2013年职称英语卫生类a真题来自教材的原文

第四十五篇DNAFINGERPRINTING【DNA指纹】DNAISTHEGENETICMATERIALFOUNDWITHINTHECELLNUCLEIOFALLLIVINGTHINGSINMAMMALSTHESTRANDSOFDNAAREGROUPEDINTOSTRUCTURESCALLEDCHROMOSOMESWITHTHEEXCEPTIONOFIDENTICALSIBLINGSASINIDENTICALTWINS,THECOMPLETEDNAOFEACHINDIVIDUALISUNIQUEDNAFINGERPRINTINGISSOMETIMESCALLEDDNATYPINGITISAMETHODOFIDENTIFICATIONTHATCOMPARESBITSOFDNAADANFINGERPRINTISCONSTRUCTEDBYFIRSTDRAWINGOUTADNASAMPLEFROMBODYTISSUEORFLUIDSUCHASHAIR,BLOOD,ORSALIVATHESAMPLEISTHENSEGMENTEDUSINGENZYMES,ANDTHESEGMENTSAREARRANGEDBYSIZETHESEGMENTSAREMARKEDWITHPROBESANDEXPOSEDONXRAYFILM,WHERETHEYFORMAPATTERNOFBLACKBARSTHEDNAFINGERPRINTIFTHEDNAFINGERPRINTSPRODUCEDFROMTWODIFFERENTSAMPLESMATCH,THETWOSAMPLESPROBABLYCAMEFROMTHESAMEPERSONDNAFINGERPRINTINGWASFIRSTDEVELOPEDASANIDENTIFICATIONTECHNIQUEIN1985ORIGINALLYUSEDTODETECTTHEPRESENCEOFGENETICDISEASES,ITSOONCAMETOBEUSEDINCRIMINALINVESTIGATIONSANDLEGALAFFAIRSTHEFIRSTCRIMINALCONVICTIONBASEDONDNAEVIDENCEINTHEUNITEDSTATESOCCURREDIN1988INCRIMINALINVESTIGATIONS,DNAFINGERPRINTSDERIVEDFROMEVIDENCECOLLECTEDATTHECRIMESCENEARECOMPAREDTOTHEDNAFINGERPRINTSOFSUSPECTSGENERALLY,COURTSHAVEACCEPTEDTHERELIABILITYOFDNATESTINGANDADMITTEDDNATESTRESULTSINTOEVIDENCEHOWEVER,DNAFINGERPRINTINGISCONTROVERSIALINANUMBEROFAREASTHEACCURACYOFTHERESULTS,THECOSTOFTESTING,ANDTHEPOSSIBLEMISUSEOFTHETECHNIQUETHEACCURACYOFDNAFINGERPRINTINGHASBEENCHALLENGEDFORSEVERALREASONSFIRST,BECAUSEDNASEGMENTSRATHERTHANCOMPLETEDNASTRANDSARE“FINGERPRINTED”ADNAFINGERPRINTMAYNOTBEUNIQUELARGESCALERESEARCHTOCONFIRMTHEUNIQUENESSOFDNAFINGERPRINTINGTESTRESULTSHASNOTBEENCONDUCTEDINADDITION,DNAFINGERPRINTINGISOFTENDONEINPRIVATELABORATORIESTHATMAYNOTFOLLOWUNIFORMTESTINGSTANDARDSANDQUALITYCONTROLSALSO,SINCEHUMANBEINGSMUSTINTERPRETTHETEST,HUMANERRORCOULDLEADTOFALSERESULTSDNAFINGERPRINTINGISEXPENSIVESUSPECTSWHOAREUNABLETOPROVIDETHEIROWNDNATOEXPERTSMAYNOTBEABLETOSUCCESSFULLYDEFENDTHEMSELVESAGAINSTCHARGESBASEDONDNAEVIDENCEWIDESPREADUSEOFDNATESTINGFORIDENTIFICATIONPURPOSESMAYLEADTOTHEESTABLISHMENTOFADNAFINGERPRINTDATABASE1ACCORDINGTOTHEESSAY,WECANFINDCHROMOSOMESAINAFISHBINATREECINASHEEPDINAROCK关注在线试听师资介绍在线考试2013职称英语招生简章编辑推荐2013年职称英语成绩查询时间2013年职称英语考试准考证打印时间及入口2013年职称英语新增文章汇总2013年职称英语考试须知及复习指南2013年职称英语考试各题型必备技巧2013职称英语报名时间各省职称英语考试成绩有效期职称英语免考规定20072012职称英语真题汇总PAGER2DNAFINGERPRINTINGISMOREOFTENUSEDFORAOBTAININGSAMPLESOFCHROMOSOMESBPROVIDINGEVIDENCEINCOURTINVESTIGATIONSCPROVINGTHEHORSETOBEAMAMMALDPRINTINGBOOKSABOUTBIOLOGY3WHENYOURBROTHERLOOKSEXACTLYLIKEYOU,YOURCOMPLETEDNAMAYBEAEXACTLYLIKEHISBTOTALLYDIFFERENTFROMHISCUNIQUEDLOST4SOMEPEOPLEBELIEVETHATUSINGADNAFINGERPRINTMAYNOTBESORELIABLEBECAUSEATHEACCURACYOFDNAFINGERPRINTINGHASBEENCHALLENGEDBNOPRIVATELABORATORYFOLLOWSUNIFORMTESTINGSTANDARDSORQUALITYCONTROLSCMISTAKESAREPOSSIBLEWHENRESEARCHERSEXPLAINWHATHAVECOMEOFTHEIRTESTSDSUSPECTSMAYNOTHAVEENOUGHMONEYTOPROVIDETHEIROWNDNATOLAWCOURTS5THISESSAYTALKSABOUTDNAFINGERPRINTINGCONCERNINGTHEFOLLOWINGASPECTSEXCEPTALEGALAPPLICATIONOFTHEMETHODBTHEWAYTOOBTAINADNASAMPLECWORKYETTOBEDONEABOUTDNAFINGERPRINTINGDPOSSIBLEDANGERINDRAWINGADNASAMPLEFROMTHEHUMANBODYDNA指纹DNA是所有生物细胞核子发现的基因材料。哺乳动物的DNA线被组合为称作染色体的各种结构。除生物姊妹体外如完全相同的双胞胎，每一个体的整条DNA是独一无二的。DNA指纹有时也称作DNA印记法。这是一种通过比较少量DNA的鉴别方法。DNA指纹的构成先要从身体组织或液体中抽取DNA标本，如头发、血液或唾液。采取的标本用酶分割成若干部分，各切片根据大小排列。切片先用探针做标记，然后曝光于X光片上。胶片上形成由黑色条纹组成的图案，这就是DNA指纹。若两个不同标本的DNA指纹完全相像，则这两个标本可能来自同一人。DNA指纹首次作为鉴别技术进行开发是在1985年。开始是用来探测遗传疾病的，很快便被应用于刑事调查与法律事务。基于DNA所提供证据的首例定罪是1988年，在美国。在刑事调查中，把从犯罪现场采集的证据中提取的DNA村本与犯罪嫌疑人的相比。一般说来，法庭已承认DNA测试的可靠性并允许DNA测试结果纳为证据然而，在一些方面DNA指纹颇具争议性结果的精确性，测试成本及技术的错误使用的可能性。由于一些原因，DNA指纹的精确性受到了挑战。首先，由于是DNA切片而并非完整的DNA被作为指纹进行研究DNA指纹可能并非独一无二的尚未进行过大规模研究以证实DNA指纹测试结果是独一无二的。此外，DNA指纹常是在私人实验室作的，可能并不遵循统一的测试标准与质量控制。再有，既然必须由人来解释测试，人为的错误可能导致错误结果。DNA指纹颇为昂贵。如果犯罪嫌疑人不能将自己的DNA提供给专家，他/她就很可能没有确凿的证据证明自己无罪。为鉴定目的而作的DNA测试的广泛使用可能会导致DNA指纹数据库的建立。