初中_定语从句详细讲解

1、定语从句定语从句是一个重点语法项目， 而且也是各种考试中考查的重点， 要牢固掌握好 关系代词和关系副词的基本用法 及特殊用法， 并且学会利用相关知识来作出判断， 准确解答相关试题。知识详单何为定语从句 ：在复合句中充当定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词，用来修饰主句中的某一名词、代词或整个主句。先行词：被定语从句修饰的词，定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。关系词：在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词两种。知识点 1 关系词分类先行词句子成分例句a teacher is a personwho passes knowledge towho人

2、主语，宾语students .a teacher is a person, a teacher passes knowledgeto students.whom人宾语the woman whom you met in the streetis kate.关whose人 / 物please pass me the bookwhose cover is green .定语系whichthis is the roomwhich he lived in last year. 。物主语，宾语，定语代the girlthat i spoke to词is my cousin.that were seen y

3、esterday .that人 / 物主语，宾语，表语they are the peoplehe came back for the bookthat was on the deskhe came back for the bookthat he had forgotten.as人 / 物主语，宾语he is such a personas is respected by all of ussuch books as i borrowed yesterdayare all here关when时间时间状语i know the datewhen lincoln was born .系where地点

4、地点状语i would like to live in a placewhere there is副plenty of sunshine.词why原因原因状语that is the reasonwhy he was late .知识点 2 关系代词的用法关系代词用法例句i have no idea about the man whowrote两者都用于指人， who在定语从句the article.我不认识写这篇文章的那个who/whom中作主语、 宾语 ;whom 在定语从句人。what is the girl whom(who) you talked中作宾语to just now? 刚才和

5、你说话的那个女孩子是干什么的 ?指人或物，在从句中作定语, 往往he istheman whose carwas stolenlastwhose与它所修饰的名词一起构成一个night.他就是昨天晚上车被偷的那个男名词短语在从句中担当成分子。that was a fault which could not be一般指物，在定语从句中作主语、forgiven.那是不能饶恕的错误。which宾语，还可在从句中作介词的宾语the house in which i used to live hasbecome a shoe. 我过去住的房子现在变成了一家鞋店。指人或物，在从句中作主语或宾he isthe

6、 man thatwas punishedat thethat语，还可作表语， 作宾语或表语时meeting. 他就是那个在会上受批评的人。可省略 ; 作介词宾语时，介词不可shanghai is the place that i visited提到 that 前last year.上海是我去年参观过的地方。可以作为关系代词引导定语从句，suchpoints as youve mentionedareas常用于 such. as 和 thesame.reallyimportantinsolvingtheas 等句式中problem. 你提到的这些方面在解决这个问题上的确很重要。【知识拓展】1.

7、 关系词指物时，只用 that 不用 which 的情况 :先行词是all, everything, anything, nothing, no one, little, few, much, some .none 等不定代词时。例如:all that can be done has been done.所有能做的已经做了。先行词被the only, the very ,the just, the right, the last, all, any, some, no,few, little, much等修饰时。例如this is the very book that i am looking

8、 for.这正是我要找的那本书。先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级所修饰时。例如:this is the best film that i have seen.这是我所看过的最好的电影。主句是who或者which引导的特殊疑问句时。例如:who is the man that is making a speech?正在演讲的那个人是谁?2. 只用which而不用that的情况 :当关系代词前有介词，先行词指物时。例如:this is the house of which the windows face south.这就是窗户朝南的那座房子。在非限制性定语从句中，当关系词表示

9、事物时，只能用which 。例如:the plane landed safely, which made us very happy.飞机安全降落，这使我们很高兴。知识点3 关系副词的用法关系副词用法例句代替表示时间的名词. 而这个名词在wedont know the exacttime when the从句中又与介词构成了短语，在从句english evening will be held.我们不when中充当时间状语，常可用on which,知道英语晚会举行的确切时间。in which, during which等代替do you know the date when lincolnwas

10、murdered ? 你知道林肯遇刺的日期吗？代替表示地点的名词，而这个名词在the place where wereto havethe从句中又与介词构成了短语，在从句speech contest has not been decided中充当地点状语，常用in which ，on州 . 我们举行演讲比赛的地点还未定下whenwhich ，to which 等代替来。he did all his research in the roomwhere he lived. 他在自己住的房间里做了所有的研究。代替表示原因的名词，而这个名词在he didnt tell her the reason w

