《微观经济学翻译》PPT课件.ppt

1、4,The Market Forces of Supply and Demand-这一章就进入需求和供给的内容了这个很重要，考试肯定会出这里的题,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:这章涉及到的问题,What factors affect buyers demand for goods? What factors affect sellers supply of goods?哪些因素会影响购买者的需求？哪些因素会影响生产

2、者的供给？ How do supply and demand determine the price of a good and the quantity sold? 生产和供给如何影响价格和销量的？ How do changes in the factors that affect demand or supply affect the market price and quantity of a good? 影响供给和需求的因素的改变是如何影响市场价格和商品产量的 How do markets allocate resources? 市场如何分配（有限）的资源,CHAPTER 4 THE

3、MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,Markets and Competition,A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a particular product. 市场就是某一个特定产品的同时拥有卖方和买方群体的地方。 A competitive market is one with many buyers and sellers, each has a negligible effect on price. 竞争性市场指的是买方和卖方对于价格的影响微乎其微（由市场做主） A perfectly compe

4、titive market:完全竞争市场 all goods exactly the same所有的商品都是一样的 buyers & sellers so numerous that no one can affect market price each is a “price taker”市场中所有的卖家和买家都不能影响市场价格，每个人都是“价格的接受者” In this chapter, we assume markets are perfectly competitive. 这一章中，假设或者说背景市场都是完全竞争市场（这个假设其实是为了过滤掉一些其他影响因素来探究市场的功能，探究供给和

5、需求的关系）,0,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,Demand,Demand comes from the behavior of buyers. The quantity demanded of any good is the amount of the good that buyers are willing and able to purchase. 只有当购买者愿意并且能够购买的时候，才会有购买数量，或者说，购买的需求。 Law of demand: the claim that the quantity demande

6、d of a good falls when the price of the good rises, other things equal 需求法则，很简单，当其他因素都一样的时候，商品的价格升高，其需求量就减少。,0,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,The Demand Schedule需求列表,Demand schedule: A table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded. Example:

7、 Helens demand for lattes.,Notice that Helens preferences obey the Law of Demand.,0,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,Helens Demand Schedule & Curve图中可以看出价格越高，需求量越少,0,Market Demand versus Individual Demand,The quantity demanded in the market is the sum of the quantities demanded by al

8、l buyers at each price.市场中所有的需求总量，是每一个购买者在每一个价格点上购买商品的数量的总和。 Suppose Helen and Ken are the only two buyers in the Latte market. (Qd = quantity demanded)例子：假设海伦和肯是市场中唯一的两个买家，那么他们的购买量相加就是这个市场的需求总量,Market Qd,0,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,P,Q,The Market Demand Curve for Lattes这个线条，叫

9、做需求曲线，注意它的方向！,0,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,Demand Curve Shifters,The demand curve shows how price affects quantity demanded, other things being equal. These “other things” are non-price determinants of demand (i.e., things that determine buyers demand for a good, other than the

10、 goods price). Changes in them shift the D curve,0,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,Demand Curve Shifters: # of buyers影响需求曲线的因素：购买者的数量,An increase in the number of buyers causesan increase in quantity demanded at each price, which shifts the demand curve to the right. 购买者数量的增加会使需求曲线移

11、动。很简单，买的人多了，需求量就多了。 曲线往右移动，看下图,0,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,Suppose the number of buyers increases. Then, at each price, quantity demanded will increase (by 5 in this example).,Demand Curve Shifters: # of buyers,0,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,Demand for a no

12、rmal good is positively related to income. An increase in income causes increase in quantity demanded at each price, shifting the D curve to the right. 收入越高，买的越多，所以曲线向右移动 (Demand for an inferior good is negatively related to income. An increase in income shifts D curves for inferior goods to the lef

13、t.) （特例，对于劣质商品，当收入越高的时候，其购买量越少，曲线向左移动）,Demand Curve Shifters: income影响需求曲线的因素：购买者收入,0,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,Two goods are substitutes if an increase in the price of one causes an increase in demand for the other. 如果两种商品互为替代品，那么一种商品价格的上升会使另一种商品的需求上升。很简单，例如：如果百事可乐的价格上升，那么人们都

14、会去买可口可乐了。这里需要搞清楚替代商品（substitus）的概念，并和后面的互补商品进行区分。 Example: pizza and hamburgers. An increase in the price of pizza increases demand for hamburgers, shifting hamburger demand curve to the right. Other examples: Coke and Pepsi, laptops and desktop computers, compact discs and music downloads,Demand Cu

