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AP1000THEAP1000ISANADVANCED1000MWENUCLEARPOWERPLANTTHATUSESTHEFORCESOFNATUREANDSIMPLICITYOFDESIGNTOENHANCEPLANTSAFETYANDOPERATIONSANDREDUCECONSTRUCTIONCOSTSTHEWESTINGHOUSEAP1000ISALOGICALEXTENSIONOFITSAP600PLANTDESIGNSTUDIESHAVESHOWNTHATATWOLOOPCONFIGURATIONCOULDPRODUCEOVER1000MWEWITHMINIMALCHANGESINTHEAP600DESIGNTHEPRIMARYPURPOSEOFDEVELOPINGTHEAP1000WASTORETAINTHEAP600DESIGNOBJECTIVES,DESIGNDETAILSANDLICENSINGBASIS,WHILEOPTIMIZINGTHEPOWEROUTPUT,THEREBYREDUCINGTHERESULTINGELECTRICGENERATIONCOSTSPASSIVITYANDSAFETYASINAP600,THEAP1000DESIGNUSESPASSIVESAFETYSYSTEMSTOENHANCETHESAFETYOFTHEPLANTANDTOSATISFYTHENUCLEARREGULATORYCOMMISSIONSNRCSAFETYCRITERIATHESESYSTEMSUSEONLYNATURALFORCES,SUCHASGRAVITY,NATURALCIRCULATION,ANDCOMPRESSEDGASNOPUMPS,FANS,DIESELS,CHILLERS,OROTHERROTATINGMACHINERYAREUSEDINTHEPASSIVESAFETYSUBSYSTEMSTHEPASSIVESAFETYSYSTEMSINCLUDEPASSIVESAFETYINJECTION,PASSIVERESIDUALHEATREMOVAL,ANDPASSIVECONTAINMENTCOOLINGALLTHESEPASSIVESYSTEMSHAVEBEENDESIGNEDTOMEETTHENRCSINGLEFAILURECRITERIAANDITSRECENTCRITERIA,INCLUDINGTMITHREEMILEISLANDLESSONSLEARNEDANDUNRESOLVED/GENERICSAFETYISSUESPROBABILISTICRISKASSESSMENTPRATOOLSHAVEALSOBEENUSEDTOQUANTIFYTHESAFETYOFTHEDESIGNSIMPLICITYTHEPASSIVESAFETYSYSTEMSARESIGNIFICANTLYSIMPLERTHANTHETRADITIONALPWRSAFETYSYSTEMSTHEYDONOTREQUIRETHELARGENETWORKOFSAFETYSUPPORTSYSTEMSNEEDEDINTYPICALNUCLEARPLANTS,SUCHASACPOWER,HVACHEATING,VENTILATIONLOSSOFTHATPOWERCAUSESTHEMTOOPENTOTHEIRSAFETYALIGNMENTTHISPOWERISNORMALLYSUPPLIEDBYCLASSLEUNINTERRUPTIBLEPOWERSUPPLIESTHESEPASSIVESAFETYSYSTEMSARESIGNIFICANTLYSIMPLERTHANTYPICALPWRSAFETYSYSTEMSINADDITIONTOBEINGSIMPLER,THEPASSIVESAFETYSYSTEMSDONOTREQUIRETHELARGENETWORKOFSAFETYSUPPORTSYSTEMSNEEDEDINTYPICALNUCLEARPLANTS,SUCHASACPOWER,HVACHEATING,VENTILATING,AIRCONDITIONINGANDCOOLINGWATERSYSTEMSANDSEISMICBUILDINGSTOHOUSETHESECOMPONENTSTHISSIMPLIFICATIONINCLUDESELIMINATINGTHESAFETYGRADEEMERGENCYDIESELGENERATORSANDTHEIRNETWORKOFSUPPORTSYSTEMS,AIRSTART,FUELSTORAGETANKSANDTRANSFERPUMPS,ANDTHEAIRINTAKE/EXHAUSTSYSTEMASARESULT,SUPPORTSYSTEMSNOLONGERNEEDTOBESAFETYGRADEANDCANBESIMPLIFIEDORELIMINATEDTHEFEATURESOFTHEAP600PASSIVESAFETYSYSTEMSINCLUDEPASSIVESAFETYINJECTION,PASSIVERESIDUALHEATREMOVAL,ANDPASSIVECONTAINMENTCOOLINGALLTHESEPASSIVESYSTEMSHAVEBEENDESIGNEDTOMEETTHENRCSINGLEFAILURECRITERIAANDITSRECENTCRITERIA,INCLUDINGTMILESSONSLEARNEDANDUNRESOLVEDANDGENERICSAFETYISSUESPRASHAVEALSOBEENUSEDTOQUANTIFYTHESAFETYOFTHEDESIGNPASSIVECORECOOLINGSYSTEMTHEAP600PASSIVECORECOOLINGSYSTEMPXSPERFORMSTWOMAJORFUNCTIONSSAFETYINJECTIONANDREACTORCOOLANTMAKEUPFORINVENTORYTHEAP600HASAPASSIVERESIDUALHEATREMOVALPRHRSUBSYSTEMTHATPROTECTSTHEPLANTAGAINSTTRANSIENTSTHATUPSETTHENORMALSTEAMGENERATORFEEDWATERANDSTEAMSYSTEMSWESTINGHOUSEANALYSISRESULTS,USINGNRCAPPROVEDCODES,HASSHOWNTHATTHEPRHRSUBSYSTEMSATISFIESTHENRCSAFETYCRITERIAFORLOSSOFFEEDWATER,FEEDWATERLINEBREAKS,ANDSTEAMLINEBREAKSWITHASINGLEFAILUREANTICIPATEDTRANSIENTSWITHOUTREACTORTRIPHAVEALSOBEENANALYZEDANDSHOWNTORESULTINPEAKRCSPRESSURESOFABOUT2900PSIG,WELLWITHINNRCCRITERIATHEPASSIVERHRHEATEXCHANGERTHEPASSIVERHRHEATEXCHANGERCONSISTSOFA100PERCENTCAPACITYBANKOFTUBESCONNECTEDTOTHEREACTORCOOLANTSYSTEMRCSINANATURALCIRCULATIONLOOPTHELOOPISNORMALLYISOLATEDFROMTHERCSBYVALVESTHATARENORMALLYCLOSED,BUTFAILOPENIFPOWERISLOSTTHEHEATEXCHANGERTUBESARELOCATEDINTHEINCONTAINMENTREFUELINGWATERSTORAGETANKIRWSTTHISLOCATIONPLACESTHEPASSIVERHRHEATEXCHANGERABOVETHERCSLOOPSOTHATHOTWATERLEAVINGTHERCSHOTLEGWILLRISETOTHETOPOFTHEPRHRHXWHEREITISCOOLEDTHEDIFFERENCEINTEMPERATUREBETWEENTHEHOTINLETWATERANDTHECOLDOUTLETWATERDRIVESTHENATURALCIRCULATIONLOOPIFTHEREACTORCOOLANTPUMPSARERUNNING,THEYBOOSTTHEPRHRHXFLOWTHEINCONTAINMENTREFUELINGWATERSTORAGETANKIRWSTTHEIRWSTPROVIDESTHEHEATSINKFORTHEPASSIVERHRHEATEXCHANGERTHEIRWSTWATERVOLUMEISSUFFICIENTTOABSORBDECAYHEATFORABOUT2HOURSBEFORETHEWATERWOULDSTARTTOBOILAFTERTHAT,STEAMWOULDBEGENERATEDANDENTERTHECONTAINMENTTHISSTEAMWOULDCONDENSEONTHESTEELCONTAINMENTVESSELANDTHENDRAINBACKINTOTHEIRWSTPASSIVERESIDUALHEATREMOVALPASSIVERHRTHEAP600HASAPASSIVERESIDUALHEATREMOVALPRHRSUBSYSTEMTHATPROTECTSTHEPLANTAGAINSTTRANSIENTSTHATUPSETTHENORMALSTEAMGENERATORFEEDWATERANDSTEAMSYSTEMSWESTINGHOUSEANALYSISRESULTS,USINGNRCAPPROVEDCODES,HASSHOWNTHATTHEPRHRSUBSYSTEMSATISFIESTHENRCSAFETYCRITERIAFORLOSSOFFEEDWATER,FEEDWATERLINEBREAKS,ANDSTEAMLINEBREAKSWITHASINGLEFAILUREANTICIPATEDTRANSIENTSWITHOUTREACTORTRIPHAVEALSOBEENANALYZEDANDSHOWNTORESULTINPEAKRCSPRESSURESOFABOUT2900PSIG,WELLWITHINNRCCRITERIATHEPASSIVERHRHEATEXCHANGERTHEPASSIVERHRHEATEXCHANGERCONSISTSOFA100PERCENTCAPACITYBANKOFTUBESCONNECTEDTOTHEREACTORCOOLANTSYSTEMRCSINANATURALCIRCULATIONLOOPTHELOOPISNORMALLYISOLATEDFROMTHERCSBYVALVESTHATARENORMALLYCLOSED,BUTFAILOPENIFPOWERISLOSTTHEHEATEXCHANGERTUBESARELOCATEDINTHEINCONTAINMENTREFUELINGWATERSTORAGETANKIRWSTTHISLOCATIONPLACESTHEPASSIVERHRHEATEXCHANGERABOVETHERCSLOOPSOTHATHOTWATERLEAVINGTHERCSHOTLEGWILLRISETOTHETOPOFTHEPRHRHXWHEREITISCOOLEDTHEDIFFERENCEINTEMPERATUREBETWEENTHEHOTINLETWATERANDTHECOLDOUTLETWATERDRIVESTHENATURALCIRCULATIONLOOPIFTHEREACTORCOOLANTPUMPSARERUNNING,THEYBOOSTTHEPRHRHXFLOWTHEINCONTAINMENTREFUELINGWATERSTORAGETANKIRWSTTHEIRWSTPROVIDESTHEHEATSINKFORTHEPASSIVERHRHEATEXCHANGERTHEIRWSTWATERVOLUMEISSUFFICIENTTOABSORBDECAYHEATFORABOUT2HOURSBEFORETHEWATERWOULDSTARTTOBOILAFTERTHAT,STEAMWOULDBEGENERATEDANDENTERTHECONTAINMENTTHISSTEAMWOULDCONDENSEONTHESTEELCONTAINMENTVESSELANDTHENDRAINBACKINTOTHEIRWSTCOMPUTERANALYSESDEMONSTRATETHATTHEPXSPROVIDESEFFECTIVECORECOOLINGFORVARIOUSBREAKSIZESANDLOCATIONSTHESECALCULATIONSSHOWTHATTHEPXSPREVENTSCOREDAMAGEFORBREAKSASLARGEASTHE8INCHVESSELINJECTIONLINESANDPROVIDESABOUT500DEGFMARGINTOTHEMAXIMUMPEAKCLADTEMPERATURELIMITFORTHEDOUBLEENDEDRUPTUREOFAMAINREACTORCOOLANTPIPEPASSIVECONTAINMENTCOOLINGSYSTEMAP600PASSIVECONTAINMENTCOOLINGSYSTEMPCSPROVIDESTHESAFETYRELATEDULTIMATEHEATSINKFORTHEPLANTASDEMONSTRATEDINCOMPUTERANALYSISANDTESTS,THEPCSISABLETOEFFECTIVELYCOOLTHECONTAINMENTFOLLOWINGANACCIDENTSUCHTHATTHEDESIGNPRESSUREISNOTEXCEEDEDANDTHEPRESSUREISRAPIDLYREDUCEDTHESTEELCONTAINMENTVESSELITSELFPROVIDESTHEHEATTRANSFERSURFACETHATREMOVESHEATFROMINSIDETHECONTAINMENTANDREJECTSITTOTHEATMOSPHEREHEATISREMOVEDFROMTHECONTAINMENTVESSELBYANATURALCIRCULATIONFLOWOFAIRTHATCANNOTBEISOLATEDINTHEUNLIKELYEVENTOFANACCIDENT,THEAIRCOOLINGISSUPPLEMENTEDBYWATEREVAPORATIONONTHEOUTSIDEOFTHECONTAINMENTSHELLTHEWATERISDRAINEDBYGRAVITYFROMATANKLOCATEDONTOPOFTHECONTAINMENTSHIELDBUILDINGTWONORMALLYCLOSED,FAILOPENVALVESAREOPENEDTOINITIATETHEWATERDRAINTHEWATERTANKISSIZEDFORTHREEDAYSOFOPERATION,AFTERWHICHTIMETHETANKISEXPECTEDTOBEREFILLEDTOMAINTAINTHELOWCONTAINMENTPRESSUREACHIEVEDAFTERTHEACCIDENTIFTHEWATERISNOTRESUPPLIEDAFTERTHREEDAYS,THECONTAINMENTPRESSUREWILLINCREASE,BUTTHEPEAKISCALCULATEDTOREACHONLY90PERCENTOFDESIGNPRESSUREAFTERABOUTTWOWEEKSINDUSTRYREVIEWUNPARALLELEDINDUSTRYREVIEWTHEAP600HASBEENDEVELOPEDWITHANAMOUNTOFINDUSTRYPARTICIPATIONANDREVIEWTHATISUNPARALLELEDTHEAP600PLANTHASBENEFITEDFROMTHEPARTICIPATIONOFADIVERSEBLENDOFEXPERIENCEDTALENTINTHEDESIGNPROCESSASARESULT,THEAP600ISAPLANTWITHUNPRECEDENTEDSAFETYMARGINS,APLANTTHATCANBEQUICKLYCONSTRUCTED,ANDAPLANTTHATISMUCHIMPROVEDFROMANOPERATIONSANDMAINTENANCESTANDPOINTFINALDESIGNAPPROVALFROMNRCTHEUSNUCLEARREGULATORYCOMMISSIONNRC,AFTERTHEMOSTTHOROUGHNEWPLANTREVIEWINAGENCYHISTORY,GRANTEDTHEAP600FINALDESIGNAPPROVALINSEPTEMBER1998THEBREADTHANDDEPTHOFEXPERIENCEDTALENTTHATHASBEENBROUGHTTOBEARONTHEAP600DESIGNHASCOMEFROMTHEFOLLOWINGMAJORAREASADIVERSEANDEXPERIENCEDDESIGNTEAMINDUSTRYGUIDANCEFROMTHEUTILITYREQUIREMENTSDOCUMENTURDINDUSTRYGUIDANCEFROMADVANCEDREACTORCORPORATIONARCINTERNATIONALPARTICIPATIONINTHEDESIGNPROCESSDESIGNTEAMADIVERSEANDEXPERIENCEDDESIGNTEAMTHEAP600PLANTHASBENEFITEDFROMTHEPARTICIPATIONOFADIVERSEBLENDOFEXPERIENCEDTALENTINTHEDESIGNPROCESSASARESULT,THEAP600HASTURNEDINTOAPLANTWITHUNPRECEDENTEDSAFETYMARGINS,APLANTTHATCANBEQUICKLYCONSTRUCTED,ANDAPLANTTHATISMUCHIMPROVEDFROMANOPERATIONSANDMAINTENANCESTANDPOINTTHEPLANTDESIGNERSTHEBREADTHANDDEPTHOFEXPERIENCEDTALENTTHATHASBEENBROUGHTTOBEARONTHEAP600DESIGNHASCOMEFROMCOMPANIESLISTEDBELOWEACHCOMPANYHASUSEDTHEIREXTENSIVEEXPERIENCEINPLANTDESIGNTOMAKETHEAP600AMARKEDIMPROVEMENTOVERCURRENTPLANTSWESTINGHOUSEELECTRICCOMPANYTEAMLEADERANSALDOAVONDALEINDUSTRIESBATANBPPTBECHTELPOWERCORPORATIONBURNSANDROECOMPANYCHICAGOBRIDGEANDIRONDTNENSAENUSAINITECMKFERGUSONSOUTHERNCOMPANYSERVICESSHANGHAINUCLEARENERGYRESEARCH67PERCENTOFTHEPWRSAREBASEDONWESTINGHOUSEPWRTECHNOLOGYTHEAP600NUCLEARSTEAMSUPPLYSYSTEMNSSSDESIGNISBASEDONTHESTANDARDTWOLOOPWESTINGHOUSEPWRDESIGNSTHATHAVECOLLECTIVELYLOGGEDMORETHAN100REACTORYEARSOFOPERATIONANDSHOWNCAPACITYFACTORSINEXCESSOF85PERCENTASCOMPAREDTOANOVERALLINDUSTRYWIDECAPACITYFACTOROFAPPROXIMATELY74PERCENTTHEUSPLANTSOFTHISDESIGNINCLUDEGINNA,PRAIRIEISLAND,KEWAUNEE,ANDPOINTBEACHTHEIROPERATINGRECORDISTHEBESTAMONGANYGROUPOFPLANTSINTHEUSINTERNATIONALLY,KOREASKORI2PLANT,WHICHBECAMEOPERATIONALIN1983,ISAWESTINGHOUSETWOLOOPPWRTHATHASBEENAMONGTHEBESTPERFORMERSINTHEWORLD,ANDITISTHISPLANTDESIGNWHICHISTHEBASIS,ORREFERENCE,FORTHEAP600NSSSDESIGNWESTINGHOUSESTWOLOOPPLANTDESIGNSAREBOTHROBUSTANDSIMPLETHESETWOFEATURESAREPRIMARILYRESPONSIBLEFORTHEEXCELLENTRELIABILITYOFTHISCLASSOFPLANTSTHEAP600NSSSISBASEDONTHESAMEROBUSTANDSIMPLIFIEDDESIGNAPPROACHINADDITION,THESAMECONTROLANDFEEDBACKMECHANISMSEG,STEAMGENERATORLEVEL,PRESSURIZERPRESSURE,SUCCESSFULLYDEMONSTRATEDINTHEOPERATIONOFTHEEXISTINGTWOLOOPPLANTS,AREUSEDINTHEAP600DESIGNASARESULT,THEAP600PLANTRESPONSETOSYSTEMTRANSIENTSISWELLUNDERSTOODANDCANBERELIABLYPREDICTEDBASEDONTHEPROVENPERFORMANCEOFTHEEXISTINGTWOLOOPPLANTSREACTORCOOLANTSYSTEMAP600REACTORCOOLANTPUMPSTHEAP600REACTORCOOLANTSYSTEMRCSEMPLOYSHIGHINERTIA,HIGHRELIABILITY,LOWMAINTENANCECANNEDMOTORPUMPSFORCIRCULATINGPRIMARYREACTORCOOLANTTHROUGHTHEREACTORCORE,PIPING,ANDSTEAMGENERATORSTWOPUMPSAREMOUNTEDDIRECTLYINTHECHANNELHEADOFEACHSTEAMGENERATORTHISALLOWSTHEPUMPSANDSTEAMGENERATORTOUSETHESAMESTRUCTURALSUPPORT,GREATLYSIMPLIFYINGTHESUPPORTSYSTEMANDPROVIDINGMORESPACEFORPUMPANDSTEAMGENERATORMAINTENANCETHECOMBINEDSTEAMGENERATOR/PUMPVERTICALSUPPORTISASINGLECOLUMNEXTENDINGFROMTHEFLOORTOTHEBOTTOMOFTHECHANNELHEADLARGEOPERATINGEXPERIENCEBASEINVERTEDCANNEDMOTORSHAVEBEENINOPERATIONFOROVER25YEARSINFOSSILBOILERCIRCULATIONSYSTEMSWITHBETTEROPERATINGRELIABILITYTHANUPRIGHTUNITSBECAUSETHEMOTORCAVITYISSELFVENTINGINTOTHEPUMPCASING,AVOIDINGTHEPOTENTIALFORGASPOCKETSINTHEBEARINGANDWATERREGIONSAPPROXIMATELY1300UNITSHAVEBEENBUILTANDPLACEDINTOSERVICETHEPUMPSAREINTEGRATEDINTOTHESTEAMGENERATORCHANNELHEADINTHEINVERTEDPOSITIONTHEADVANTAGESOFTHISPUMPDESIGNARESIGNIFICANTTHEAUXILIARYFLUIDSYSTEMSNEEDEDTOSUPPORTACANNEDMOTORPUMPAREMUCHLESSCOMPLEXTHANTHOSENEEDEDFORASHAFTSEALTYPEPUMPTHECANNEDMOTORPUMPISMORETOLERANTOFOFFDESIGNCONDITIONSTHANSHAFTSEALPUMPS,ANDINHERENTLYREDUCESTHEPOTENTIALFORSMALLLOSSOFCOOLANTACCIDENTSLOCASBYELIMINATINGTHESHAFTSEALTHEINTEGRATIONOFTHEPUMPSUCTIONINTOTHEBOTTOMOFTHESTEAMGENERATORCHANNELHEADELIMINATESTHECROSSOVERLEGOFCOOLANTLOOPPIPINGREDUCESTHELOOPPRESSUREDROPSIMPLIFIESTHEFOUNDATIONANDSUPPORTSYSTEMFORTHESTEAMGENERATOR,PUMPS,ANDPIPINGANDELIMINATESAPOTENTIALOFCOREUNCOVERYDURINGASMALLLOCAPASSIVESAFETYSYSTEMSTHEFEATURESOFTHEAP600PASSIVESAFETYSYSTEMSINCLUDEPASSIVESAFETYINJECTION,PASSIVERESIDUALHEATREMOVAL,PASSIVECONTAINMENTCOOLING,ANDPASSIVEMAINCONTROLROOMHABITABILITYMAINTENANCEALLOFTHESEPASSIVESYSTEMSHAVEBEENDESIGNEDTOMEETTHENRCSINGLEFAILURECRITERIA,ANDPROBABILISTICRISKANALYSESHAVEALSOBEENUSEDTOVERIFYTHEIRRELIABILITYTHESEPASSIVESYSTEMSEMPLOYNATURALFORCESANDSTOREDENERGYTOOPERATETHEYAREHIGHLYRELIABLEBECAUSEINTHEUNLIKELYEVENTOFANACCIDENT,WITHANASSUMEDUNAVAILABILITYOFNONSAFETYSYSTEMS,THEYDONOTREQUIRETHESTARTINGOFMOTORS,PUMPS,ORDIESELGENERATORSTHESEPASSIVESYSTEMSHAVEALSOBEENDESIGNEDTOSATISFYADDITIONALNRCCRITERIA,INCLUDINGTHREEMILEISLANDLESSONSLEARNED,STANDARDREVIEWPLAN,REGULATORYGUIDES,ANDUNRESOLVEDANDGENERICSAFETYISSUESSEVERALASPECTSOFTHEPASSIVESAFETYSYSTEMSHAVEBEENUSEDINEXISTINGNUCLEARPLANTSTHEACCUMULATORSAREAPARTOFMOSTPWRDESIGNS,SOTHEIRUSEISWELLUNDERSTOODSEVERALEARLYBOILINGWATERREACTORSBWRS,LIKEDRESDENINTHEUS,USEDISOLATIONCONDENSERSASNATURALCIRCULATIONCLOSEDLOOPHEATREMOVALSYSTEMSTHEAP600PASSIVERESIDUALHEATREMOVALHEATEXCHANGERWASDESIGNEDWITHTHEBENEFITOFTHISEXPERIENCEBWRSHAVEUSEDAUTOMATICDEPRESSURIZATIONSYSTEMSADSANDSPARGERSFORMANYYEARSUSEOFSLOWOPENINGVALVESISARESULTOFUNDERSTANDINGTHEAIRCLEARINGLOADSDISCOVEREDINBWROPERATIONTHEAP600ADSINCORPORATESSPARGERSTOALLOWDEPRESSURIZATIONOFTHERCSTOTHEINCONTAINMENTREFUELINGWATERSTORAGETANKIRWSTINLIEUOFTHECONTAINMENTATMOSPHERETOMINIMIZETHECONTAINMENTCLEANUPFOLLOWINGANADSACTUATIONTHESPARGERDESIGNINCORPORATESBWRDESIGNANDOPERATINGEXPERIENCEINSTRUMENTATIONANDCONTROLCOOLANTSYSTEMSTHEAP600INSTRUMENTATIONANDCONTROLIIMPROVESPLANTSAFETY,AVAILABILITY,RELIABILITY,ANDMAINTAINABILITYANDDRAMATICALLYREDUCESTHEQUANTITYOFPLANTCABLINGINCLUDEDINTHEITWOREACTORCOOLANTPUMPSANDASINGLEHOTLEGANDTWOCOLDLEGSFORCIRCULATINGREACTORCOOLANTBETWEENTHEREACTORANDTHESTEAMGENERATORSTHESYSTEMALSOINCLUDESAPRESSURIZER,INTERCONNECTINGPIPING,ANDTHEVALVESANDINSTRUMENTATIONNECESSARYFOROPERATIONALCONTROLANDSAFEGUARDSACTUATIONALLEQUIPMENTISLOCATEDINTHEREACTORCONTAINMENTANDUSESMAJORCOMPONENTSTHATHAVEBEENPROVENINOPERATINGREACTORSUNDERSIMILARFLOW,TEMPERATURE,ANDPRESSURECONDITIONSTHEAP600NUCLEARSTEAMSUPPLYSYSTEMNSSSDESIGNISBASEDONTHESTANDARDTWOLOOPWESTINGHOUSEPWRDESIGNSTHATHAVECOLLECTIVELYLOGGEDMORETHAN100REACTORYEARSOFOPERATIONANDSHOWNCAPACITYFACTORSINEXCESSOF85PERCENTASCOMPAREDTOANOVERALLINDUSTRYWIDECAPACITYFACTOROFAPPROXIMATELY74PERCENTTHEUSPLANTSOFTHISDESIGNINCLUDEGINNA,PRAIRIEISLAND,KEWAUNEE,ANDPOINTBEACHTHEIROPERATINGRECORDISTHEBESTAMONGANYGROUPOFPLANTSINTHEUSINTERNATIONALLY,KOREASKORI2PLANT,WHICHBECAMEOPERATIONALIN1983,ISAWESTINGHOUSETWOLOOPPWRTHATHASBEENAMONGTHEBESTPERFORMERSINTHEWORLD,ANDITISTHISPLANTDESIGNWHICHISTHEBASIS,ORREFERENCE,FORTHEAP600NSSSDESIGNWESTINGHOUSESTWOLOOPPLANTDESIGNSAREBOTHROBUSTANDSIMPLETHESETWOFEATURESAREPRIMARILYRESPONSIBLEFORTHEEXCELLENTRELIABILITYOFTHISCLASSOFPLANTSTHEAP600NSSSISBASEDONTHESAMEROBUSTANDSIMPLIFIEDDESIGNAPPROACHINADDITION,THESAMECONTROLANDFEEDBACKMECHANISMSEG,STEAMGENERATORLEVEL,PRESSURIZERPRESSURE,SUCCESSFULLYDEMONSTRATEDINTHEOPERATIONOFTHEEXISTINGTWOLOOPPLANTS,AREUSEDINTHEAP600DESIGNASARESULT,THEAP600PLANTRESPONSETOSYSTEMTRANSIENTSISWELLUNDERSTOODANDCANBERELIABLYPREDICTEDBASEDONTHEPROVENPERFORMANCEOFTHEEXISTINGTWOLOOPPLANTSFUELDESIGNTHEAP600FUELDESIGNISBASEDONSTANDARD17X17OPTIMIZEDFUELTECHNOLOGYCURRENTLYBEINGUSEDINAPPROXIMATELY120OPERATINGPLANTSWORLDWIDEOVER25,00017X17FUELASSEMBLIESHAVEALREADYBEENMANUFACTUREDWESTINGHOUSEDESIGNEDANDSUPPLIEDFUELHASSHOWNSUPERIORPERFORMANCERELATIVETOTHERESTOFTHEPWRINDUSTRYTHEMEDIANCOOLANTACTIVITYAMEASUREOFFUELINTEGRITYOFWESTINGHOUSESUPPLIEDFUELIS60BETTERTHANTHEOVERALLPWRINDUSTRYAVERAGEFUELPERFORMANCEIMPROVEMENTS,SUCHASZIRCALOYGRIDS,REMOVABLETOPNOZZLES,ANDLONGERBURNUPHAVEBEENADDEDLOWPOWERDENSITYREACTORCORETHEADVANTAGESOFTHEAP600SLOWPOWERDENSITYAREACHIEVEDBYMAKINGTHECORELARGERTHANCONVENTIONAL600MWEDESIGNSASARESULT,THENUMBEROFFUELASSEMBLIESISINCREASEDFROM121TO145,SOTHATMANYOFTHEIMPORTANTNUCLEARANDTHERMALPARAMETERSAREIMPROVEDBY25TO30PERCENTOVERTHOSEOFASTANDARDPLANTOFTHESAMEPOWERRATINGTHISRESULTSINLOWERFUELENRICHMENTS,LESSRELIANCEONBURNABLEABSORBERS,LONGERACHIEVABLEFUELCYCLES,ANDANINCREASEOFMORETHAN15PERCENTINDEPARTUREFROMNUCLEATEBOILINGDNBANDLOSSOFCOOLANTACCIDENTLOCAMARGINSALARGERGASPLENUMHASBEENINCORPORATEDINTOTHEFUELTOALLOWHIGHERBURNUPIMPROVEDOVERALLREACTORDESIGNTHECOMBINATIONOFTHERADIALREFLECTOR,THELOWPOWERDENSITYCORE,ANDOPTIMIZEDFUELASSEMBLIESRESULTSINA20PERCENTFUELCYCLECOSTSAVINGSCOMPAREDTOASTANDARDPWRDESIGNOFTHESAMEPOWERRATINGTHECOREDESIGNALLOWS18MONTHREFUELINGCYCLESTOBEACHIEVEDWITHAN85PERCENTCAPACITYFACTORAPPROXIMATELY466EFFECTIVEFULLPOWERDAYSPERCYCLEANDREQUIRESNOBURNABLEABSORBERSOTHERTHANFORTHEFIRSTCYCLEOFOPERATIONGRAYRODSFORLOADFOLLOWWITHOUTBORONANOTHERCOREDESIGNFEATUREOFTHEAP600ISTHEUSEOFREDUCEDWORTHCONTROLRODS,WHICHARETERMED“GRAY“RODS,TOACHIEVEDAILYLOADFOLLOWWITHOUTREQUIRINGDAILYCHANGESINTHESOLUBLEBORONCONCENTRATIONWHILETHESAMECONTROLRODSAREUSEDINEXISTINGPWRSFORLOADFOLLOW,ITISALSONECESSARYFORTHESEPLANTSTOPROCESSTHOUSANDSOFGALLONSOFWATERPERDAYINORDERTOCHANGETHESOLUBLEBORONCONCENTRATIONSUFFICIENTLYTOACHIEVEADAILYLOADFOLLOWSCHEDULETHEUSEOFGRAYRODSELIMINATESTHENEEDFORPROCESSINGTHEPRIMARYCOOLANTONADAILYBASISANDGREATLYSIMPLIFIESOPERATIONSUSINGTHEBORONSYSTEMSWITHTHEEXCEPTIONOFTHENEUTRONABSORBERMATERIALSUSED,THEDESIGNOFTHEGRAYRODASSEMBLYISIDENTICALTOTHATOFANORMALCONTROLRODASSEMBLYTHUS,THEDESIGNOFGRAYRODS,THEFUELASSEMBLY,THEREACTORVESSEL,ANDREACTORINTERNALSAREALLBASEDONEXISTINGWESTINGHOUSEPWRTECHNOLOGYREACTORVESSELREACTORDESIGNTHECORE,REACTORVESSEL,ANDINTERNALSOFTHEAP600AREESSENTIALLYTHOSEOFACONVENTIONALWESTINGHOUSEPWRDESIGNSEVERALIMPORTANTFEATURES,ALLBASEDONEXISTINGTECHNOLOGY,HAVEBEENUSEDTOIMPROVETHEPERFORMANCECHARACTERISTICSOFTHEAP600THEAP600REACTORVESSELHASINCORPORATEDIMPROVEMENTSOVERITSPREDECESSORS,INCLUDINGRINGFORGINGSTOELIMINATEVERTICALWELDSEAMS,LOCATIONOFCIRCUMFERENTIALWELDSOUTSIDEHIGHNEUTRONFLUXBELTLINEREGION,ANDCONTROLOFCHEMICALCOMPOSITIONOFVESSELMATERIALTOREDUCEIRRADIATIONDAMAGEOVERSIZEDREACTORVESSELALTHOUGHTHEAP600REACTORHASTWOPRIMARYCOOLANTLOOPS,THEREACTORVESSELISSIMILARTOTHESTANDARD3LOOPMODELEACHPRIMARYLOOPHASTWOCOLDLEGNOZZLESANDONEHOTLEGNOZZLE,SOTHESTANDARD3LOOPVESSELACCOMMODATESTHEAP600NICELYWITHSLIGHTREORIENTATIONOFTHENOZZLESMOREOVER,THELARGERREACTORVESSELONTHEAP600ACCOMMODATESALARGERREACTORCORETHANTHATFORATRADITIONALTWOLOOPPLANTWITHTHELARGERREACTORCOREANDTHESAMEPOWERRATING,THECOREPOWERDENSITYISREDUCEDWHICHADDSSAFETYMARGINTOTHEPLANTONEOFTHEHALLMARKSOFTHEAP600RADIALREFLECTORTHEUSEOFARADIALNEUTRONREFLECTORCONTRIBUTESTOLOWERINGFUELCYCLECOSTANDEXTENDINGREACTORLIFETHISREFLECTOR,WHICHSURROUNDSTHECORE,REDUCESNEUTRONLEAKAGE,THEREBYIMPROVINGCORENEUTRONUTILIZATIONANDREDUCINGTHEDAMAGINGNEUTRONFLUENCEONTHEREACTORVESSELTHEREDUCEDFLUENCEISIMPORTANTINVIEWOFTHE60YEARDESIGNOBJECTIVEOFTHEAP600IMPROVEDOVERALLREACTORDESIGNTHECOMBINATIONOFTHERADIALREFLECTOR,THELOWPOWERDENSITYCORE,ANDOPTIMIZEDFUELASSEMBLIESRESULTSINA20PERCENTFUELCYCLECOSTSAVINGSCOMPAREDTOASTANDARDP
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