2012年湖北高考英语考试说明（word版）doc

5,LECTURESONFORENSICMEDICINETEACHINGWORKBOOKFOR5THYEARSTUDENTSOFHIGHERMEDICALEDUCATIONALINSTITUTIONSOFTHEFACULTYONPREPARATIONOFEXPERTSFORFOREIGNCOUNTRIES,SPECIALTYOFGENERALMEDICINE20126134060721115812767,675,LECTURESONFORENSICMEDICINETEACHINGWORKBOOKFOR5THYEARSTUDENTSOFHIGHERMEDICALEDUCATIONALINSTITUTIONSOFTHEFACULTYONPREPARATIONOFEXPERTSFORFOREIGNCOUNTRIESSPECIALTYOFGENERALMEDICINE,2012112ISBN9789855064351,5,052012,261340607211158127ISBN9789855064351,2012CONTENTFORENSICMEDICINE4CHAPTER1DEATH11CHAPTER2CHANGESAFTERDEATH17CHAPTER3TIMESINCEDEATH24CHAPTER4BLUNTFORCEINJURIES33CHAPTER5SHARPFORCEINJURIES41CHAPTER6GUNSHOTINJURIES48CHAPTER7INJURYANDDEATHINWATER57CHAPTER8INJURYANDDEATHINFIRE63CHAPTER9BURNSANDELECTRICALINJURIES71CHAPTER10HEADINJURIES77CHAPTER11INJURYANDDEATHONTHEROAD85CHAPTER12ALCOHOLS92CHAPTER13NONMEDICINALPOISONSCARBONMONOXIDE99CHAPTER14ASPHYXIA105LITERATURE110FORENSICMEDICINEINTRODUCTIONFORENSICSCIENCEISTHEAPPLICATIONOFSCIENCEPERTAININGTOTHELAWANDREQUIRESTHECOMPLEMENTARYINTERACTIONOFAWIDERANGEOFSCIENTIFICSPECIALTIESANDDISCIPLINESTHE1STASPECTOFAPPLIEDFORENSICSCIENCEBEGINSWITHTHEIDENTIFICATION,INDIVIDUALIZATIONORCLASSIFICATIONOFPHYSICALEVIDENCEFORSOMETYPESOFEVIDENCE,IDENTIFICATIONORINDIVIDUALIZATIONMAYONLYBEPOSSIBLEAFTERCONDUCTINGCHEMICALORSCIENTIFICTESTSTYPESOFEVIDENCETHATREQUIRETESTINGTOINSUREACCURATEIDENTIFICATIONINCLUDEBLOODSTAINS,BODYFLUIDS,DRUGS,ARSONACCELERANTSANDOTHERCHEMICALSTHEIDENTIFICATIONOFUNKNOWNSUBSTANCESOROBJECTSMAYBEACHIEVEDBYCOMPARINGTHEIRCHARACTERISTICSWITHTHOSEOFKNOWNSTANDARDS,PREVIOUSLYESTABLISHEDCRITERIAORDATABASEINFORMATIONINTHEFORENSICEXAMINATIONOFFIBERSANDHAIRS,DETERMINATIONOFFIBERTYPE,FORM,DYECOMPOSITION,ELUCIDATIONOFCOLOR,SPECIESORANATOMICALORIGINSUTILIZECLASSCHARACTERISTICSFORSUCHIDENTIFICATIONTHEULTIMATEGOALOFTHEIDENTIFICATIONPROCESSINFORENSICSCIENCEISINDIVIDUALIZATIONTOSAYTHATAPARTICULARPIECEOFEVIDENCEORIGINATESFROMASPECIFICLOCUS,SCENEORPERSONINREALITY,FEWTYPESOFEVIDENCECANBEUNEQUIVOCALLYINDIVIDUALIZEDLIKEFINGERPRINTANDDEOXYRIBONUCLEICACIDEVIDENCEALLOTHERTYPESOFEVIDENCE,IFAPPROPRIATELYIDENTIFIED,CANBESAIDTOBECONSISTENTWITHORIGINATINGFROMAPARTICULARSOURCE,SITEORINDIVIDUALMANYOFTHECLASSICALDATABASES,TECHNIQUESANDTESTSNOWROUTINELYUSEDINFORENSICIDENTIFICATIONHAVEBEENCONSTRUCTED,DEVELOPEDANDREFINEDINAPROCESSWHICH,FORSOMEDISCIPLINES,HASTAKENCENTURIES,ANDFORMORERECENTTECHNOLOGIES,DECADESTODEPICTTHEHISTORICALDEVELOPMENTANDGROWTHOFFORENSICSCIENCES,THISNARRATIVEWILLBROADLYADDRESSDOCUMENTEDINSTANCESOFTHEORGANIZATIONALANDDEVELOPMENTALASPECTSOFSEVERALDISCIPLINESANDSPECIALTIESWITHINTHEPROFESSION,OUTLININGTHEPROGRESSIONFROMBASICCONCEPTIONTOTHEAPPLICATIONOFSOMEMETHODOLOGIESANDTECHNIQUESUSEDTODAYTHEEVOLUTIONOFTHEFIELDORIGINATESWITHTHEWORLDWIDEDEVELOPMENTOFANUMBEROFDIFFERENTSPECIALTYORSUBSPECIALTYSCIENTIFICDISCIPLINES,WITHTHERATEOFADVANCEORDEVELOPMENTOFEACHDISCIPLINEBEINGEXTREMELYVARIABLE,DUETOCOMPLEXITY,GEOGRAPHICALLOCATIONORAVAILABILITYOFFINANCIALRESOURCESANDTECHNOLOGYFORENSICMEDICINEANDTOXICOLOGYTHEEARLIESTDOCUMENTEDFORENSICSPECIALTYCOULDPROBABLYBECONSIDEREDTOBEFORENSICMEDICINE,ALSOKNOWNASLEGALMEDICINEORMEDICALJURISPRUDENCE,ANDISTHEAPPLICATIONOFMEDICINEANDMEDICALSCIENCETOANSWERLEGALPROBLEMSRECORDSINDICATETHATTHEFIRSTDOCUMENTEDDISSERTATIONONFORENSICMEDICINEWASWRITTENINCHINAINTHE6THCENTURYBYANINDIVIDUALNAMEDHSUCHICHTSSIALTHOUGHTHISWORKWASAPPARENTLYLOST,A2NDCHINESEMANUSCRIPTSTILLEXISTSCOMPLETEDIN1247,THEHSIDUANYUTHEWASHINGAWAYOFWRONGSPROVIDESWHATISTHOUGHTTOBETHEFIRSTALLIANCEOFMEDICINEANDLAWANDSUPPLIESSPECIFICATIONSONDISTINGUISHINGDEATHBYDROWNINGORSTRANGULATIONFROMDEATHBYNATURALCAUSESFURTHERRECORDSSUGGESTTHATLEGALMEDICINEREALLYBEGANTOPROSPERSOMETIMEINTHE6THCENTURY,HERALDINGTHEDEVELOPMENTOFMODERNDAYSCIENCEANDMEDICINEITWASNOTUNTILAROUNDTHEENDOFTHEEIGHTEENTHCENTURYTHATTHEFIRSTAPPEARANCEOFLEGALMEDICINEEXPERTSINTHECOURTROOMWASDOCUMENTEDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFMODERNDAYCHEMISTRYISCONSIDEREDTOHAVEBEGUNATTHEENDOFTHE18THCENTURY,PAVINGTHEWAYFORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFMODERNTOXICOLOGYCLOSELYRELATEDTOFORENSICMEDICINE,FORENSICTOXICOLOGYCENTERSONTHEDETERMINATIONOFTOXICSUBSTANCESINHUMANTISSUESANDORGANSANDTHESUBSEQUENTDETERMINATIONOFTHEROLEANYTOXICAGENTSMAYHAVEINCONTRIBUTINGTOORCAUSINGDEATHINGENERAL,FORENSICTOXICOLOGYCASESENTAILSOMEFORMOFDRUGORALCOHOLABUSEONEOFTHEMOSTINFLUENTIALPEOPLEINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTOXICOLOGYWASMATHIEUORFILAORFILAMOVEDTOFRANCEIN1807ANDEVENTUALLYBECAMEDEANOFTHEMEDICALSCHOOLINPARISHEISCONSIDEREDTOBEONEOFTHEFIRSTEXPERTSTOPROVIDERELIABLESCIENTIFICEVIDENCEINACRIMINALTRIAL,WHILEHISACADEMICSTUDIESPROVIDEDTOXICOLOGYAFIRMNICHEWITHINTHEDEVELOPINGSCIENCESORFILAANDASSOCIATESAREALSOCREDITEDWITHDEVELOPINGTHE1STCHEMICALTESTTODETECTARSENIC,THEPOISONOFCHOICEATTHATTIMEHOWEVER,ITWASJAMESMARSH,ASCOTTISHCHEMIST,WHOWASCONSIDEREDTOBETHEFIRSTTOPROVIDETOXICOLOGICALEVIDENCESUPPORTINGARSENICDETECTIONFORALEGALTRIAL,AROUND1836THELAFARGECASE,ALSOCONDUCTEDBYORFILA,ISDOCUMENTEDASTHEFIRSTCASEINWHICHTHEDEFENSECALLEDANOPPOSINGEXPERT,FRANCOISVINCENTRASPAIL,INANATTEMPTTOREFUTETHESCIENTIFICEVIDENCEOFTHEPROSECUTIONSEXPERTWITNESSPERSONALIDE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