15、rve Shifters: prices of related goods影响需求曲线的因素：相关商品的价格,0,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,Two goods are complements if an increase in the price of one causes a fall in demand for the other. 如果两种商品互为互补品，那么一种商品价格的上升会是另一种商品的价格下降。例如：电脑和电脑软件。其实，互补商品虽然是两个，但是可以看做一个整体，一个价格涨了，整个整体都会受影响。 Examp

16、le: computers and software. If price of computers rises, people buy fewer computers, and therefore less software. Software demand curve shifts left. Other examples: college tuition and textbooks, bagels and cream cheese, eggs and bacon,Demand Curve Shifters: prices of related goods,0,CHAPTER 4 THE M

17、ARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,Anything that causes a shift in tastes toward a good will increase demand for that good and shift its D curve to the right. 当购买者喜欢这种商品的口味时，商品的需求量就会增加，曲线右移。比如KFC Example: The KFCs diet became popular in the 90s, caused an increase in demand for eggs, shifted the egg

18、demand curve to the right.,Demand Curve Shifters: tastes影响需求曲线的因素：购买者的口味,0,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,Expectations affect consumers buying decisions.期望影响购买者的决定。例如，如果人们认为他们的收入会增长，那么对于高档商品来说，它的需求量就可能会增加。 Examples: If people expect their incomes to rise, their demand for meals at

19、expensive restaurants may increase now. If the economy turns bad and people worry about their future job security, demand for new autos may fall now.,Demand Curve Shifters: expectations影响需求曲线的因素：购买者的期望,0,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,Summary: Variables That Affect Demand总结：影响需求的要素

20、，这些需要记住，会考的,VariableA change in this variable,Pricecauses a movement along the D curve No. of buyersshifts the D curve Incomeshifts the D curve Price ofrelated goodsshifts the D curve Tastesshifts the D curve Expectationsshifts the D curve,0,A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 1: Demand curve需求曲线 的练习，做做吧，不会

21、的再问我,A.The price of iPods falls B.The price of music downloads falls C.The price of compact discs falls,17,Draw a demand curve for music downloads. What happens to it in each of the following scenarios? Why?,A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 1: A. price of iPods falls,18,Music downloads and iPods are comp

22、lements. A fall in price of iPods shifts the demand curve for music downloads to the right.,A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 1: B. price of music downloads falls,19,The D curve does not shift. Move down along curve to a point with lower P, higher Q.,Price of music down-loads,Quantity of music downloads,D

23、1,P1,Q1,A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 1: C. price of CDs falls,20,CDs and music downloads are substitutes. A fall in price of CDs shifts demand for music downloads to the left.,Price of music down-loads,Quantity of music downloads,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,Supply-供给,Supply comes

24、 from the behavior of sellers. 需求是购买者的行为，那么供给就是生产者或者销售者的行为了。 供给的概念和需求有相反，可以比较着看 The quantity supplied of any good is the amount that sellers are willing and able to sell. Law of supply: the claim that the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises, other things equal 供给法则：价格升

25、高，供给量增加（其他因素一样的情况下）-和需求是相反的吧，想想,0,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,The Supply Schedule,Supply schedule: A table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied. Example: Starbucks supply of lattes.,Notice that Starbucks supply schedule obeys the Law

26、of Supply.,0,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,Starbucks Supply Schedule & Curve,P,Q,0,Market Supply versus Individual Supply市场供给总量的概念和需求一样，每一个销售者在每一个价格点上的销量的总和,The quantity supplied in the market is the sum of the quantities supplied by all sellers at each price. Suppose Starbucks an

27、d Jitters are the only two sellers in this market. (Qs = quantity supplied),Market Qs,0,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,The Market Supply Curve,0,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,Supply Curve Shifters,The supply curve shows how price affects quantity supplied, other

28、things being equal. These “other things” are non-price determinants of supply. Changes in them shift the S curve,0,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,Supply Curve Shifters: input prices影响供给曲线的因素：生产投入价格,Examples of input prices: wages, prices of raw materials.生产投入包括：工资、劳动力成本等 A fall in

29、input prices makes production more profitable at each output price, so firms supply a larger quantity at each price, and the S curve shifts to the right. 生产投入的降低，会使供给曲线右移（供给量增加）,0,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,Suppose the price of milk falls. At each price, the quantity of Lattes

30、supplied will increase (by 5 in this example).,Supply Curve Shifters: input prices,0,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,Supply Curve Shifters: technology影响供给曲线的因素：科技,Technology determines how much inputs are required to produce a unit of output. A cost-saving technological improvement

