掘金基本知识（nuggets）（Nuggets knowledge (nuggets)）

1、掘金基本知识（nuggets）（Nuggets knowledge (nuggets)）Basic knowledge of excavationThe status and function of drivingTo dig and lift, dig in the first place, to dig and dig.Coal mining is the precondition of tunneling and the mining of coal mining.Ii. Basic concept of well laneFrom the ground to the downhole,

2、 the excavation works mainly include wellbore, roadway, and chamber three.1, the wellboreAccording to the slope: vertical well, inclined well, adit.According to function: usually have main well (coal), auxiliary well (material, personnel transportation, etc.), wind well (ventilation), mixed well (co

3、al, transportation, etc.)2, roadway1) slope: horizontal roadway (roadway, stone door, etc.), sloping roadway (uphill, downhill, etc.);Stone gate: a horizontal roadway that is perpendicular (or oblique) to the direction of the coal seam.2) according to the coal rock: the rock lane (the strata in the

4、section are 4/5 and above), coal roadway (the coal layer in the section is 4/5 and above) and semi-coal rock roadway3) by the way of the roadway: opening the roadway, preparing the roadway, and returning the roadway4), according to the action points: transport roadway (such as mining machine lane, b

5、elt up the hill, up the hill, etc.), ventilation roadway (such as face the wind lane, return air up the hill, etc.), drainage roadway (e.g., besides, water storage, etc.), other tunnel, etc.3, chamberThe mine mainly includes pump room, substation, winch room, explosive library, charging chamber, sig

6、nal chamber, waiting room and shelter.4. Section shapeThere are two main categories, such as rectangle, trapezoid, oblique trapezoid, etc., and curve shape (arch, round, horseshoe shape, elliptical shape, etc.).There are mainly arched, trapezoidal, rectangular (oblique rectangle), circle, and other

7、horseshoe-shaped, oval, oblique trapezoid, etc. The main body of mine is arch, trapezoid and rectangle (oblique rectangle).The order of the shape of various sections is:The stability and pressure of the roadway: circular, horseshoe shape, oval, arch, trapezoid, rectangle;The utilization aspect of ro

8、adway section: trapezoid, rectangle, arch, horseshoe shape, circle;Construction difficult aspect: drilling blasting method: trapezoid, rectangle, arch, horseshoe, round;The arch wall of the arch is mainly divided into the arch, the three-core arch of the straight wall, the arc arch of the straight w

9、all, and the backarch of the bottom plate for the serious roadway. It is mainly used for the long time of the roadway service, the development of the pressure of top floor board, the preparation of roadway or stoping.Trapezoid roadway is mainly used in roof and floor pressure is not too big, lateral

10、 pressure is opposite bigger, service time is not too long roadway or preparatory workings, stoping is also sometimes used in small opening pressure (especially small mines).The rectangular roadway is mainly used for roadway pressure, which is not too large, and the roadway and stoping roadway are d

11、ug along the coal seam.The circular roadway is mainly used for shaft, coal bunker, etc.And the pressure and deformation of great development roadway (soft rock roadway).3. Roadway support1. Support formSingle support: mainly include bolt support, shotcrete (shotcrete) support, lining support, canopy

12、 support;Joint support: mainly bolting support, canopy spray support, anchor support;Active support: bolt support, shotcrete (shotcrete) support, bolt supportPassive support: construction of the supporting, canopy support, canopy spray support;2. Main advantages and disadvantages of supporting formB

13、olting and shotcrete, shotcrete support, such as: support by rockbolt and shotcrete can give full play to the role of the surrounding rock itself and carrying capacity, make the structure of surrounding rock and support system to form a whole, to share the stress and deformation of the surrounding r

14、ock, is a way of active support, its cost is low, easy to realize the parallel cross homework, is conducive to rapid construction organization. The application scope is wide, it is worth promoting the main form of support.Build by laying bricks or stones supporting, shed timbering support, self-clos

15、ed JiaPeng: supporting spraying is a kind of passive way of supporting, it depend mainly on the supporting body passive bear the stress and deformation of surrounding rock, cannot effectively play to the role of the surrounding rock itself and carrying capacity. It is also detrimental to the rapid c

16、onstruction of the organization. The application conditions are limited and cannot be used as the main supporting form for promotion, which can only be used in some specific roadways.3. Composition and construction of various support1) bolt supportThe classification of the bolt and the boltAccording

17、 to the anchoring mode of rock bolt and supported rock body, it is divided into three types: mechanical type, bond type and friction typeAccording to the position and length of anchorage, the two kinds of anchor and full-length anchorage are divided into two categoriesAccording to the material of ro

18、d body, it is divided into wood bolt, bamboo bolt, metal bolt, concrete bolt, glass steel bolt, etc.Mine is commonly used to belong to the solid metal length anchor bolt.The paper is used in the paperThe bond bolt is mainly divided into cement mortar and cement or resin anchoring bar. Our mine is ma

19、de of resin anchoring bar.Resin anchoring bar is composed of resin capsule, rod body, supporting plate and nut.The bolt bar body is used for bearing tension. The function of the toplate is to convert the surrounding rock pressure into the pull of the bolt. The effect of the nut is to generate pre-te

