论文igu2009docswgcfinal00541

1、UGS DEVELOPMENT STATUS AND PROSPECTS IN RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN THE LIGHT OF GLOBAL UGS TRENDSO.E. AksyutinOAO GazpromUnderground gas storage has achieved a high level of evolvement. There are currently 606 UGS (underground gas storage) facilities in the world with the working gas capacity of more tha

2、n 300 billion cubic meters.Over 50 years an advanced underground gas storage system has been developed in the Russian Federation as part of the Unified Gas Supply System. There are currently 25 UGS facilities operational with 64.0 billion cubic meters of commercial gas (excluding long term reserves

3、of more than 40.0 billion cubic meters) and 620 million cubic meters per day of potential peak send-out capacity as of the start of a withdrawal period.The Russian Federation operates the worlds largest Severo-Stavropolskoye UGS facility built in a depleted gas field and the Kasimovskoye UGS facilit

4、y created in an aquifer with the total capacity of 24 billion cubic meters and 9 billion cubic meters respectively.Underground gas storage is forecast to develop further in Europe and North America, as well as in Asia and South America.There are currently 36 expansion projects/existing UGS facilitie

5、s modernization and 57 new projects under development or being scheduled for development in Europe and Central Asia up to 2015. 39 new promising projects are under consideration. It is planned to establish 3 UGS facilities with the total working gas capacityof 3 billion cubic metersouth America.In t

6、he Russian Federation the UGS capacities created within the Unified Gas Supply System area are sufficient for backing up gas deliveries to domestic consumers and ensuring the reliability of gas exports. However, their non even distribution has led to excessive back-up capacities in the Southern and

7、Volga Federal Districts and a significant shortage of those in the Northwest, Central and Urals Federal Districts. There are no UGS facilities in the Siberian Federal District.During periods of sharp temperature drops the withdrawal capacity of existing UGS facilities is not sufficient to meet incre

8、ased gas demand. With a view to ensure reliable gas supply within the said periods it is planned to build peak-shaving UGS facilities with a considerable daily send-out capacity.This year we plan to begin washing-out the salt caverns in Kaliningrad and Volgograd UGS facilities. Peak- shaving UGS fac

9、ility near Saint-Petersburg is in design development phase.UGS development drivers in the world and in Russia are as follows:1. Natural gas demand growth in the long run and considerable distance from areas of gas production to major consumption markets.Worldwide natural gas demand is assumed to rea

10、ch 3,300 billion cubic meters by 2020, which is a1.4 per cent average annual increase. At the same time big gas provinces are becoming more distant from densely populated and industrial regions. There are, for example:6,150 kilometers from Eastern Siberia fields to Saint Petersburg; 5,500 kilometers

11、 from Eastern Siberia fields to Moscow;7,300 kilometers from Eastern Siberia fields to Berlin;3,000 kilometers from Eastern Siberia fields to Vladivostok; 1,800 kilometers from Vladivostok to Tokyo;1,500 kilometers from Shtokman field to Saint Petersburg; 2,150 kilometers from Shtokman field to Mosc

12、ow;2,950 kilometers from Shtokman field to Berlin;10,000 kilometers from Shtokman field to Tokyo (marine route);2,700 kilometers from Yamal penula fields to Moscow.To date the average gas transit distance in Russia is about 2.5 thousand kilometers.2. Volatility of energy carrier prices related not o

13、nly to changes ongoing economic crisis.upply and demand, but also to theOil and gas prices volatility in 2000-2009Gas priceOil priceThe analysis of the information available shows that due to the global financial crisis there is a sharp drop in petroleum product prices and a slight decrease in gas p

14、rices.3. UGS facilities aging and gas markets liberalization.The worlds first UGS facility was created in a depleted reservoir in Welland County, Canada in 1915. The first UGS facility in the USSR was constructed in the Bashkatovskoye depleted gas field in the eastern part of Kuibyshev Oblast. Gas i

15、njection commenced on May 5, 1958.A half of the existing UGS facilities are over 30 years old and 8 UGS facilities have been in operation for more than 40 years so far. The same situation is present in other countries.4. Tightening of industrial and environmental safety standards.5. Political integr

16、ation processes.6. Global warming.7. Innovative economic development.These main drivers determine trends in UGS development in the following way:1. Natural gas demand growth in the long run and considerable distance from areas of gas production to major consumption markets:Creation of UGS facilities