31、has same effect as a fall in input prices, shifts the S curve to the right. 科技提升，曲线右移,0,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,Supply Curve Shifters: # of sellers影响供给曲线的因素：销售者的数量,An increase in the number of sellers increases the quantity supplied at each price, shifts the S curve to the r

32、ight. 销售者的数量增加，曲线右移,0,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,Supply Curve Shifters: expectations 影响供给曲线的因素：期望,Suppose a firm expects the price of the good it sells to rise in the future. The firm may reduce supply now, to save some of its inventory to sell later at the higher price. This w

33、ould shift the S curve leftward. 如果一个生产商认为该商品以后的价格会上涨，它就会减少目前的供应量来等待未来的高价格，这时候，曲线左移（供给量减少）,0,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,Summary: Variables That Affect Supply总结：影响供给的因素,VariableA change in this variable,Pricecauses a movement along the S curve Input pricesshifts the S curve Tech

34、nologyshifts the S curve No. of sellersshifts the S curve Expectationsshifts the S curve,0,A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 2: Supply curve练习,33,Draw a supply curve for tax return preparation software. What happens to it in each of the following scenarios?,0,A.Retailers cut the price of the software. B.A

35、 technological advance allows the software to be produced at lower cost. C.Professional tax return preparers raise the price of the services they provide.,A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 2: A. fall in price of tax return software,34,The S curve does not shift. Move down along the curve to a lower P and

36、lower Q.,A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 2: B. fall in cost of producing the software,35,The S curve shifts to the right: at each price, Q increases.,Price of tax return software,Quantity of tax return software,S1,P1,Q1,A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 2: C. professional preparers raise their price,36,This s

37、hifts the demand curve for tax preparation software, not the supply curve.,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,Supply and Demand Together供给曲线和需求曲线的交叉点，就是平衡点，市场上的商品达到供需平衡,Equilibrium: P has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded,0,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES O

38、F SUPPLY AND DEMAND,Equilibrium price:平衡点价格,The price that equates quantity supplied with quantity demanded,0,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,Equilibrium quantity:平衡点数量,The quantity supplied and quantity demanded at the equilibrium price,0,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND D

39、EMAND,Surplus:剩余、盈余,when quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded供给数量大于需求数量，就会产生剩余。注意两个点的位置。,Surplus,Example: If P = $5,then QD = 9 lattes,and QS = 25 lattes,resulting in a surplus of 16 lattes,0,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,Surplus:,when quantity supplied is greater t

40、han quantity demanded,Facing a surplus, sellers try to increase sales by cutting the price. 出现盈余的时候，销售者会尝试减少价格增加销售量,This causes QD to rise,which reduces the surplus.,and QS to fall,0,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,Surplus:,when quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded,Fa

41、cing a surplus, sellers try to increase sales by cutting the price.,Falling prices cause QD to rise and QS to fall.,Surplus,Prices continue to fall until market reaches equilibrium. 价格一直下降直到达到平衡点。,0,相关新闻,第一财经日报报导，内地三十九种行业九百种商品同时出现供过于求的现象，报导指出，近年来由于钢铁价格持续上扬，不少中国企业盲目投资，导致钢材产能严重过剩，四月份起已上涨三年多的钢材价格开始下跌，到

42、五、六月份已经跌破经销成本。 新闻来源:大公网,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,Shortage:短缺,when quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied需大于供，注意点的位置,Example: If P = $1,then QD = 21 lattes,and QS = 5 lattes,resulting in a shortage of 16 lattes,Shor

43、tage,0,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,Shortage:,when quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied,Facing a shortage, sellers raise the price,causing QD to fall,which reduces the shortage. 面对短缺，商家会提示价格，这样需求量就会减少，同时供给量增加。,and QS to rise,0,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY

44、AND DEMAND,Shortage:,when quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied,Facing a shortage, sellers raise the price,causing QD to fall,and QS to rise.,Shortage,Prices continue to rise until market reaches equilibrium. 最后到达平衡,0,相关新闻,津巴布韦是世界上通胀率最高的国家。根据津中央银行7月中旬提供的数据，津通货膨胀率已达2200000。 从2000年津政府实施新

45、的土改政策以来，津巴布韦遭受了西方国家经济制裁和连续干旱的多重打击，经济逐渐陷入困境。虽然政府多次修改政策，制定了许多鼓励经济恢复的计划，但整个国民经济至今还没有好转迹象，津巴布韦经常面临基础商品短缺局面。 美元对津元的比价已由年初的比5300急剧升值至比1200亿。,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,Three Steps to Analyzing Changes in Eqm分析平衡点上的改变的步骤,1.Decide whethe

