年职称英语理工类临考攻略精华(1)

1、姓名：_ 班级：_ 学号：_-密-封 -线- 年职称英语理工类临考攻略精华(1)考试时间：120分钟 考试总分：100分题号一二三四五总分分数遵守考场纪律，维护知识尊严，杜绝违纪行为，确保考试结果公正。理工类一级重点(新增文章)第一篇 avalanche and its safety (c)an avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow, often mixed with air and water, down a mountainside. avalanches are 1 the biggest dangers in the mountain

2、s for both life and property.all avalanches are caused by an over-burden of material, typically snowpack, that is too massive and unstable for the slope 2 supports it. determining the critical load, the amount of over-burden which is 3 to cause an avalanche, 4 aplex task involving the evaluation of

3、a number of factors.terrain slopes flatter than 25 degrees or steeper than 60 degrees typically have a low 5 of avalanche. snow does not 6 significantly on steep slopes; also, snow does not 7 easily on flat slopes. human-triggered avalanches have the greatest incidence when the snows angle of rest i

4、s 8 35 and 45 degrees; the critical angle, the angle at which the human incidence of avalanches is greatest, is 38 degrees. the rule of thumb is: a slope that is 9 enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski has the potential to generate an avalanche, regardless of the angle. additionally, avalanche

5、 risk increases with 10 ; that is, the more a slope is disturbed by skiers, the more likely it is that an avalanche will occur.due to theplexity of the subject, winter travelling in the backcountry is never 100% safe. good avalanche safety is a continuous 11 , including route selection and examinati

6、on of the snowpack, weather 12 , and human factors. several well-known good habits can also 13 the risk. if local authorities issue avalanche risk reports, they should be considered and all warnings should be paid 14 to. never follow in the tracks of others without your own evaluations; snow conditi

7、ons are almost certain to have changed since they were made. observe the terrain and note obvious avalanche paths where plants are 15 or damaged. avoid traveling below others who might trigger an avalanche.练习：1. a among b of c to d in2. a when b that c who d whose3. a mostly b likely c clearly d sur

8、ely4. a are b will be c is d was5. a weight b form c risk d work6. a fall b flow c roll d gather7. a fall b flow c roll d gather8. a among b between c with dl15. a missing b grown c big d fresh雪崩和安全问题雪崩是雪掺杂着空气和水沿着山体突然迅猛地滑动造成的。雪崩是造成山区人们生命和财产安全的最大危险之一。所有雪崩都是由于物质的过渡负荷造成，通常是积雪堆积过厚，很不稳固，超出了山坡面的承载能力。要确定山坡

9、的临界承载量，可能造成突然雪崩的负荷量是一项很复杂的任务，需要衡量多个因素。通常倾斜度小于25度，大于60度的山坡发生雪崩的危险要小一些。积雪不会在陡峭的山坡上大量堆积，同样也不会在平缓的山坡上快速滑动。当雪在静止状态下的角度在35_45度之间，最可能发生人为触发的雪崩。人为引发雪崩的临界角度是38度，是最易人为引发雪崩的角度。常规经验是：一个平缓的足以堆积积雪，同时陡峭的适合人们滑雪的山坡，无论角度如何，都有可能产生雪崩。此外，雪崩的危险随着使用的增加而增加，换言之，滑雪者活动得越频繁，雪崩的可能性越大。由于雪崩研究的复杂性，冬天在人烟稀少的地区旅行从来不是百分之百的安全。很好地躲避雪崩，保

10、持安全是一个连续的过程，包括选择路线、检查积雪、了解天气状况及其他人为因素。以下几个广为人知的好习惯也可以降低风险：如果当地权威部门发布了雪崩警报，你应当予以考虑，加以注意。绝不要不加审度，就立刻接受他人意见。积雪自形成的那时就几乎注定要发生变化。认真观察地形，注意明显的雪崩路径：没有植物或植物被毁坏的地方。不要在那些可能引发雪崩的人或事物下面行走。答案：abbcc dbbca dabcd第二篇 taking a nap during the day (b)medical experts say most americans do not get 1 sleep. they say more

11、americans need to rest for a short period in the middle of the day. they are advising people to sleep lightly before 2 with other activities.one study earlier this year found that persons who sleep for a few minutes during the day were less 3 to die of heart disease. the study followed more than 2,3

