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1、Section ATRIAL AND VENTRICULARENLARGEMENT ( hypertrophy),SHEN ZHOU HOSPITAL YANG YANG, Atrial enlargemen: ( ) Right atrial enlargement ( ) Left atrial enlargement ( ) Biatrial enlargement Ventricular hypertrophy: ( ) Left ventricular hypertrophy ( ) Right ventricular hypertrophy ( ) Biventricular hy

2、pertrophy,( ) Right atrial enlargement,Artrial enlargement Musel fibre Longered and Thickening Amplitude and direction of depolarization resultant vector changed Amplitud、period and shape of P wave altered,Order of atrial depolarization is right first and left later right atrial depolarization perio

3、d prolonged and overlap with left atrial depolarization period,but the overall depolarization period is not changed So electrocardiogram represent amplitud of atrial depolarization raise up,NORMAL ECG,Right atrial enlargement (RAE) Diagnostic criteria kraitiEriE P wave amplitude 0.25mv in lead AVF,

4、called P pulmonale P wave upright in V1, amplitude 0.15mv; if diphasic, the arithmetic sum 0.20mv,右房肥大,1. P波高而尖,振幅0.25mv ( 肢导联 、aVF导联明显, )又称“肺型P波”。 2.PV1直立时,振幅0.15mv,如P双相时,其振幅算术和 0.20mv。,*Right atrial enlargement *,( ) Left atrial enlargement,Left atrial depolarization later Electrocardiogram repres

5、ent the period of atrial depolarization Prolonged,( ) Left atrial enlargement,Prolonged P wave duration 0.12s and P wave with two peak , duration of the two components 0.04s espetialy in lead 、 、aVL ,called “mitral P wave” P-R segment decrease, P/PR 1.6 First positive and terminal negative wave in l

6、ead V1,P wave terminal force Ptf0.04mms (amplitude multiplied by time of the negative wave ),1.p波宽,时间0.12 S,常呈双峰,峰距 0.04S,在I、II、aVL导联明显。多见于二尖瓣狭窄,故称之为“二尖瓣型P波”。 2.PV1常呈先正后负波,负相波较深,将此负向波时间乘以该振幅,称为P波终末电势(Ptf),左房大时,PtfVI0.04mm . s。,PtfV1 measurement,* Left atrial enlargement *,Biatrial enlargement,P wave

7、 widen more than 0.12s, amplitude more than 0.25mv P wave enlarge and diphasic in V1, amplitude larger than normal P pulmonale Indicate organic heart disease Ventricular hypertrophy resut in Myocardium depolarization increased voltage、Myocardium activation time prolongation、 changed repolarization o

8、rder by the relative insufficiency of blood supply The more positive index the higher the diagnostic reliability Electrocardiogram diagnosis has limitations, Ventricular hypertrophy心室肥大,心室扩大或肥厚是由于心室舒张期或收缩期负荷过重引起 提示器质性心脏病 心室肥大结果:心肌除极电压增高,心肌激动时间延长,相对供血不足致复极顺序改变 阳性指标越多,诊断可靠性越高 心电图诊断有一定局限性, Ventricular

9、hypertrophy心室肥大示意图,( ) Left ventricular hypertrophy,produces changes in the QRS complex,ST,T R waves in leads facing the left ventricle are taller than normal:,avl, V5, V6. S waves in leads facing the right ventricle are deeper than normal:V1, V2.,( )left ventricular hypertrophy,QRS wave high voltag

10、e: RV5 or V62.5mv RV5+SV14.0mv(male) 3.5mv (female) R1.5mv R AVL1.2mv R AVF2.0mv R+SIII2.5mv Cornell voltage: Ravl SV32.0mv (F), 2.8mv (M),左心室肥大1,QRS波群电压的改变 RV5或RV6 2.5mV RV5+SV1 4.0mV(M)(注,F 3.5mV) R1.5mV R+S 2.5mV RaVL 1.2mV,RaVF 2.0mV 电轴偏转,常电轴左偏 QRS间期延长,0.10-0.11秒,0.12s,( ) left ventricular hyper

11、trophy (LVH),Left axis deviation in frontal plane QRS duration prolonged to 0.1-0.11s,not more than 0.12s Secondary ST-T change called LVH with damage, maybe indicate ischemia,左心室肥大2,ST-T改变-继发改变,或劳损 R波为主导联ST段下移0.05mV T波低平、双向或倒置 S波为主导联如V1 T波直立 左室肥大伴劳损,* left ventricular hypertrophy 1*,* left ventricu

12、lar hypertrophy 2*,( ) Right ventricular hypertrophy,produces changes in the QRS complex,ST,T R waves in leads facing the right ventricle are taller than normal: V1、 avR. S waves in leads facing the left ventricle are deeper than normal:,avl, V5.,( ) Right ventricular hypertrophy,V1 lead R/S1,lead V

