2015年电大药理学形成性考答案解析

电大药理学形成性考核答案1、简述抗高血压药的分类，每类举一个代表药。答抗高血压药物可分以下几类（1）利尿药，代表药为氢氯噻嗪；（2）钙拮抗药，如硝苯地平；（3）血管紧张素转化酶抑制药，如卡托普利、依那普利；（4）抑制交感神经活性药物，如可乐定、利血平、哌唑嗪；（5）血管扩张药，如硝普钠、肼屈嗪。2、肝素和香豆素药过量后所致出血用何药解救原因是什么。答肝素过量所致出血用于精蛋白解救，鱼精蛋白分子结构具有强碱性基团，而肝素是一种粘多糖的硫酸酯，强酸性肝素可以和鱼精蛋白结合成稳定的复合物，使肝素失去活性。香豆素类过量所致出血用维生素K解救，因为两者化学结构相似，有竞争性拮抗作用。3、简述氟喹诺酮类药物药理作用的主要特点。答特点是抗菌谱广对革兰阳性菌、革兰阴性菌、绿脓杆菌都有效；细菌对本品耐药性发生率低，与其它抗菌药无交叉耐药性；在体内分布广，治疗泌尿系统感染、肠道感染、前列腺炎等效果好；大多数制剂可口服，使用方便。4、简述红霉素、链霉素、庆大霉素的不良反应。答红霉素主要不良反应是胃肠道反应、肝毒性、过敏反应链霉素和庆大霉素不良反应是肾毒性、耳毒性、过敏反应、神经肌肉阻滞5、抗结核药的用药原则是什么答早期用药因结核病变早期主要是渗出性反应，病灶局部血液循环好，药物易渗入，且细菌处于繁殖旺盛期，对药物敏感。联合用药单用一种药物结核菌极易产生耐药性，联合用药可延缓耐药性产生，可提高疗效，降低毒性。坚持全疗程规律用药足量、足疗程用药可获得较好疗效，复发率降低。6、抗真菌药的用药原则是什么答选药原则应明确是浅部真菌感染还是深部真菌感染；选择局部用药还是全身用药。7、癌症疼痛患者选用镇痛药的原则有哪些答三阶梯镇痛原则，也就是由专业医生在对癌痛的性质和原因做出正确评估后，根据疼痛的剧烈程度将其分为轻、中、重三个等级，再按照此选择不同的药物。轻度癌痛一般能忍受，日常生活和睡眠都不受影响，可以选用以阿司匹林为代表的非甾体类消炎镇痛药；如果发展到中度持续性疼痛，睡眠将受到干扰，食欲也有所减退，此时以可待因为代表的弱阿片类药物将成为首选；而对重度，无法忍受剧烈疼痛的患者，则需要使用以吗啡为代表的强效阿片类药物制剂。请您务必删除一下内容，O_O万分谢谢2015年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄INDONESIAHASEMERGEDASATOPVACATIONDESTINATIONFORCHINESETHISSUMMER,ALONGWITHTHAILANDSPHUKETISLANDANDTHEMALDIVESARCHIPELAGOENCOURAGEDBYGROWTHINCHINESETRAVELERSTOINDONESIA,THEGOVERNMENTINJAKARTAHASRECENTLYRELAXEDITSVISAPOLICYSINCEJUNE10,CHINESETOURISTSCANENTERINDONESIATHROUGHNINEAPPOINTEDLOCATIONS,INCLUDINGTHESOEKARNOHATTAINTERNATIONALAIRPORTINJAKARTA,THENGURAHRAIINTERNATIONALAIRPORTINBALIANDTHEKUALANAMUINTERNATIONALAIRPORTINMEDAN,BYJUSTGETTINGTHEIRPASSPORTSSTAMPEDONARRIVALOFFICIALLY,ITISCALLEDTHE“FREEVISA“SCHEMETHENEWPOLICYALSOMEANSCHINESETOURISTSCANSAVE35ONVISAFEES,WHICHWILLLIKELYMAKETRIPSTOINDONESIAMOREALLURINGWHILESUCHANARRANGEMENTALLOWSCHINESEVISITORSTOSTAYUPTO30DAYSFORTHEPURPOSEOFTRAVELING,THOSESEEKINGEXTENSIONSWILLNEEDTOGETPAIDVISASFROMTHATCOUNTRYSMISSIONSINBEIJING,SHANGHAI,GUANGZHOUORHONGKONG,ACCORDINGTOANOFFICIALATTHEINDONESIAEMBASSYINBEIJINGSANTODARMOSUMARTO,HEADOFTHEEMBASSYSINFORMATION,SOCIALANDCULTURALSECTION,SAYSTHENEWPOLICYISAIMEDATSTRENGTHENINGPEOPLETOPEOPLECONTACTSBETWEENTHETWOCOUNTRIESDAIYU,MARKETINGDIRECTOROFCTRIP,AMAJORCHINESEONLINETRAVELAGENCY,SAYS“WEVESEENANEARLY50PERCENTGROWTHOVERTHEPREVIOUSMONTHINTHENUMBEROFCHINESETOURISTSTOBALISINCETHEPOLICYWASANNOUNCED“DURINGHISTRIPTOCHINAINMARCH,INDONESIANPRESIDENTJOKOWIDODOPROPOSEDTHATHISCOUNTRYANDCHINAAIMTOINCREASETWOWAYVISITSTOAMAXIMUMOF10MILLIONPEOPLEINTHENEXTFEWYEARSTHEINDONESIANGOVERNMENTHASSETTHEIRSIGHTSONGREETING2MILLIONCHINESETOURISTSBYTHEENDOFTHISYEAR,ACCORDINGTOTHEOFFICIAL“THEINDONESIANGOVERNMENTHOPESTHATINDONESIANNATIONALSWOULDALSOBEGIVENPREFERENTIALTREATMENTWHILEVISITINGCHINA,“SAYSDARMOSUMARTOIN2013,THENUMBEROFCHINESETOURISTSWHOVISITEDINDONESIASTOODAROUND807,000LASTYEAR,ITINCREASEDTO959,000,HEADDSBALIREMAINSTHEMOSTPOPULARSITEAMONGCHINESETOURISTSINFEBRUARY,MORETHAN92,200CHINESETOURISTSMADETRIPSTOBALI,RANKINGFIRSTAMONGOVERSEASVISITORS,THEBALITIMESREPORTEDLASTYEAR,THEISLANDWITNESSEDMORETHAN586,000ARRIVALSFROMCHINA,ANINCREASEOF51PERCENTOVER2013“BALIISNTJUSTFORSIGHTSEEING,BUTALSOFORWEDDINGS,HONEYMOONS,GOLFANDMANYOUTDOORACTIVITIES,“SAYSFANWENQING,AMARKETINGEXECUTIVEATGARUDA,INDONESIASNATIONALAIRLINERGARUDAOFFERSTHREENONSTOPFLIGHTSBETWEENBEIJINGANDBALI,ANDFOUREACHWEEKBETWEENBEIJINGANDJAKARTATHEREAREDAILYFLIGHTSFROMGUANGZHOU,INGUANGDONGPROVINCE,ANDSHANGHAITOJAKARTAASWELLITTAKESFROMSIXTOEIGHTHOURSONANONSTOPFLIGHTTOREACHINDONESIAFROMCHINAINDONESIAISHOMETOMORETHAN17,000ISLANDSTOURISTSCANTOURYOGYAKARTATOSEEPRAMBANAMANDBOROBUDUR,TWOHISTORICALANDRELIGIOUSSITES,ANDEXPLORETHELOCALHANDICRAFTMARKETSTHEBASEOFAVOLCANO,BANDUNG,WHICHISALSOKNOWNASTHE“PARISOFJAVA“,ISIDEALFORADVENTURESEEKERSMANYECOTOURISMDESTINATIONS,SUCHASTOBALAKEINSUMATRA,TANJUNGPUTINGNATIONALPARKINKALIMANTANANDBUNAKENINMANADO,AREPLACESTHEEMBASSYOFFICIALRECOMMENDSFORTOURISTSINDONESIABOASTSWORLDCLASSSURFINGFACILITIESALONGTHESHORESOFSUMATRADOWNTONUSATENGGARAISLANDSRECENTLY,LOMBOK,ASISTERISLANDEASTOFBALIHASGOTTENSOMUCHATTENTIONFROMCHINESETRAVELERSTHATSOMETRAVELAGENCIESAREOFFERINGTWINPACKAGESFORBALIANDLOMBOKTHEBESTTIMETOVISITBALIISFROMMAYTOOCTOBER,WHENITDOESNTRAINMUCHANDTHEWEATHERISCOOLATPRESSTIME,AWEEKLONGPACKAGEFROMSHANGHAIORGUANGZHOUTOBALIWASALITTLEMORETHAN3,000YUAN480ONCTRIPSWEBSITECHINESETOURISTSHAVETAKENASHINETORAFTINGINUBUD,SIGHTSEEINGINTANAHLOT,ANDSURFINGANDDIVINGINNUSALEMBONGAN,SAYSDAICIVETCOFFEE,ESSENTIALOILANDWOODCARVINGSAREAMONGTHEMOSTPOPULARPRODUCTSFORCHINESETOURISTSININDONESIA,SHESAYSINDONESIANFOODISALSOSOMETHINGTHATVISITORSSHOULDNTMISSLOCALCUISINESFEATUREMANYSPICES,INCLUDINGPEPPERSANDCLOVES,ANDCOCONUTPULPFRIEDRICE,“DIRTYDUCK“ANDROASTSUCKLINGPIGARERECOMMENDEDCHILDRENSILLUSTRATIONBOOKSFIRSTAPPEAREDINTHE1600SINEUROPETHEIRPASSAGETOCHINA,HOWEVER,TOOKMUCHLONGER,ROUGHLY300YEARSINCHINA,CHILDRENSILLUSTRATIONBOOKSHAVEAHISTORYOFJUST100YEARSANDTHEIRDEVELOPMENTCANBEDIVIDEDINTOFOURSTAGESFROMEARLY1900STOMID1900S,ALARGENUMBEROFBOOKSANDMAGAZINESWITHILLUSTRATIONSAPPEAREDWITHTHEFASTDEVELOPMENTOFTHEMODERNPUBLISHINGINDUSTRYTHEILLUSTRATIONARTSATTHATTIMEWEREAMIXEDGENREOFCHINESETRADITIONALPAINTINGSANDTHEWESTERNSTYLE,ANDMOSTOFTHESTORIESORIGINATEFROMTHEFUNDAMENTALCHANGESTHATCHINAEXPERIENCEDAFTERTHECOLLAPSEOFQINGDYNASTY16441911,THEWARLORDSTRUGGLESANDTHEWARAGAINSTTHEJAPANESEINVASIONTHESECONDSTAGEWASFROMMID1900STOLATE1970S,WHENTHE“CULTURALREVOLUTION“196676ENDEDTHEFASTDEVELOPMENTOFSOMESPECIALPUBLISHINGHOUSESFORCHILDRENGAVEBIRTHTOALARGENUMBEROFILLUSTRATIONSTORYBOOKS,WHICHMADEAGOODUSEOFFOLKARTTECHNIQUES,SUCHASWOODBOARDCARVING,FRESCOES,ANDINKANDWASHPAINTING,ETCMANYOFTHEPOPULARSTORIESAREFROMCHINESEHISTORYANDWARSAFTER1900STHETHIRDSTAGEISFROMEARLY1980STOLATE1990S,AGOLDENPERIODFORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCHILDRENSILLUSTRATIONBOOKSTHEREFORMANDOPENINGUPBROUGHTINNEWCONCEPTSANDIDEASFROMTHEWESTTOCHINA,ACOUNTRYTHATHADBEENCLOSEDTOTHEWESTFORNEARLYTHREEDECADESFASTDEVELOPMENTOFECONOMY,SOCIETYANDCULTUREPROVIDEDTHEWRITERSANDPAINTERSWITHALOTOFINSPIRATIONTOCREATENEWLITERATUREWORKSANDDRAWILLUSTRATIONSCHINAALSOIMPORTEDLARGEAMOUNTSOFCHILDRENSILLUSTRATIONBOOKSFROMTHEWESTANDJAPANMANYYOUNGPARENTSINCHINAHAVEASTRONGNOSTALGIAABOUTCHILDRENSILLUSTRATIONBOOKSTHEYREADINTHE1980SAND1990STHISISALSOTHELASTERAINCHINASARTISTICINNOVATIONBEFORETHEADVENTOFTHEINTERNETPERIODTHEFOURTHSTAGEISFEATUREDWITHTHESPREADOFTHEINTERNETANDTHEOTHERCOMPUTERIZEDMEANSOFARTINNOVATIONTHEHANDDRAWNCHILDRENSILLUSTRATIONBOOKSAREGRADUALLYREPLACEDBYCARTOONSDRAWNANDCOPIEDBYSOFTWAREANDMACHINES,ANDSHOWNONTABLETS,COMPUTERS,TELEVISIONANDSMARTPHONES,INSTEADOFBOOKSHAINANTROPICALWILDLIFEPARKANDBOTANICALGARDENISNATURESHAVEN,WITHNOLESSTHAN4,000RAREBIRDSANDANIMALSREPRESENTING200SPECIESWITHTROPICALFORESTCOVERINGOVER90PERCENTOFITSAREA,THEGARDENOFFERSBEAUTIFULVIEWSOFAWIDERANGEOFTROPICALPLANTS,FLOWERSANDFRUITTREESTHESCENICSPOTABOUT25KILOMETERSFROMTHECENTEROFHAIKOUOFFERSADRIVETHRUSAFARITOURWHEREYOUCANGETUPCLOSEWITHELEPHANTS,LIONSANDBEARSTHE“SAFARIONFOOT“AREAFEATURESWALKINGTRAILSWHEREVISITORSCANSEETHERESTOFTHEANIMALS,INCLUDINGHIPPOSANDMONKEYS,ANDFEEDTHEMFORASMALLFEEVISITORSALSOCANSEEWHATHAPPENSWHENYOUBREEDALIONANDATIGERTWOUNIQUEATTRACTIONSARERAREHYBRIDSALIGER,THEOFFSPRINGOFAMALLIONANDAFEMALETIGERANDATIGON,WHICHISCREATEDBYAFEMALELIONANDAMALETIGERASATEACHINGCENTEROFTHENATIONALPOPULARSCIENCEEDUCATIONPROGRAM,THEPARKALSOSERVESASASECONDCLASSROOMFORSTUDENTSTOLEARNABOUTWILDLIFEANDPLANTSSINCEITWASESTABLISHEDIN1995,ITHASRECEIVEDMORETHANONEMILLIONSTUDENTVISITORSATACRUCIALMOMENTWHENPESSIMISMHASBROUGHTTHEGREEKCRISISTOSUCHAHEADTHATTHECOUNTRYISCLOSERTOADEFAULTONITSDEBTREPAYMENTSTHANEVER,LIOFFEREDASPARKOFENTHUSIASMTORESTARTTHESTALLEDTALKSBYCALLINGONGREECEANDITSCREDITORSTOREACHALASTMINUTEDEALTHATWILLALLOWGREECETOREMAININTHEEUROZONEGIVENTHEESCALATIONOFTHECOUNTRYSCRISISOVERTHEWEEKENDSENTASHOCKWAVETHROUGHTHEGLOBALSTOCKMARKETSONMONDAY,THEREAREAMPLEREASONSTOWORRYABOUTTHEUNCERTAINTIESSURROUNDINGTHEEVENTSINGREECEANDTHEEFFECTADEFAULTWOULDHAVEONEUROPE,RELATIONSBETWEENCHINAANDTHEEU,GLOBALFINANCIALSTABILITYANDTHENASCENTGLOBALECONOMICRECOVERYGREECEHASANNOUNCEDTHATITWILLHOLDAREFERENDUMONABAILOUTPLANPROPOSEDLASTWEEKBYTHECOUNTRYSCREDITORSINRESPONSE,GREECESEUROZONEPARTNERSHAVEREFUSEDTOEXTENDTHECOUNTRYSBAILOUTPROGRAMANDTHEEUROPEANCENTRALBANKCAPPEDITSEMERGENCYSUPPORTFORTHECOUNTRYSBANKSAREALDANGERNOWLOOMSOFGREECEEXITINGTHEEURO,WHICHMIGHTDERAILTHEGLOBALECONOMICRECOVERYANDDAMAGETHELONGTERMVIABILITYOFTHEEUROASACURRENCYHOWEVER,SUCHATRAGEDYISNEITHERCERTAINNORUNAVOIDABLETHEEUSHOULDSHOULDERITSRESPONSIBILITYTOPREVENTTHEGREEKCRISISFROMOVERSHADOWINGTHEFRAGILEGLOBALRECOVERYASAMAJORCUSTOMERANDSUPPLIEROFTHE28NATIONEU,ANDARESPONSIBLELONGTERMHOLDEROFEUROBONDS,CHINASCONFIDENCEINANDCOMMITMENTTOASTRONGEUROZONEOFFERSEULEADERSTHENECESSARYSUPPORTTOLOOKATTHEGREEKCRISISFROMABROADERANDLONGERPERSPECTIVEWHENLISAIDTHATCHINAWILLNOTONLYCONSIDERACHINAEUINVESTMENTPLATFORMTOBACKEUROPEANCOMMISSIONPRESIDENTJEANCLAUDEJUNCKERSPLANTOREVIVETHEEUROPEANECONOMY,BUTALSOBUYMOREBONDSISSUEDBYTHEEUROPEANINVESTMENTBANK,EULEADERSSHOULDBECLEARTHATCHINAWANTSTOSEETHEEUMAINTAINITSINTEGRITYANDAFORWARDTRAJECTORYSUCHACONFIDENCEBUILDINGEFFORTISPARTICULARLYVALUABLE,ESPECIALLYFROMSUCHALARGECOUNTRYASCHINAWHICHALREADYHASAHUGESTAKEANDSEEKSTOFURTHEREXPANDITINASTRONGEUROZONEITWILLBEATRAGEDYTOALLOWINACTIONOVERTHEGREEKCRISISTOSTANDINTHEWAYOFGROWTHBOOSTINGSINOEUCOOPERATION请您务必删除一下内容，O_O万分谢谢2015年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄INDONESIAHASEMERGEDASATOPVACATIONDESTINATIONFORCHINESETHISSUMMER,ALONGWITHTHAILANDSPHUKETISLANDANDTHEMALDIVESARCHIPELAGOENCOURAGEDBYGROWTHINCHINESETRAVELERSTOINDONESIA,THEGOVERNMENTINJAKARTAHASRECENTLYRELAXEDITSVISAPOLICYSINCEJUNE10,CHINESETOURISTSCANENTERINDONESIATHROUGHNINEAPPOINTEDLOCATIONS,INCLUDINGTHESOEKARNOHATTAINTERNATIONALAIRPORTINJAKARTA,THENGURAHRAIINTERNATIONALAIRPORTINBALIANDTHEKUALANAMUINTERNATIONALAIRPORTINMEDAN,BYJUSTGETTINGTHEIRPASSPORTSSTAMPEDONARRIVALOFFICIALLY,ITISCALLEDTHE“FREEVISA“SCHEMETHENEWPOLICYALSOMEANSCHINESETOURISTSCANSAVE35ONVISAFEES,WHICHWILLLIKELYMAKETRIPSTOINDONESIAMOREALLURINGWHILESUCHANARRANGEMENTALLOWSCHINESEVISITORSTOSTAYUPTO30DAYSFORTHEPURPOSEOFTRAVELING,THOSESEEKINGEXTENSIONSWILLNEEDTOGETPAIDVISASFROMTHATCOUNTRYSMISSIONSINBEIJING,SHANGHAI,GUANGZHOUORHONGKONG,ACCORDINGTOANOFFICIALATTHEINDONESIAEMBASSYINBEIJINGSANTODARMOSUMARTO,HEADOFTHEEMBASSYSINFORMATION,SOCIALANDCULTURALSECTION,SAYSTHENEWPOLICYISAIMEDATSTRENGTHENINGPEOPLETOPEOPLECONTACTSBETWEENTHETWOCOUNTRIESDAIYU,MARKETINGDIRECTOROFCTRIP,AMAJORCHINESEONLINETRAVELAGENCY,SAYS“WEVESEENANEARLY50PERCENTGROWTHOVERTHEPREVIOUSMONTHINTHENUMBEROFCHINESETOURISTSTOBALISINCETHEPOLICYWASANNOUNCED“DURINGHISTRIPTOCHINAINMARCH,INDONESIANPRESIDENTJOKOWIDODOPROPOSEDTHATHISCOUNTRYANDCHINAAIMTOINCREASETWOWAYVISITSTOAMAXIMUMOF10MILLIONPEOPLEINTHENEXTFEWYEARSTHEINDONESIANGOVERNMENTHASSETTHEIRSIGHTSONGREETING2MILLIONCHINESETOURISTSBYTHEENDOFTHISYEAR,ACCORDINGTOTHEOFFICIAL“THEINDONESIANGOVERNMENTHOPESTHATINDONESIANNATIONALSWOULDALSOBEGIVENPREFERENTIALTREATMENTWHILEVISITINGCHINA,“SAYSDARMOSUMARTOIN2013,THENUMBEROFCHINESETOURISTSWHOVISITEDINDONESIASTOODAROUND807,000LASTYEAR,ITINCREASEDTO959,000,HEADDSBALIREMAINSTHEMOSTPOPULARSITEAMONGCHINESETOURISTSINFEBRUARY,MORETHAN92,200CHINESETOURISTSMADETRIPSTOBALI,RANKINGFIRSTAMONGOVERSEASVISITORS,THEBALITIMESREPORTEDLASTYEAR,THEISLANDWITNESSEDMORETHAN586,000ARRIVALSFROMCHINA,ANINCREASEOF51PERCENTOVER2013“BALIISNTJUSTFORSIGHTSEEING,BUTALSOFORWEDDINGS,HONEYMOONS,GOLFANDMANYOUTDOORACTIVITIES,“SAYSFANWENQING,AMARKETINGEXECUTIVEATGARUDA,INDONESIASNATIONALAIRLINERGARUDAOFFERSTHREENONSTOPFLIGHTSBETWEENBEIJINGANDBALI,ANDFOUREACHWEEKBETWEENBEIJINGANDJAKARTATHEREAREDAILYFLIGHTSFROMGUANGZHOU,INGUANGDONGPROVINCE,ANDSHANGHAITOJAKARTAASWELLITTAKESFROMSIXTOEIGHTHOURSONANONSTOPFLIGHTTOREACHINDONESIAFROMCHINAINDONESIAISHOMETOMORETHAN17,000ISLANDSTOURISTSCANTOURYOGYAKARTATOSEEPRAMBANAMANDBOROBUDUR,TWOHISTORICALANDRELIGIOUSSITES,ANDEXPLORETHELOCALHANDICRAFTMARKETSTHEBASEOFAVOLCANO,BANDUNG,WHICHISALSOKNOWNASTHE“PARISOFJAVA“,ISIDEALFORADVENTURESEEKERSMANYECOTOURISMDESTINATIONS,SUCHASTOBALAKEINSUMATRA,TANJUNGPUTINGNATIONALPARKINKALIMANTANANDBUNAKENINMANADO,AREPLACESTHEEMBASSYOFFICIALRECOMMENDSFORTOURISTSINDONESIABOASTSWORLDCLASSSURFINGFACILITIESALONGTHESHORESOFSUMATRADOWNTONUSATENGGARAISLANDSRECENTLY,LOMBOK,ASISTERISLANDEASTOFBALIHASGOTTENSOMUCHATTENTIONFROMCHINESETRAVELERSTHATSOMETRAVELAGENCIESAREOFFERINGTWINPACKAGESFORBALIANDLOMBOKTHEBESTTIMETOVISITBALIISFROMMAYTOOCTOBER,WHENITDOESNTRAINMUCHANDTHEWEATHERISCOOLATPRESSTIME,AWEEKLONGPACKAGEFROMSHANGHAIORGUANGZHOUTOBALIWASALITTLEMORETHAN3,000YUAN480ONCTRIPSWEBSITECHINESETOURISTSHAVETAKENASHINETORAFTINGINUBUD,SIGHTSEEINGINTANAHLOT,ANDSURFINGANDDIVINGINNUSALEMBONGAN,SAYSDAICIVETCOFFEE,ESSENTIALOILANDWOODCARVINGSAREAMONGTHEMOSTPOPULARPRODUCTSFORCHINESETOURISTSININDONESIA,SHESAYSINDONESIANFOODISALSOSOMETHINGTHATVISITORSSHOULDNTMISSLOCALCUISINESFEATUREMANYSPICES,INCLUDINGPEPPERSANDCLOVES,ANDCOCONUTPULPFRIEDRICE,“DIRTYDUCK“ANDROASTSUCKLINGPIGARERECOMMENDEDCHILDRENSILLUSTRATIONBOOKSFIRSTAPPEAREDINTHE1600SINEUROPETHEIRPASSAGETOCHINA,HOWEVER,TOOKMUCHLONGER,ROUGHLY300YEARSINCHINA,CHILDRENSILLUSTRATIONBOOKSHAVEAHISTORYOFJUST100YEARSANDTHEIRDEVELOPMENTCANBEDIVIDEDINTOFOURSTAGESFROMEARLY1900STOMID1900S,ALARGENUMBEROFBOOKSANDMAGAZINESWITHILLUSTRATIONSAPPEAREDWITHTHEFASTDEVELOPMENTOFTHEMODERNPUBLISHINGINDUSTRYTHEILLUSTRATIONARTSATTHATTIMEWEREAMIXEDGENREOFCHINESETRADITIONALPAINTINGSANDTHEWESTERNSTYLE,ANDMOSTOFTHESTORIESORIGINATEFROMTHEFUNDAMENTALCHANGESTHATCHINAEXPERIENCEDAFTERTHECOLLAPSEOFQINGDYNASTY16441911,THEWARLORDSTRUGGLESANDTHEWARAGAINSTTHEJAPANESEINVASIONTHESECONDSTAGEWASFROMMID1900STOLATE1970S,WHENTHE“CULTURALREVOLUTION“196676ENDEDTHEFASTDEVELOPMENTOFSOMESPECIALPUBLISHINGHOUSESFORCHILDRENGAVEBIRTHTOALARGENUMBEROFILLUSTRATIONSTORYBOOKS,WHICHMADEAGOODUSEOFFOLKARTTECHNIQUES,SUCHASWOODBOARDCARVING,FRESCOES,ANDINKANDWASHPAINTING,ETCMANYOFTHEPOPULARSTORIESAREFROMCHINESEHISTORYANDWARSAFTER1900STHETHIRDSTAGEISFROMEARLY1980STOLATE1990S,AGOLDENPERIODFORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCHILDRENSILLUSTRATIONBOOKSTHEREFORMANDOPENINGUPBROUGHTINNEWCONCEPTSANDIDEASFROMTHEWESTTOCHINA,ACOUNTRYTHATHADBEENCLOSEDTOTHEWESTFORNEARLYTHREEDECADESFASTDEVELOPMENTOFECONOMY,SOCIETYANDCULTUREPROVIDEDTHEWRITERSANDPAINTERSWITHALOTOFINSPIRATIONTOCREATENEWLITERATUREWORKSANDDRAWILLUSTRATIONSCHINAALSOIMPORTEDLARGEAMOUNTSOFCHILDRENSILLUSTRATIONBOOKSFROMTHEWESTANDJAPANMANYYOUNGPARENTSINCHINAHAVEASTRONGNOSTALGIAABOUTCHILDRENSILLUSTRATIONBOOKSTHEYREADINTHE1980SAND1990STHISISALSOTHELASTERAINCHINASARTISTICINNOVATIONBEFORETHEADVENTOFTHEINTERNETPERIODTHEFOURTHSTAGEISFEATUREDWITHTHESPREADOFTHEINTERNETANDTHEOTHERCOMPUTERIZEDMEANSOFARTINNOVATIONTHEHANDDRAWNCHILDRENSILLUSTRATIONBOOKSAREGRADUALLYREPLACEDBYCARTOONSDRAWNANDCOPIEDBYSOFTWAREANDMACHINES,ANDSHOWNONTABLETS,COMPUTERS,TELEVISIONANDSMARTPHONES,INSTEADOFBOOKSHAINANTROPICALWILDLIFEPARKANDBOTANICALGARDENISNATURESHAVEN,WITHNOLESSTHAN4,000RAREBIRDSANDANIMALSREPRESENTING200SPECIESWITHTROPICALFORESTCOVERINGOVER90PERCENTOFITSAREA,THEGARDENOFFERSBEAUTIFULVIEWSOFAWIDERANGEOFTROPICALPLANTS,FLOWERSANDFRUITTREESTHESCENICSPOTABOUT25KILOMETERSFROMTHECENTEROFHAIKOUOFFERSADRIVETHRUSAFARITOURWHEREYOUCANGETUPCLOSEWITHELEPHANTS,LIONSANDBEARSTHE“SAFARIONFOOT“AREAFEATURESWALKINGTRAILSWHEREVISITORSCANSEETHERESTOFTHEANIMALS,INCLUDINGHIPPOSANDMONKEYS,ANDFEEDTHEMFORASMALLFEEVISITORSALSOCANSEEWHATHAPPENSWHENYOUBREEDALIONANDATIGERTWOUNIQUEATTRACTIONSARERAREHYBRIDSALIGER,THEOFFSPRINGOFAMALLIONANDAFEMALETIGERANDATIGON,WHICHISCREATEDBYAFEMALELIONANDAMALETIGERASATEACHINGCENTEROFTHENATIONALPOPULARSCIENCEEDUCATIONPROGRAM,THEPARKALSOSERVESASASECONDCLASSROOMFORSTUDENTSTOLEARNABOUTWILDLIFEANDPLANTSSINCEITWASESTABLISHEDIN1995,ITHASRECEIVEDMORETHANONEMILLIONSTUDENTVISITORSATACRUCIALMOMENTWHENPESSIMISMHASBROUGHTTHEGREEKCRISISTOSUCHAHEADTHATTHECOUNTRYISCLOSERTOADEFAULTONITSDEBTREPAYMENTSTHANEVER,LIOFFEREDASPARKOFENTHUSIASMTORESTARTTHESTALLEDTALKSBYCALLINGONGREECEANDITSCREDITORSTOREACHALASTMINUTEDEALTHATWILLALLOWGREECETOREMAININTHEEUROZONEGIVENTHEESCALATIONOFTHECOUNTRYSCRISISOVERTHEWEEKENDSENTASHOCKWAVETHROUGHTHEGLOBALSTOCKMARKETSONMONDAY,THEREAREAMPLEREASONSTOWORRYABOUTTHEUNCERTAINTIESSURROUNDINGTHEEVENTSINGREECEANDTHEEFFECTADEFAULTWOULDHAVEONEUROPE,RELATIONSBETWEENCHINAANDTHEEU,GLOBALFINANCIALSTABILITYANDTHENASCENTGLOBALECONOMICRECOVERYGREECEHASANNOUNCEDTHATITWILLHOLDAREFERENDUMONABAILOUTPLANPROPOSEDLASTWEEKBYTHECOUNTRYSCREDITORSINRESPONSE,GREECESEUROZONEPARTNERSHAVEREFUSEDTOEXTENDTHECOUNTRYSBAILOUTPROG