12、00 greek adults 4 about six years. adults who rested for half an hour 5 three times a week had a 37 present lower risk of dying from heart disease than those who did not nap.study organizers said the strongest evidence was in working men. they said naps might improve 6 by mitigating tension caused b

13、y work.some european and latin american businesses have supported the 7 of napping for many years. they urge people to 8 work, go home and have a nap before returning. in the united states, somepanies let workers rest briefly in their offices. they believe this reduces 9 and accidents, and 10 increa

14、ses the amount of work a person can do.sleep experts say it is likely that people make more mistakes at work than at other times. they say people should not carry out important duties when they feel 11 and they say the best thing to do is to take a nap. about twenty minutes of rest is 12 you need. e

15、xperts say this provides extra energy and can increase your effectiveness 13 the end of the day. but experts warn that a nap 14 last no more than twenty to thirty minutes. a longer nap will put the body into deep sleep and waking up will be 15 .练习：1. a sweet b sound c bad d enough2. a checking b sha

16、ring c continuing d meeting3. a lovely b likely c fondly d finely4. a for b at c in d with5. a at least b at most c at last d at first6. a ability b health c thinking d life7. a experiment b reform c idea d way8. a repeat b improve c change d leave9. a work b mistakes c energy d time10. a never b se

17、ldom c too d also11. a ready b good c sleepy d awake12. a all b few c any d nothing13. a unless b while c until d during14. a would b may c might d should15. a helpful b difficult c easy d happy白天打个盹医学专家称大多数美国人睡眠不足。他们说更多的美国人需要在一天中间做短暂休息。他们建议人们在继续其他活动之前小睡一会。今年早期的一个研究发现，白天睡几分钟的那些人死于心脏病的可能性较小。该研究六年期间，跟

18、踪2300名希腊成年人。研究显示：成年人白天打盹半小时，一周三次，其心脏病致死的概率比不打盹的人要低37%。研究组织者称最有力的证据来自于工作岗位上的人群。他们说打盹可以减轻工作压力，从而改善健康。一些欧洲和拉美的行业多年来一直支持白天打一会盹的观点。他们敦促人们放下工作回家去打个盹后再回来工作。在美国，有些公司让员工在办公室稍作休息。他们认为这不仅会减少失误和事故，还会增加工作量。睡眠专家认为人们很可能工作时比其他时候犯错更多。他们认为人们不该在感到困倦的时候承担重要任务。此时最该做的是打个盹l库克弓箭传说始于1824年，当时夏威夷国王卡莫哈莫哈在弥留之际将弓箭赐给了库克妻子的亲戚，一名伦敦

19、外科医生威廉正当斯，并告诉他弓箭是在那次致命殴打后用库克的遗骨做成的。在19世纪90年代，弓箭被交给澳大理亚博物馆。这个传说直到与科学直接接触才停止。据菲利普说，澳大利亚和新西兰的试验室的dna测试证实弓箭并非取材于库克的遗骨，而更可能来自动物的骨头。但是，库克迷们却不肯放弃希望。他们期待库克传说之一将会被证明是正确，并且他人部分遗骨还会被发现。正如他们所说，有证据表明库克的遗骨并不是在1779年全都葬身大海了。库克船长协会的会长克利夫托马森在一个来自英国的声明中说：“在这个问题上，科技取得了胜利。我坚信某一天库克传说之一将会被证明是真的。”car thieves could be stopp

20、ed remotelyspeeding off in a stolen car, the thief thinks he has got a great catch. but he is in a nasty surprise. the car is fitted with a remote immobilizer and a radio signal from a control center miles away will ensure that once the thief switches the engine 1 off , he will not be able to start

21、it again.for now, such devices 2 are only available for fleets of trucks and specialist vehicles used on construction sites. but remote immobilization technology could soon start to trickle down to ordinary cars, and 3 should be available to ordinary cars in the uk 4 in two months.the idea goes like

22、 this. a control box fitted to the carincorporates 5 a miniature cellphone, a microprocessor and memory, and a gps satellite positioning receiver. 6 if the car is stolen, a coded cellphone signal will tell the unit to block the vehicles engine management system and prevent the engine 7 being restart