13、5 R/S1; lead aVR R/S1 RV1+SV51.05mv severe 1.2mv RaVR 0.5mv right axis deviation more than+90 Severe more than +110 secondary ST-T change (V1、V2)called RVH with strain secondary ST-T change (V1、V2)called RVH with strain,右室肥厚,QRS波群电压的改变 V1 R/S1,V5 R/S 1 V1呈R,Rs,qR形,aVR导联R/S 1 RV1+SV5 1.05mV RaVR 0.5m

14、V; 电轴右偏+90 ST-T改变右室肥大伴劳损 V1V2导联中ST段下移0.05mV,T波倒置,* Right ventricular hypertrophy 1*,( ) Biventricular hypertrophy,1. normal ECG 2. one ventricular hypertrophy ECG 3. biventricular hypertrophy ECG,双室肥大,相互抵消电压正常化 仅显示一侧心室肥大 多为左室肥大表现 右室肥大很显著时也可仅示右室肥大 双室肥大同时显示 既有左室高电压,又有右室高电压,Review Questions,Diagnostic

15、criteria of atrial enlargement Q:R25% An abnormal Q wave is defined by the following criteria Q duration of 0.04s or greater, Q:R ratio=25% or greater MIQ wave,MI period,Hyperacute change:ST elevation with loss of normal ST segment concavity , tall ,peaked T Acute period:ST elevation in a lead with

16、a pathologic Q wave ,T waves may be either upright or inverted Old infarct:A pathologic Q wave,with or without ST segment elevation or T wave abnormalities Presistent ST segment elevation after MI ,half of these patients have ventriculai aneurysms,Localization of MI,Anterior myocardial infarction: o

17、cclusion of left anterior descending coronary artery, Q wave in V1-4 Laterl MI:occlusion of circumflex coronary artery,Q wave in ,avL,V5-6 Inferior MI:occlusion of right coronary artery,Q wave in ,avF Posterior MI:prominent R wave in V1,Differential diagnosis,Chest pain should prompt a careful searc

18、h for coronary and noncoronary causes ,with or without ECG changes Acute or evolving ischemia are often masked by the presence of LEBBB,WPW,electronic ventricular pacemaker patterns Q wave includes ventricular hypertrophy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,心肌梗死(myocardial infarction),基本图形:缺血型、损伤型、坏死型 ECG图

19、形演变及分期:超急性期、急性期、近期、陈旧期 心肌梗死定位诊断 心肌梗死分类和鉴别诊断,心脏冠状动脉供血和室壁,左前降支: 左室前壁 前室间隔 左回旋支: 左室侧壁 右冠状动脉: 右室壁 左室后壁(多数) 左室下壁(多数),心肌梗死,诊断心肌梗死依据: 典型临床症状、心肌酶学、心电图改变 通常根据心电图表现分为: Q波心肌梗死 无Q波心肌梗死 ST段抬高的心肌梗死 ST段不抬高的心肌梗死 疑诊心肌梗死时要反复作全导联心电图,必要时加作右胸导联和左侧后胸导联,心肌梗死的基本心电图表现,坏死性改变的病理性Q波 在原来QRS主波向上的导联呈QR或Qr型,原 来主波向下的导联呈QS或Qr型 损伤性改变

20、 ST段弓背向上抬高 缺血性改变 T波倒置或高直,“冠状T”,ST段抬高-损伤电流学说,ST段抬高-除极受阻学说,坏死性Q波,病理性Q波: Q波时间0.04s 大小 同导联R波 出现部位:面向坏死区的部位,心肌梗塞不同时期的演变,心肌梗塞的图形演变及分期,急 性 期,愈 合 期,心肌梗死定位诊断,*急性下壁心肌梗塞*,*急性下壁心肌梗塞、陈旧前壁心肌梗塞*,*陈旧下壁心肌梗塞*,*急性前间壁心肌梗塞*,*陈旧下侧壁心肌梗塞、一度AVB*,*急性广泛前壁心肌梗塞伴左前分支阻滞*,心肌梗死的分类与鉴别诊断,非Q波型心肌梗死(non-Q wave myocardial infarction) 非波心

21、肌梗死约占急性心肌梗死的50% 诊断主要依据临床表现和心肌酶学 但部分病例心电图很有助于诊断 ST段抬高和非ST抬高心肌梗死 心梗合并其他病变: 室壁瘤, RBBB, LBBB 心梗的鉴别诊断: 急性心包炎 、变异性心绞痛 、过早复极综合证、感染 、 脑血管病 、心脏横位 、 顺钟向转位 、 左室大、 LBBB 、 预激综合证等,*可能的广泛前壁非Q波心肌梗塞*,心内膜下心梗,第六节 心律失常(arrhythmias),心律失常概述 心律失常心肌电生理 窦性心律及窦性心律失常 期前收缩 异位性心动过速 扑动与颤动 传导异常,心脏特殊传导系统示意图,心电信号传递的三站,第一站:窦房结 第二站:房