20、nsion force to prevent the surrounding rock from loosening. The function of resin capsule is to bond the rod body well with the surrounding rock.The resin-anchoring agent is commonly used in medium and fast speed, and the curing time of medium speed anchorage agent is 4 6min, and the curing time of

21、fast anchorage agent is 0.5 1min. Z stands for medium speed (as in the original Z2350), and K represents rapid (e.g., MSK2360 now).Machine will anchor bolts fast installation process: cables, fast anchoring agent after mixing in place (anchoring agent mixing time of 20 30 s), anchor cable machine st

22、op stirring but not taken down, wait for 1 minutes, namely direct tighten bolt nut, work to complete the installation of the bolt.The three diameter match of the bolt: the size of the diameter of the bolt hole, the diameter of the anchorage agent and the diameter of the bolt diameter. General requir

23、ements: the diameter of drilling hole is 4 6mm (with 6mm best). The diameter of anchorage is greater than 2 4mm in diameter.The key points of the construction of the boltThe number of anchoring agents and the mixing time must meet the requirements to ensure the anti-pulling force and anchoring effec

24、t of the bolt.The nut must be tightened and the torque meets the requirements to ensure the pretension of the bolt. The torque of the bolt nut is 100N. M.The Angle of the bolt installation shall meet the requirements;The holes remain dry and clean.2) shotcrete supportType of injectionMainly dry spra

25、y, wet spray two kinds. Mine is now dry.Dry spray concrete is used to transport the dry mixture to the sprinkler head and spray the nozzle to the rock face. The main defect of dry spray is the dust.The paper is sprayed with concrete1. The raw materialIt mainly includes cement, aggregate (sand and gr

26、avel), admixture (accelerator, water reducing agent, early strength agent, water repellent etc.) and water.The dosage of general accelerator was 2.5% 4%.The ratio of (2).Cement: aggregate (i.e., sand and gravel) = 1:4 1:4. 5, sand is 45% 55% in aggregates. Cement: sand: gravel = 1:2:2; The water cem

27、ent ratio is 0.4 0.45.The main points of construction of shotcrete and shotcreteMaster the ratio of mixture to water.(2).Control the distance of the jet speed and the nozzle head from the rock face (about 1m);Strengthen maintenance: the concrete will be cured after 2h, not less than 7 days, at least

28、 once per class.5. Strengthen water, ventilation, personal protection and other dustproof work.3) metal stand(1), classification,According to the material: there are mainly steel metal brackets for mining steel and U shape steel brackets for mineType of i-steel: the number of centimetres in the heig

29、ht of the i-steel is indicated: for example, the height of steel is 12cm.U shape steel model: weight per meter (kg), such as U29 means that the U shape steel is 29kg/m.In the shape of section: trapezoid and archAccording to the force and deformation performance: the compressible support and the non-

30、shrink bracketIn combination, the most widely used is the u-shaped steel arch and the steel trapezoidal rigid bracket.The paper, u-shaped steel arch compressible supportAdvantages: simpler structure, greater carrying capacity and better flexibilityThe bracket consists of top beam, leg of column, con

31、necting piece, pull rod and backplate material.Use the most with symmetrical, straight leg, semicircle arch and three - section brackets. Mine is in this form.The steel trapezoidal rigid bracketsIt is mainly used in the roadway which is stable, less deformed and less stressed.The bracket consists of

32、 the top beam, the leg of the column, the pull rod, the back plate material.The bearing capacity of the top beam can be improved greatly under the top beam.The key points of support construction of the brackets and brackets1. Strictly control the empty and drain;The support of the bracket is uniform

33、, the trapezoidal bracket is tight. The retractable bracket guarantees the retractable amount, and the connector (cable) nut is important. The torque of the cable is 120n. m.The vertical roof of the vertical roof is reasonable.4. Construction of roadway tunneling(I) horizontal rock roadway construct

34、ionThere are two kinds of shotguns and excavators, which can be excavated in the development stage.The general construction procedure of the following is: perforation, charge blasting, ventilation, rock loading, rock transportation, support, etc1, the eyelet(1). Drilling machinery, rock drill, pneum

35、atic drill, air hammer), commonly used pneumatic rock drill, high frequency, low frequency, commonly used models have YT - 23 (7655), YT - 24, YT - 26, the YTP - 26, I mine now main use YT - 23.The drill hole tool: with a drill, a bit, a drill rod.(3) hole.1. According to function and position: cut

36、out the eyes, auxiliary eyes and peripheral eyes.Cut the eye of the (2).Effect: increase the free surface of blasting and improve blasting effect.There are three types: inclined eye cut, straight hole cut and mixed cut. Squint cut and one-way cut, cut garment (v-cut, conical cut), general shallow ho

37、le blasting in the hole or cut the eye of the commonly used v-cut (or taper cutting), this is also I mine commonly used way of cutting.Auxiliary eye (3).It is located between the hole of the hole and the peripheral eye, its function mainly is the rock falling rock mass.Surrounding the eye (4).It is