23、ed.there are even plans for immobilizers 8 that shut down vehicles on the move, though there are fears over the safety implications of such a system.in the uk. an array of technical fixes is already making 9 life harder for car thieves. “the pattern of vehicles crime has changed,” says martyn randal

24、l of thatcham, a security research organization based in berkshire that is funded in part 10 by the motor insurance industry.he says it would only take him a few minutes to 11 teach a novice how to steal a car, using a bare minimum of tools. but only if the car is more than 10 years old.modern cars

25、are a far tougher proposition, as their engine managementputer will not 12 allow them to start unless they receive a unique id code beamed out by the ignition key. in the uk, technologies like this 13 have helped achieve a 31 per cent drop in vehicle-related crime since 1997.but determined criminals

26、 are still managing to find other ways to steal cars. often by getting hold of the owners keys in a burglary. in 以上的汽车，他就能用几样的简单的工具有几分钟之内教会一个新手怎样的偷车。现代车却远没有这么简单，因为它们的引擎管理计算机装置只有接收到一个独一无二的由点火钥匙发送过来的身份密份才可以启动汽车。自1997年以来，在英国，技术人员已经利用此项技术帮助减少了31%的涉及车辆犯罪案。但是不死心的盗贼们却还在一直想方设法偷车。例如很多时候，他们在夜里盗走主人的汽车钥匙进而偷车。在，

27、英国21%的车辆被盗案是由于主人的钥匙被盗，这个数字比前一年增长了1倍。远程控制的制动系统给盗贼设置了一个全新的障碍。包括撒策姆，公安部门，保险公司以及安全技术公司的这样一个群体已经为体系开发出了一个标准，将比顾客所预期的更早地被很快推广到市场上。china to help europe develop gps rivalchina is to contribute to a new global satellite navigation system being developed by european nations. the galileo satellite system 1 wil

28、l offer a more accurate civilian alternative to the global positioning system(gps). operated by the us military. china will provided 230m euros (usd 259m) in 2 funding and will cooperate with technical, manufacturing and market development. “china will help galileo to 3 be the major world infrastruc

29、ture for the growing market for location services,” said loyola de palacio, eu transportmissioner.a new center that will coordinate co-operation was also announced 4 by the europeanmission, the european space agency (esa) and the chinese ministry of science and technology not long 5 ago .the china-e

30、urope global navigation satellite system technical training and cooperation center will be 6 located at beijing university. china has a substantial satellite launch industry and could potentially help the galileo satellites.the us has claimed that galileo could interfere 7 with the us ability to dow

31、ngrade the gps service during military conflicts. european officials say this is unfounded and counter that us opposition 8 is due to themercial challenge galileo would present to gps. galileo will be precise to within a meter, while civilian gps service is accurate to around 10 meters.the galileo s

32、atellite constellation will 9 consist of 27 operational and three reserve satellites orbiting the earth at an altitude of 23, 600 km. the satellites will be strung along three medium-earth orbits at 56 degrees inclination to the equator and will provide global coverage. the system should be operatio

33、nal by 启动，整个项目将耗资32亿欧元(36亿美元)。欧洲贸易委员会说伽利略(人造卫星)最初将被用于交通技术、科学研究、陆地管理和自然灾害监控两种信号：一种是标准民用信号，另一种是公共调控服务系统加密信号。第二种信号是为抵抗地方交通堵塞而设计的，将被用于欧洲公安和军事事业。欧洲贸易委员会官员说中国将无权使用公共调控服务系统。第一个伽利略人造卫星将在底发射。这架卫星上的钟表将与运行。法国雷诺汽车的一项研究的结论表明这个系统每年可以挽救在欧洲公路上丧生的4 000万人中的6 000人的生命，而且也能防止类似的严重伤情。雷诺研究估测，如果在欧洲的每辆汽车上安装e-merge 系统，每年人们将会

34、在医疗、保险和因事故损失的工作日方面节约1 500亿欧元。wonder websspider webs are more than homes, and they are ingenious traps. and the worlds best web spinner may be the golden orb weaver spider. the female orb weaver spins a web of fibers thin enough to be invisible to insect prey, yet _1_tough_ enough to snare a flying b