22、室结 第三站:浦肯野纤维与心室肌细胞,心 房,束 支,心 室,心律失常概述,定义:心脏激动的起源异常或/和传导异常 分类:多按病因分 心肌电生理:自律性,兴奋性,传导性,收缩性,心肌电生理,自律性:窦房结房室交界区希氏束以下 兴奋性:不应期 传导性:房室结最慢(20 200mm/s),普氏最快(4000mm/s),心律失常的种类1,激动起源异常 窦性心律失常 过速、过缓、不齐、停搏、病窦 主动性异位心律 期前收缩(房性、交界性、室性) 心动过速 (房性、交界性、室性) 扑动与颤动 (房性、室性) 被动性异位心律 逸搏和逸搏心律,心律失常的种类2,激动传导异常 生理性传导障碍:干扰与脱节 病理性

23、传导阻滞: 窦房阻滞 房内阻滞 室传导阻滞(、) 室内阻滞(左、右束支,左束支分支) 意外传导 传导途径异常:预激综合征,Sinus rhythm and sinus arrhythmias,Sinus rhythm Sinus tachycardia Sinus bradycardia Sinus arrhythmia Sinus arrest Sick sinus syndrome,Sinus rhythm,Regularly recurring P waves of the same morphology P wave is upright in lead ,avF,V4-6 and i

24、nverted in lead aVR A rate between 60-100bpm,each P wave is followed by a QRS complex,Sinus tachycardia,Sinus rhythm Sinus rate more than 100bpm Is common,and confitions associated with increased sympathetic tone,fever,pain,chronic heart failure,hyperthyroidism,COPD,Sinus bradycardia,Sinus rhythm Si

25、nus rate less than 60bpm Are commonly observed:sleep,athletes,Sinus arrhythmia,Sinus rhythm P-P interval that vary by more than 0.12s during 10 s Sinus arrhythmia due to respiration,Sinus arrest,In sinus node dysfuntion individuals,the sinus node abruptly stops firing, leading to sinus arrest,Usuall

26、y an escape rhythm from an ectopic at atrial focus or junction will prevent asystole,Sick sinus syndrome(SSS),Caused by SA node dysfunction and manifested by marked sinus bradycardia , sinoatrial block,or sinus arrest , atrial tachyarrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation,atrial flutter,or atrial ta

27、chycardia Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome,窦性心律及窦性心律失常,正常窦性心律 窦性心动过缓 窦性心动过速 窦性心律不齐 窦性停搏 病态窦房结综合征,正常窦性心律(sinus rhythm),P波的方向:P规律出现,aVF,V4-6直立,aVR倒置 PR间期:0.12 - 0.20秒 PP间期:PP间期的互差0.12秒 频率:60-100次/分,*正常窦性心律*,窦性心动过缓,P波的方向:P直立, PaVR倒置 PR间期:0.12-0.20秒 频率:60次/分,但很少40次/分 可伴有窦性心律不齐,结性逸搏等,*窦性心动过缓*,窦性心动过速,P波的方

28、向:P直立, PaVR倒置 PR间期:0.12-0.20秒 频率:100次/分,但很少150次/分,*窦性心动过速*,窦性心律不齐,P波的方向:P直立, PaVR倒置 PR间期:0.12-0.20秒 P-P间期差异:0.12s 常伴有窦性心动过缓 呼吸性窦性心律不齐常见,*窦性心律不齐*,5.窦性停搏,窦性心律中出现较长的间歇,其间无P波 长间歇不是基本心律PP间期的整数倍 间歇过长时可能出现交界性逸搏、室性逸搏 很少出现房性逸搏 心房与窦房结可同时受到同一种病变的抑制,*窦性停搏*,*窦性停搏*,病态窦房结综合征 (sick sinus syndrome,SSS),由窦房结病变导致功能减退,

29、产生多种心律失常的综合表现。可在不同时间出现一种以上的心律失常,经常同时合并心房自律性异常。部分患者同时有房室传导功能障碍。,病态窦房结综合征,心电图检查: 持续而显著的窦性心动过缓(50次/分以下) 窦性停搏与窦房传导阻滞 窦房传导阻滞房室传导阻滞并存 心动过缓-心动过速综合征(心动过速包括心房扑动、心房颤动或房速),Premature complexes,Atrial premature complexes Most APCs are reentrant Preceded by a P wave which may have normal or abnormal morphology The QRS complex is narrow and normal Is not followed by a compensatory pause Occasionally,the QRS complex may be wide,Ventricular prema

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