46、r event shifts S curve, D curve, or both. 确定事件是影响需求曲线还是供给曲线，还是两个都影响。 Decide in which direction curve shifts. 确定曲线往哪个方向移动 Use supply-demand diagram to see how the shift changes eqm P and Q. 利用图像，找出平衡点，和平衡点时的价格和数量,To determine the effects of any event,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,E

47、XAMPLE: The Market for Hybrid Cars案例，你自己先看，不明白再问我,相关新闻,通过轻巧的车身和流线的造型来降低油耗从而达到省油的目的，每加仑汽油可行驶约150英里。该车既可燃烧汽油也可燃烧甲醇。由于整车采用碳纤维制成，使得其车体重量降至270千克。 这款汽车还提供有多种动力选择。太阳能电池版所吸收的太阳能能够供给其行驶15到25千米。有趣的是，阳光不够强烈时，它甚至可以像自行车一样通过内置的脚踏板来对电池进行充电。 该车采用3座设计，将会于2012年投产，预计花费为2万美元。,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND D

48、EMAND,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,STEP 1: D curve shifts because price of gas affects demand for hybrids. S curve does not shift, because price of gas does not affect cost of producing hybrids.,STEP 2: D shifts rightbecause high gas price makes hybrids more attractive relative t

49、o other cars.,EXAMPLE 1: A Change in Demand,EVENT TO BE ANALYZED: Increase in price of gas.,STEP 3: The shift causes an increase in price and quantity of hybrid cars.,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,EXAMPLE 1: A Change in Demand,P2,Q2,Notice: When P rises, producers supply a larger

50、quantity of hybrids, even though the S curve has not shifted.,Always be careful to distinguish a shift in a curve and a movement along the curve.,Terms for Shift vs. Movement Along Curve,Change in supply: a shift in the S curve occurs when a non-price determinant of supply changes (like technology o

51、r costs)供给上的改变，会造成供给曲线的移动，例如科技或者成本的影响。 Change in the quantity supplied: 供给数量的改变会造成在固定的供给曲线上的点的移动 a movement along a fixed S curve occurs when P changes 往往在价格改变时发生 Change in demand: a shift in the D curve需求，同理 occurs when a non-price determinant of demand changes (like income or # of buyers) Change i

52、n the quantity demanded: 需求，同理a movement along a fixed D curve occurs when P changes,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,STEP 1: S curve shifts because event affects cost of production. D curve does not shift, because production technology is not one of the factors that affect demand.,S

53、TEP 2: S shifts rightbecause event reduces cost, makes production more profitable at any given price.,EXAMPLE 2: A Change in Supply,EVENT: New technology reduces cost of producing hybrid cars.,STEP 3: The shift causes price to fall and quantity to rise.,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMA

54、ND,EXAMPLE 3: A Change in Both Supply and Demand这个情况，我们那时候考到的。供求曲线同时移动，产生新的平衡点。,EVENTS: price of gas rises AND new technology reduces production costs,STEP 1: Both curves shift.,STEP 2: Both shift to the right.,STEP 3: Q rises, but effect on P is ambiguous: If demand increases more than supply, P ri

55、ses.,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,EXAMPLE 3: A Change in Both Supply and Demand,STEP 3, cont.,EVENTS: price of gas rises AND new technology reduces production costs,But if supply increases more than demand, P falls.,A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 3: Changes in supply and demand,57,U

56、se the three-step method to analyze the effects of each event on the equilibrium price and quantity of music downloads. Event A: A fall in the price of compact discs Event B: Sellers of music downloads negotiate a reduction in the royalties they must pay for each song they sell. Event C: Events A an

57、d B both occur.,2.D shifts left,A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 3: A. fall in price of CDs,58,The market for music downloads,1.D curve shifts,3.P and Q both fall.,STEPS,A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 3: B. fall in cost of royalties,59,The market for music downloads,1.S curve shifts,2.S shifts right,3.P fal

58、ls, Q rises.,STEPS,(royalties are part of sellers costs),A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 3: C. fall in price of CDs AND fall in cost of royalties,60,STEPS 1.Both curves shift (see parts A & B). 2.D shifts left, S shifts right. 3.P unambiguously falls. Effect on Q is ambiguous: The fall in demand reduces Q, the increase in supply increases Q.,CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND,CONCLUSION: How Prices Allocate Resources,One of the Ten Principles from Chapter 1: Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.,In market economi