35、ird without breaking.the secret of the webs strength? a type of super-resilient _2_silk_ called dragline. when the female spider is ready to _3_weave_ the webs spokes and frame, she uses her legs to draw the airy thread out through a hollow nozzle in her belly. dragline is not sticky, so the spider

36、can race back and forth along _4_it_ to spin the webs trademark spiral.unlike some spiders that weave a new web every day, a golden orb weaver _5_reuses_ her handiwork until it falls apart, sometimes not for two years. the silky thread is five times stronger than steel by weight and absorbs the forc

37、e of an impact three times better than kevlar, a high-strength human-made _6_material_ used in bullet-proof vests. and thanks to its high tensile strength, or the ability to resist breaking under the pulling force called tension, a single strand can stretch up to 40 percent longer than its original

38、_7_length_ and snap back as well as new. no human-made fiber evenes _8_close_.it is no _9_wonder_ manufacturers are clamoring for spider silk. in the consumer pipeline: high-performance fabrics for athletes and stockings that never run. think parachute cords and suspension bridge cables. a steady _1

39、0_supply_ of spider silk would be worth billions of dollars but how to produce it? harvesting silk on spider farms does not _11_work_ because the territorial arthropods have a tendency to devour their neighbors.now, scientists at the biotechnologypany nexia are spinning artificial silk modeled after

40、 golden orb dragline. the _12_first_ step: extract silk-making genes from the spiders. next, implant the genes into goat egg cells. the nanny goats that grow from the eggs secrete dragline silk proteins in their _13_milk_. “the young goats pass on the silk-making gene without _14_any_ help from us,”

41、 says nexia president jeffrey turner. nexia is still perfecting the spinning process, but they hope artificial spider silk will soon be snagging customers _15_as fast as_ the real thing snags bugs.奇妙的 (c)蜘蛛对蜘蛛来说不仅仅是家，它们还是奇妙的引虫入的陷阱。世界最棒的织者可能是goldern orb weaver的蜘蛛。雌性的orb weaver可以织出很细的丝，连被捕的昆虫都看不见。但却是坚

42、韧得可以将一只飞入中的鸟缠住而不弄断。那么蜘蛛为何有如此强的力度呢?有一种丝有超强的弹力，叫做蜘蛛的避敌丝。当雌性的蜘蛛准备编织蛛的幅条和框架时，它就用腿从一个空的喷嘴里勾出轻飘飘的丝线，放到肚子里面。避敌丝不粘，因此蜘蛛可以沿着它来回活动编织，从而来编织的标志性螺旋。与某些种类的蜘蛛不同，它不用每天织新，只要不破，就能一直用下去，有时一用就两年。柔软如丝的蛛丝的强度比相同重量的钢丝大五倍。同时可以承受的力度比一种高强度的防弹衣的人工材料大三倍多。同时由于它有很强的张力，或者说一种能够抵住被弄断的往下的拉力。一根单线可以伸长至比原始长度长40%以上，然后重新弹回至原来的长度，还像新的一样。没有

43、一种人造纤维可以与它相媲美。因此，生产者们强烈要求蛛丝也就不足为奇了。在消费这一方面，人们强烈要求的是高质量的运动服和永不脱丝的长袜。试想一下另外如降落伞绳索和吊桥上的绳索。如果有稳定的蛛丝的供应，它将是一个价值上亿的产业，但问题是怎么样才能生产出稳定的蛛丝呢?试图以养蛛场收获蛛丝是行不通的，因为生长在那块地方的节肢动物有可能会吞掉它们的这些“邻居”。现在，生物工艺公司“nexifa”的科学家们正在研制一种仿制goldorn orb避敌丝的人工丝。第一步骤：从蜘蛛身上抽取制丝的基因，然后，将这些基因植入山羊的卵细胞中。由这些卵细胞发育生的雌山羊会在羊奶中分泌一种带丝的蛋白质。“nexia”公司

