文学导论知识点

1、poetry（一） Elements of PoetryRhyme (Rime)Rhyme is the repetition of the stressed vowel sound and all succeeding sounds1. Single or Masculine rhyme 单（阳）韵 -rhyming sounds involve only one syllable.E.g.cold, bold; thing, king; day, way1.Double or Feminine rhyme 双叠（阴）韵 -rhymingsounds involvetwo ormore sy

2、llables.E.g.begin, again；flatter, matter;3.Triple rhyme三叠韵 -a kind of feminine rhyme in which identicalstressed vowel soundsarefollowed bytwo identicalunstressed syllables. E.g.machinery, scenery;tenderly, slenderly;spitefully, delightfully;remember, September4.Internal rhyme（行内韵） -atleastone ofthe

3、rhyming words arewithinthe line. E.g.“Each narrow cell in which wedwell ”;“thegrainsbeyond age, the darkveinsof her mother”5.End rhyme(or Terminal rhyme)（行尾韵） -theboth rhyming words occurat the ends oflines.(The commonest and most consciouslysought-aftersound repetition in English poetry.) E.g.sound

4、Under my window, a clean raspingWhen the spade sinks into gravellyground.Let us roll all our strength, andallOur Sweetness, up into oneball.6.Beginning Rhyme 行首词韵 -rhyme that occurs in the first syllableor syllables ofsuccessive lines. E.g.Whyshould I have returned?My knowledge would not fit into th

5、eirs.I found untouched the desert of the unknown.7. Interlaced or Crossed Rhyme交错韵 -Words in themiddle ofeach linerhyme. It occurs in long couplets, especially the hexameter. E.g.Laurel is green for aseason, and love is sweet for a day,But love grows bitterwith treason , and laureloutlivesnot May.8.

6、Perfector Exact rhyme（全韵） -differing consonant sounds arefollowedby identicalstressedvowel sounds, and the following soundsare identical.E.g.foe, toe; meet, fleet; buffer, rougher; fix, sticks;9 .Half rhyme or off rhyme, near rhyme, oblique rhyme, slant rhyme)（斜韵） -the feminine rhymes that do not rh

7、yme completely. E.g.frightful, slightly;yellow, pillow；mirth, forth；trolley, bully10.ye rhyme（视觉韵） -formed by words that look alike a rhymed unitbut do not have the samesounds. E.g. cough, bough； home, some; hear, bear11. Approximate rhymesAlliteration头韵 -repetition of initial sounds. E.g.aaall thew

8、fuluguries.Bbburning gold;ring me myow ofmore often defined as the repetition of consonants. E.g.ff sfitfulfevera ter lie（二） Rhyme scheme（押韵格式）-thepatternofalternating end rhymes in a stanza or poem. In analysisof a rhyme scheme, each rhyme is represented by a small letter. E.g.Love is a sickness fu

9、ll of woes, (a)All remedies refusing; (b)A plant that with most cutting grows (a)Most barren with best using. (b)Why so? (c)（三） Stanza-a group of linesof verse formingone of the unitsor divisionsof a poem.（ It is usually recurrent, characterized by a regular pattern, withrespect to or under determin

10、ation of, the number of lines, and arrangement of meter of rhyme. ）Common stanza forms include the couplet, the triplet, and the quatrainCouplet-two successive rhyming lines:For thy sweet love rememb red such wealth brings That then I scorn to change my state with kings.（ The couplet is one of the m

11、ain verse units in Western literature, andis a form ofgreatantiquity.Chaucer was one of the firstEnglishpoetsto use it and its generally thought that Chaucer developed the form.）Triplet-a stanza of three lines; an individual poem of three lines.E. g.When as in silks my Julia goesThen, then (methinks

12、) how sweetly flowsThat liquefaction of her clothes.Next, when I cast mine eyes and seeThat brave vibration each way free;O how that glittering taketh me!Quatrain -a stanza or an individual poem of four lines rhymed orunrhymed. It occurs as the commonest of all stanzaic forms in Eastern and Western

13、poetries, and lends itself to wide variation in meter and rhyme. E.g.I envy not in any moodsThe captive void of noble rage,The linnet born within the cageThat never knew the summer woods;I envy not the beast that takesHis license in the field of time,unfettered by the sense of crime,To whom a consci

14、ence never wakes.Other Stanzaic forms：Quintain-a stanza or an individual poem of 5 lines.Sexain, or sixain, sextain, hexastich/heks ?stik/ -a stanza Heptastich/hept ?stik/ -a stanza or an individual poem of 7 lines.of 6 linesSonnet-a 14-line poem./（四） Metrical RhythmAccents and pausesIn poetry, the

15、end of a line of verse is itself a mark of punctuation.If the last word of a line is followed by no punctuation and is part of a continuing grammatical unit like a prepositional phrase, we call the line run-on , or enjambed. （跨行连续）E.g.so much dependsupona red wheelbarrowglazed with rainwaterbeside t