第十三篇SCIENTISTSDEVELOPWAYSOFDETECTINGHEARTATTACK【科学家探索发现心脏病的方法】GERMANRESEARCHERSHAVE_1_ANEWGENERATIONOFDEFIBRILLATORSANDEARLYWARNINGSOFTWAREAIMEDATOFFERINGHEARTPATIENTSGREATERPROTECTION_2_SUDDENDEATHFROMCARDIACARRESTINGERMANYALONEAROUND100,000PEOPLEDIEANNUALLYASARESULTOFCARDIACARRESTANDMANYOFTHESECASES_3_BYDISRUPTIONTOTHEHEARTSRHYTHMTHOSEMOSTATRISKAREPATIENTSWHOHAVE_4_SUFFEREDAHEARTATTACK,ANDFORYEARSTHEUSEOFDEFIBRILLATORSHASPROVEDUSEFULINDIAGNOSING_5_DISRUPTIONTOHEARTRHYTHMSANDCORRECTINGTHEMAUTOMATICALLYBYINTERVENINGWITHINSECONDSTHESEDEVICES_6_ARANGEOFFUNCTIONS,SUCHASTHATOFPACEMAKERHEARTSPECIALISTSATFREIBURGSUNIVERSITYCLINICHAVENOWACHIEVEDABREAKTHROUGHWITHANIMPLANTEDDEFIBRILLATOR_7_OFGENERATINGASIXCHANNELELECTROCARDIOGRAMECGWITHINTHEBODYTHISINTEGRATEDSYSTEMALLOWSEARLYDIAGNOSISOF_8_BLOODFLOWPROBLEMSANDAPENDINGHEARTATTACKITWILLBEIMPLANTEDINPATIENTSFORTHEFIRSTTIMETHISYEARMEANWHILE,RESEARCHERSATTHEFRAUNHOFERINSTITUTEFORAPPLIEDMATHEMATICSINKAISERSLAUTERNHAVEDEVELOPEDNEWCOMPUTERSOFTWARETHATRENDERSOFECGDATA_9_THEOVERWHELMING_10_OFPATIENTSATRISKWILLNOTHAVEANIMPLANTEDDEFIBRILLATORANDMUSTFORTHISREASONUNDERGOREGULARECGS“MANYOFTHECURRENTPROGRAMSONLY_11_INTOACCOUNTALINEARCORRELATIONOFTHEDATAWEARE,HOWEVER,MAKINGUSE_12_ANONLINEARPROCESSTHATREVEALSTHECHAOTICPATTERNSOFHEARTBEATSASANOPENANDCOMPLEXSYSTEM,”HAGENKNAFSAYS,“_13_CHANGESINTHEHEARTBEATSOVERTIMECANBEMONITOREDANDINDIVIDUALVARIATIONSINPATIENTSTAKENINTOACCOUNT”ANOLDSTUDYOFECGDATA,BASED_14_600PATIENTSWHOHADSUFFEREDASUBSEQUENTHEARTATTACK,ENABLEDTHERESEARCHERSTOCOMPARERISKSANDTOSHOW_15_THENEWSOFTWAREEVALUATESTHEDATACONSIDERABLYBETTER练习1ACOMEUPBCOMEUPWITHCCOMEUPTODCOMEUPAGAINST2ATOBFORCWITHDFROM3AARECAUSEDBCAUSEDCARETOCAUSEDHAVEBEENCAUSING4AEASILYBREADILYCFREQUENTLYDALREADY5ADISEASEPRODUCINGBHEALTHIMPROVINGCLIFETHREATENINGDERRORCORRECTING6ATAKEINBTAKEAFTERCTAKEONDTAKEFROM7ACAPABLEBABLECSKILLFULDSKILLED8ACHRONICBACUTECRECURRENTDPERSISTENT9APRECISELYBMOREPRECISELYCPRECISIONDMOREPRECISE10AMAXIMUMBMINIMUMCMAJORITYDMINORITY11AGETBTAKECBRINGDFETCH12AO