44、总裁吉弗利特纳说：“这些幼山羊不须任何我们的帮助就可以将制丝基因遗传过去。”“nexia”继续在完善它的制丝过程。但是他们希望这种人造蜘蛛丝能尽快地吸引住顾客，就像真正的蛛丝抓住昆虫一样。是因为它对天体有影响，而不是它可以被看到或测出。但是在宇宙中最具决定性力量的是”暗能量”。天文学家说，这是一种引起宇宙中星系以越来越快的速度分开的力量。有一位科学家说，很明显，暗物质和暗能量之间开展了一场万有引力间的拔河比赛，最后，暗能量获胜。三级文章(已考查)animals sixth sense (c)a tsunami was triggered by an earthquake in the indi

45、an ocean in december, 2004. it killed tens of thousands of people in asia and east africa. wild animals, 1 , seem to have escaped that terrible tsunami. this phenomenon adds weight to notions that1 they possess a sixth sense for 2 , experts said.sri lankan wildlife officials have said the giant wave

46、s that killed over 24,000 people along the indian ocean islands coast clearly 3 wild beasts, with no dead animals found.no elephants are dead, not 4 a dead rabbit. i think animals can 5 disaster. they have a sixth sense. they know when things are happening, h. d. ratnayake, deputy director of sri la

47、nkas wildlife department, said about one month after the tsunami attack. the 6 washed floodwaters up to 2 miles inland at yala national park in the ravaged southeast, sri lankas biggest wildlife 7 and home to hundreds of wild elephants and several leopards.there has been a lot of 8 evidence about do

48、gs barking or birds migrating before volcanic eruptions or earthquakes. but it has not been proven, said matthew van lierop, an animal behavior 9 at johannesburg zoo.there have been no 10 studies because you cant really test it in a lab or field setting2, he told reuters. other authorities concurred

49、 with this 11 .wildlife seem to be able to pick up certain 12 , especially birds. there are many reports of birds detecting impending disasters, said clive walker, who has written several books on african wildlife.animals 13 rely on the known senses such as smell or hearing to avoid danger such as p

50、redators.the notion of an animal sixth sense or 14 other mythical power is an enduring one3 which the evidence on sri lankas ravaged coast is likely to add to.the romans saw owls 15 omens of impending disaster and many ancient cultures viewed elephants as sacred animals endowed with special powers o

51、r attributes.练习：1. a therefore b however c although d whatever2. a shelters b foods c disasters d water3. a missed b protected c raised d caught4. a such b too c so d even,5. a feel b see c hear d sense6. a waves b tides c winds d rivers7. a birthplaces b playground c reserve d storage8. a experimen

52、tal b apparent c scientific d chemical9. a specialist b assistant c supporter d sponsor,10. a additional b specific c especial d exceptional11. a modification b detection c assessment d value,12. a route b behavior c principle d phenomenon13. a unwillingly b occasionally c doubtfully d certainly14.

53、a some b much c many d few15. a on b as c for d inanimals “sixth sense”1. b 2. c 3. a 4. d 5. d 6. a 7. c 8. b 9. a 10. b11. c 12. d 13. d 14. a 15. bsinging alarms could save the blind (c)if you cannot see, you may not be able to1 find your way out of a burning building and that could be fatal. apa

54、ny in leeds could change all that2 1 directional sound alarms capable of guiding you to the exit.sound alert, apany 2 the university of leeds, is installing the alarms in a residential home for 3 people in sommerset and a resource centre for the blind in cumbria. 4 produce a wide range of frequencie

55、s that enable the brain to determine where the 5 ising from.deborah withington of sound alert says that the alarms use most of the frequencies that can be 6 by humans. it is a burst of white noise 7 people say sounds like static on the radio, she says. its life-saving potential is great.she conducte

56、d an experiment in which people were filmed by thermal-imaging cameras trying to find their way out of3 a large 8 room. it 9 them nearly four minutes to find the door 10 a sound alarm, but only 15 seconds with one.withington studies how the brain 11 sounds at the university. she says that the 12 of

57、a wide band of frequencies can be pinpointed more easily than the source of a narrow band. alarms 13 the same concept have already been installed on emergency vehicles.the alarms will also include rising or falling frequencies to indicate whether people should go up 14 down stairs. they were 15 with the aid of a large grant from british nuclear fuels.练习：1. a without b with c having d selling2. a run by b changed by c decorated by d criticized by3. a slow b deaf c blind d lame4. a alarms b alarm c the alarm d the alarms5. a noise b sound c mu