16、he whitechickens.(William Carlos Williams)Metrical RhythmMeter ( 韵律，格律 )-derived from the Greek word“metron” meaning“measure”. Refers to the regular pattern of stressed (marked as O or/) and unstressed syllables (marked as o or ; u; x etc.). E. g.morning O o (or: / )verbalize O o o (or: / )tomorrow

17、o O o (or: / )again o O (or: /)Metrical RhythmNames for Meters:1.Iamb/ai?mb/(Iambic/ai?mbik/adj.):anunstressedsyllablefollowedby a stressedsyllable.抑扬格（英）；短长格（西、拉） o O (/) (da-dum)E. g. again o O (or: /)Shall I compare thee to a summers day?Thou art more lovely and more temperateoOoOoO o OoOShall I

18、compare thee to a summers day?o O o O o O o O o O Thou art more lovely and more temperate.2. Trochee /tr?uki:/(trochaic /tr?ukeiik/ adj.): a stressed syllablefollowed by an unstressed syllable. 抑格（英）； 短格（西、拉） O o (/ )(dum-da)E. g. morning O o (or: / )Tiger! Tiger! burning brightIn the forests of the

19、 night.O oO oO oOTiger! Tiger! burning brightO oO oO oOIn the forests of the night.OR:/ / /Tiger! Tiger! burning bright/ /In the forests of the night.3.AnapestorAnapaest/?n ?pi:st/(AnapesticorAnapaestic/?n ?pi:stik/ adj.): two unstressed syllables followed by a stressedsyllable抑抑 格（英）；短短 格（西、拉）.oo O

20、( /) (da-da-dum)E. g. beneficial the old inn and the lights, and the fireAnd the fiddlers old tune and the shuffling of feetooOooOooO the old inn and the lights, and the fireooOooOooO oo OAnd the fiddlers old tune and the shuffling of feet4.Dactyl/d?ktil/(Dactylic /d?ktilik/ adj.): a stressedsyllabl

21、efollowed by two unstressed syllables. 抑抑格； 短短格O o o (/ )E. g. verbalize O o o (/ )Ooo OooO ooOoJust for a handful of silver he left us,Ooo O oo OooOJust for a riband to stick in his coat5. syllables. 抑抑格； 短短格O o o (/ )E. g. verbalize O o o (/ )Ooo OooO ooOoJust for a handful of silver he left us, O

22、 o o O o o O o o O Just for a riband to stick in his coat6. Spondee /sp?ndi:/(Spondaic /sp?ndeiik/ adj.): a stressed syllablefollowedby another stressedsyllable.扬扬格 O O (/ /)most oftenusedas a substitute for an iamb or trocheeE. g.Smart lad, to slip betimes awayOOoOoOo O（五） Foot 诗的音步-Aunitof poeticm

23、eter of stressedand unstressedsyllablesa foot. Names for feet:Monometer/m?n ?mit ?(r)/ : one foot单音步诗行Dimeter/dimit?(r)/ : two feet二音步诗行；二步格诗行Trimeter/trimit?(r)/ : three feet三音步诗行Tetrameter/tetr?mit?(r)/ : four feetPentameter/pent?mit?(r)/ : five feetHexameter/heks?mit?(r)/ : six feetHeptameter/hep

24、t?mit?(r)/ : seven feetis calledOctameter/ ?kt?mit?(r)/ : eight feetNonameter/n?n?mit ?(r) : nine feet( lines containing more than seven feet do not often occur in English verse)Illustrations of metrical rhythms: iambic pentameteroOoOoOo OoOShall I compare thee to a summers day?oOoOoOoOoOThou art mo

25、re lovely and more temperate.oOoOoOoOo ORough winds do shake the darling buds of May,oOoOoO oOoOAnd summers lease hath all too short a date:Two terms marking the metrical pattern and rhyme scheme of a poem:Scansion（音律分析：将诗行分成音步， 标出重音位置，算出音节） -tomark the stressed and unstressed syllables and rhyme sc

26、heme is to scan.Caesura/si:zju?r ?/( 诗行中根据意思而作的）主要停顿- a pausein a lineof verse dictatedby sense or naturalspeech rhythm ratherthan by metrics is called caesura, which is often marked with“”Illustration of caesurae:Mean while, declining from the noon of dayThe sun obliquely shoots his burning ray;The

27、 hungry judges soon the sentence signAnd wretches hang that jurymen may dineKinds of Poetry1. Ballad3.Narrative Poem5.Sonnet7.Elegy9.Blank Verse2. Lyric4.Epic6.Ode8.Pastoral10.Free VerseNarrative Poem （叙事 ） :A. If a poemmainly story, it is called a narrative poem.tellsa relativelyB.widespreadcomplet