38、the perforation around the contour of the roadway, and the main function is to guarantee the forming of the roadway.2. Charge blastingThe explosive (1).The use of explosives in coal mines is usually ammonium nitrate explosives used in industry.Coal mine must also use coal mine permissible explosives

39、, I mine outburst mines, must use the security level is not lower than the level of coal mine permitted explosive, coal and gas outburst dangerous working face, must use the security level is not less than the permissible level 3 water-bearing explosives.2. CapCoal mine only allows the use of coal m

40、ine allowable instantaneous electric detonator and permitted millisecond delay electric detonator for coal mine, the delay time of millisecond electric detonator shall not be more than 130 ms, namely can only be used in practical use 1 5 millisecond electric detonator.(3) charge.The loading structur

41、e has a positive charge and reverse loading. For the high gas mine, the forward charge (that is, the primer is located at the outermost end of all the charge, the bottom of the detonator is facing the bottom of the eye) (positive detonation) is better.(4) on-line.There are three kinds of series, par

42、allel, hybrid (serial parallel and series), which are usually in series and series parallel.Blasting 5.Millisecond blasting and smooth surface blasting are usually advanced blasting techniques.3, ventilation,Drivage is basically by local fan ventilation, means has drawn into type, type, hybrid three

43、, the ventilation should be generally adopted local fan pressure into the type (I mine), pressure must be used in coal seams of coal lane.4, rockThere are two kinds of rock and mechanical rocks.The rock loading machine mainly includes scraper loader and bucket loader.The rake bucket of scraper loade

44、r is 0.15, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 m3, etc.The bucket loader has the rear - discharging and side - dumping type two.5, the rockThere are artificial or locomotive harvester transportation, mechanical continuous transport (such as scraper conveyor, belt conveyor, etc.), the mechanical continuous transport rock

45、is the development direction.Adopting the supporting rock shipping line is the preferred option.The main forms of rock loading operation are:Bucket loader (or scraper loader) - ordinary harvester - small electric locomotive;Crab claw type loader - shuttle - type harvester - large electric locomotive

46、.6, supportSee the foregoing.(2) coal roadway drivage1. Characteristics of coal roadway drivingIt is difficult to carry coal in large amount of time, the surrounding rocks are soft or broken easily, and the gas volume is larger2. Construction methodThere are three kinds of artificial, blasting and m

47、echanical.3. Mechanical constructionCoal roadway mechanical tunneling construction has the tunneling machine and the mining machine.The coal roadway can realize the function of coal mining (rock breaking), coal loading and coal transport (reprinting), and the transportation of supporting belt convey

48、or can realize the rapid tunneling construction. The machine has single cut head and double cut head. The use of single cutting head heeling machine is more flexible, which is advantageous to arch section construction. The double cutting head heeling machine is more suitable for coal roadway tunneli

49、ng of small, rectangular or trapezoidal section of coal seam.The existing coal mining machine has been excavating and the driving speed is very fast.(iii) construction of semi-coal rock roadway1. Pay attention to the choice of reasonable rock breaking position: there are three types of top, bottom a

50、nd top. It is better to go undercover without damaging the roof.2. During construction, the holes are arranged in the coal seam.3. Coal gangue can be divided into sub-shipment or mixed shipment.(4) construction of the descent1. Dig in the mountain(1).Large dip Angle mountain wall easy to help, roof

51、management difficulty;It is necessary to strengthen ventilation management.The hole is arranged in the bottom of the section.2. Go down the hillIt is difficult to drain well.The transport is more difficult and the security threat is greater.The bottom hole is difficult to construct, easy to carry on

52、 the floor.It is the key point of construction safety management that the safety management of slant lane transportation and the safety management of shotguns (the emphasis is on the prevention and treatment of the gun).(5) construction of coal bunker in mining area1. Bunker typeAre vertical (genera

53、lly into a round shape), tilting (slope generally above 60 70 , cross section is commonly round or arch.2. Construction methodThere are common anti-well method, drilling method, deep hole blasting method and so on. The drilling method is generally used for construction.Drilling method: use the drill

54、 to drill a small hole from the top, then use the drill to brush from the bottom up into a small well, and finally adopt the explosive method from the top down to brush the small well to the design size.(6) construction of the chamber and the intersection point1. Construction method of the chamberTh

55、ere is a whole section of tunneling method, step working face construction method, and guide construction method, etc.The full - section tunneling method is generally applied to the chamber that is not too large and the height is not more than 4 5m, and the large construction equipment is used.The s

56、tep face method has a positive step working face method and inverted step working face method. The safety of the working face of the front steps is better, the scope is wide and the general adoption is more. The whole section of the working face of the front steps is divided into two or three layers

57、 by height.The lower layer lags about 2m (hence the downward layered construction method), and the construction is advanced in turn.The construction method of the guide tunnel will be divided into three small sections in the whole section, and the construction will be excavated in the order of successively, and the final one will complete the excavation of the whole section. Generally, there are the top guide tunnel construction method and the two side guide tunnel const