11、hy he从句中又与介词构成了短语，在从句was happy. 他没有告诉她他那么高兴的why中充当状语，常可用forwhich 代替原因。is thisthe reason why she refusedouroffer?这是她拒绝我们帮助她的理由吗 ?【知识拓展】关系副词的省略:（1） the time, every time, each time, the moment等后的关系副词可省略。例如:by the time（ when ）he was fourteen years old, einstein had learnt advanced mathall by himself.到十四

12、岁时，爱因斯坦已经自学了高等数学。在某些表示地点的名词后，关系副词有时也可省略. 如the place等。例如:this is the place（ where） we met years ago.这就是我们多年前见面的地方。（3）先行词the reason后面的关系副词可省略。例如:the reason（ why）he did that is quite clear.他那样做的理由是非常清楚的。知识点 4 定语从句的注意事项在限制性定语从句中，关系代词which, who, whom或 that在从句中充当宾语，且前无介词时，关系代词可以省略。例如:关系代词的省略the people (wh

13、om/who) i work with are all friendly.the children like the bread (which/that) my wife makes.在判断应使用哪一个关系词来引导定语从句时，首先应该找准定语从句的先行词，确定先行词指的是什么，指的是人. 指的是物 . 还是指的一句话的内容，等等。其次要确定关系词在从句中所充当的成分。需要注意的是，先行词往往决定不了关系词的使用，关键是粉关系词在从句中所起的具体作用。例如 :判断关系ill never forget the day when we moved to beijing.(先行词指的词的方法是时间，关

14、系词在从句作时间状语，故使用关系副词wh. 作为引导词 )我将永远不会忘记我们搬到北京的那一天。ill never forget the days (which/that) we spent together一。 tsummer.( 先行词尽管指的是时间。但在从句中作的是宾语，因此不能使用 when作为引导词 ) 我将水远不会忘记去年夏天我们共同度过的那段时光。关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的单复数形式应根据先行词来确定 . 即先行词为单数，从句谓语动词为单数; 先行词为复数，则从句谓语动词为复数。例如 :定语从he is one of the students who were la

15、te forschool.(句中的 students句的主是先行词，故从句的谓语动词使用复数形式) 他是迟到的学生中的一个。谓一致he is the only one of the students who was latefor school.( one之前有“ theonly “或“ thevery 修饰时，one 就是先行词 . 故从句的谓语动词应该使用单数形式) 他是学生中唯一迟到的一个。【巧学记忆】关系代词的用法.: 关系词来引定从，它们的用法各不同. that可做主宾用，指人指物它都行.which 只能指物用，主宾定语它也能。who和 whom指人用，分作主宾要弄清。whose 一

16、词真叫行，指人指物都能用。时间状语用作主和宾。修饰全句或部分，when 才行，地点状语where 能。原因状语why 对应 , aswhich 和 as 要分清。固定搭配应分明，从句当中定功能。考点突破考点 1 考察关系代词的用法1.( 哈尔滨中考)everyone has his aim in life. however,you cant get fat on onemouthful.start with the easiest thing_ you can controla. whob. thatc. which【解析】选b。先行词thing是物，且由最高级修饰，关系代词用that,2.(

17、 绥化中考a. which) the story book_ you lent me is very interesting.b. itc. what【解析】选a。先行词为the storybook，指物，关系词which在从句中作lent的宾语。故选a,3.( 龙东中考 a. whom)shirley is the girl_ taught me how to use we-chat(b. whichc. who微信 ).【解析】选c, thegirl作先行词，表示人，关系词在从句中作主语，故关系代词用who,4.( 咸宁中考 )-have you seen the documentary nameda bite of china( 舌尖上的中国)?-yeah! its the most funny one_ i have ever seen.a. thatb. whatc. whichd.where解析 选 a。先行词one 前有最高级修饰，故关系词用that,考点 2 考察关系副词的用法5.( 枣庄中考 )he is unlikely to find the school_