28、einmanyliteratures and continue to be written and read.Epic（史 ） :a) one of the ancient types of poetry.b) plays a very important role in early development of literature and civilizationc) long narrative poem of great scale and grandiose style about heroes who are usually warriors or even demigodsd)

29、deals with noble characters and heroic deedse) incorporates myth, legend and folk talef) reflects national history, thus more cultural than literarySonnet（十四行 ） :a) one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry in Europe-popular in Renaissance Italy, and thereafter in Spain, Portugal

30、and other European countries.b)Germanand EnglishRomantics revivedthe form,which remainsc)a lyricinvariablyof14 lines,usuallyiniambic/aipentameter /pen t?mit?/ , restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.popular.?mbik/Sonnet: thereare three prominenttypes of sonnet,allnamedaftertheirfounders or perfecter

31、s1) Shakespearean Sonnet 莎士比 体十四行 also called Elizabethan sonnet or English sonnet. structured of three quatrains and a terminal couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg.2) Petrarchan Sonnet彼特拉克体十四行诗alsocalledItaliansonnet -originatedinItalyinthe13thcentury. consummated

32、by Francesco Petrarch, a crowned laureate contains an octave/ ?ktiv / （意大利十四行诗的前八行）with the rhymepattern abbaabba and a sestet/sestet/ （十四行诗的最后六行） of various rhyme patterns such as cdecde or cdcdcd3) Spenserian Sonnet斯宾塞体十四行诗 is considered by some a variation of Shakespearean sonnet. comprises three

33、 quatrains and a couplet in i ambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc cdcd ee. somepoets write sonnets on a single subject or under one controlling idea and thus create a sonnet sequence or sonnet cycle( 六)Elements of Poetry-Tone1) the poise, mood, voice, attitude and outlook of the poet2)t

34、he speaker or the poet s attitudetoward his subject,his audienceor even himself.3) personality reflected4) discussed usually in ordinary vocabulary. i.e. cold, eager, uncertain, boastful, protesting, indifferent, positive, optimisticJudged by synthetic analysis of all the elements involved in thepoe

35、m (imagery, metaphor, understatement, etc), especially its diction and sentence patternsElements of Poetry-Image1)a word picture to evoke sense impressions in the reader smind2)representation of sense experience through language3)the soul of poetry as language is the body of poetry4)One image is fre

36、quently the result of the cooperationof theseveral senses and sometimes can be rather abstract. i.e.fresh air-cooperation; death/coffin-abstract5) imagery6) All the images formed into a meaningful whole in a poem Functions of imagery:1. to create the atmosphere2. to provide an internal pattern3. foc

37、us the theme of the poemElements of Poetry-Themecontrolling idea or its central insightA novel: thought-provokingA poem: emotion-arousing.Elements of Poetry-Poetic Devices（ 1） Simile: a comparison of two things, indicated by some connective,usuallylike, as, thanor a verb such asresembles.Your finger

38、s are like mine.Your fingers are like sausages.e.g.O my Loves like a red, red rose,That s newly sprung in JuneO my Loves like the melodieThat s sweetly played in tune.（ 2） Metaphor: a statement that one thing is something else, which, in a literal sense, it is not.Your fingers are sausages.e.g. Oh,

39、my love is a red, red rose.Oh, my love has red petals and sharp thorns.Oh, I placed my love into a long-stem vaseAnd I bandaged my bleeding thumb.（ 3）Conceit: originally means“concept ” or“idea ” and latercameto mean “a fancifulidea ”.Itisa metaphor or similethatis madeelaborate (far-fetched), often

40、 extravagant.e.g. two lovers souls are compared to the legs of the compasses.（ 4） Personification: a figure of speech in which a thing, an animal, or an abstract term (I.e. truth, nature) is made human.e.g. The Windby James StephensThe wind stood up and gave a shout.He whistled on his fingers andKic

41、ked the withered leaves aboutAnd thumped the branches with his hand.And said he d kill and kill and kill,And so he will and so he will.（ 5）the pun: often subjected to abuse as a “low” form of wit, the pun is essentially a kind of metaphor that can be used lightly andfacetiously or for more serious p

42、urposes.e.g. Customer: Do you serve crab here?Waiter: Yes Sir, we serve everyone!（ 6） apostrophe: a way of addressing someone or something invisible ornot ordinarily spoken to. Such as an inanimate object (spade!), some dead or absent person (Milton!), an abstract thing( Return, delights!) , or a sp

43、irit (soul). A poet uses apostrophe to announcea lofty and serious tone, giving life to the inanimate and giving life to the intangible (a way of speaking to it person to person). e.g. Death, ain t you got no shame?（ 7） metonymy(换喻，转喻 ): the name of a thing is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.e.g. the White House decided.（ 8） synecdoche( 提喻 ): a kind of metonymy, is the use of a part of a thing to stand for the whole of it or vice versa.e.g.the fa