17、 containing a strategic gas reserve.VNIIGAZ recommends that the long-term gas reserve volume in the Russian Federation should be equal to a two-year increment in national gas consumption, which is currently more than 40 billioncubic meters. The sustainable development conference heldeptember 2008 in

18、 Astana(Kazakhstan) disclosed the plans to create 17 strategic UGS in Europe and increase the amount of gas stored by 60 billion cubic meters.Developing UGS facilities integrated with LNG import terminals.The USA is using tankers with LNG regasification systems on board and planning to construct an

19、offshore regasification terminal. There are plans to construct a floating LNG terminal in the vicinity of a gas terminal (Great Britain) which will be linked to a gas storage facility in an offshore salt cavern (gas will be injected into this gas storage facility after regasification of LNG received

20、). Development of UGS facilities integrated with LNG import terminals allows to reduce investments due to cost savings on isothermal reservoirs construction for LNG storage.Creating new types of UGS facilities (LNG and CNG storage in rock caverns, gas hydrate storages.).2. Volatility of energy carri

21、er prices related not only to changes ongoing economic crisis.upply and demand, but also to theCreation of UGS facilities containing a strategic gas reserve.USD per ton of oil equivalentUSD per ton of oil equivalentIntroduction of technologies aimed at minimizing the switchover period between gas wi

22、thdrawal andinjection.3. UGS facilities aging and gas markets liberalization.Overhaul of UGS facilities making them fully automated (smart).Implementation of new technologies enhancing the performance, efficiency and cost effectiveness.4. Tightening of industrial and environmental safety standards.D

23、evelopment and implementation of technologies increasing reliability of wells and UGS equipment.Development and implementation of technologies increasing environmental stability of UGS facilitiesand decreasing the environmental impact.Creation of UGS facilities for temporary storage of associated ga

24、s previously used for flaring.According to official data, the associated petroleum gas (APG) volume flared at oil, gas and condensate fields in 2004 totaled as follows: 14.9 billion cubic meters in Russia (the 2nd largest contributor to global gas flaring), 24.1 billion cubic meters in Nigeria (the

25、largest contributor to global gas flaring), if compared to 2.8 billion cubic meters in the USA (the 11th largest contributor to global gas flaring). Today the amount of gas flared in the Russian Federation, as Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin noted, has reduced by 70 per cent,

26、 due to creation of temporary underground APG storage facilities, inter alia. (Such projects are already implemented by a number of Russian oil companies).5. Political integration processes.Creation of cross-border (international) UGS facilities.Such examples exist in Europe: Gazprom stores gas for

27、Pskov Oblast in Inchukalns UGS, Latvia, arranged gas supplies from Haidach UGS, Austria, to Germany during winter time. In the nearest future the number of such facilities (especially in Europe) will increase.6. Global warming.Greenhouse gases burial.More stringent environmental standards on 2 emiss

28、ions to the atmosphere and growth of energy consumption demand expansion and creation of new storages for 2 burial. For this purpose technologies well tested in natural gas storage, including gas injection, as well as control over leak- proofness of the facilities should be used.Creation of UGS faci

29、lities for temporary storage of associated gas previously used for flaring.7. Innovative economic development.Creation of underground helium storage facilities.Helium is one of the strategic feedstock materials. Huge gas fields with high helium content have recently been discovered in the Russian Fe

30、deration. The total volume of helium that may be extracted from these fields amounts to several billion cubic meters. However, worldwide demand for helium is still not so high (in 2006 helium market accounted for 170 thousand cubic meters), therefore, helium storage facilities construction is a rele

31、vant issue.Creation of underground hydrogen storage facilities.According to thetitute of Energy Strategy (Russia) and WORLD ENERGY Expert and ConsultingCenter data, a ratio of alternative and renewable energy sources in the world fuel and energy balance will grow up from 6 to 22 per cent by 2030.In

32、connection with consumption seasonality it will be necessary to develop storages for alternative energy sources, too. It may be hydrogen storages, accumulators for the compressed gas, etc. In view of great volumes to be stored underground storage structures will have to be used.The Russian Federatio

33、n UGS Development Strategy up to 2030 has been developed on the basis of global and Russian trends:1.Maintaining the achieved level of UGS capacities by upgrading and replacing the obsolete and worn-out ones.2.Increasing Russias UGS daily send-out capacity with a relativelyignificant increase in the

34、working gas capacity through:expanding UGS facilities currently in operation;constructing new UGS facilities (including peak shaversalt caverns and LNG storages);developing UGS capacities in deficit regions of Russia the Northwest, Central, Urals, Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts.developing the UGS syste