEBRESULTSOFTHETERRORINSANESTALINGRABSALLPOWERRUSSIFICATIONORTHODOXCHURCHATTACKEDTWENTYMILLIONDEAD,MANYMOREIMPRISONEDTERRORPEOPLELIVEDINFEAROFTHESECRETPOLICESOURCEAINDUSTRYGREW,BUTSLAVELABOUR,ANDTECHNOLOGYANDSCIENCEHELDBACKBYLOSSOFTOPSCIENTISTSANDENGINEERSSTALINCULTGULAGARMYANDNAVYWEAKENEDBYPURGESOFLEADINGOFFICERSPURGESPOLITICALOPPONENTSELIMINATEDSOURCECATTHEENDOFTHECONFERENCE,ATRIBUTETOCOMRADESTALINWASCALLEDFOROFCOURSE,EVERYONELEAPTTOHISFEETHOWEVER,WHOWOULDDARETOBETHEFIRSTTOSTOPAFTERALL,NKVDMENWEREINTHEHALLWAITINGTOSEEWHOQUITFIRSTANDINTHATOBSCUREHALL,UNKNOWNTOTHELEADER,THEAPPLAUSEWENTON6,7,8MINUTESTHEYCOULDNTSTOPNOWTILLTHEYCOLLAPSEDOFHEARTATTACKSAWAREOFTHEFALSITYOFTHESITUATION,AFTER11MINUTES,THEDIRECTOROFTHEPAPERFACTORYSATDOWNINHISSEATAND,OH,AMIRACLETOOKPLACEEVERYO