Lecture7跨文化交际

1、,Face Maintenance in Interpersonal Communication,11,2,Concepts Type of Face Needs Facework and Interpersonal Communication Facework and Intercultural Communication,11,3,1. Concepts,1.1 Definition of Face: The public expression of the inner self. The favorable social impression that a person wants ot

2、hers to have of him or her. (Erving Goffman),11,4,1.2 Characteristics of Face Face is social Face is NOT what an individual thinks of him- or herself BUT rather how what others to regard his or her worth. One can only gain or lose face through actions that are known to others. “No matter what my tea

3、cher think of me, I know Im a good student.” Face is an impression May differ from a persons self-image Simple want respect from others, regardless of their “real” thoughts and impression. Face refers only to the favorable social attributes that people want others to acknowledge.,11,5,2. Type of Fac

4、e Needs,A model of social politeness Regardless of cultures, all people have face and a desire to maintain and even gain more of it. Face is maintained through the use of various politeness rituals in social interactions, as people try to balance the competing goals of task efficiency and relationsh

5、ip harmony.,11,6,2.1 Brown and Levinsons Model Negative Face The need to avoid being hindered or impeded by others in order to act independently. Positive Face The need to be treated as a desirable person who is respected and approved. E.G.: How to borrow sth. From others?,11,7,2.2 Tae-Seop Lims Mod

6、el The Need for Control Control face is concerned with individual requirements for freedom and personal authority; This type of face include such values as “independent”, “in control of self”, “mature”, “reliable”, etc. It is in the desire to have freedom of action. The Need for Approval Approval fa

7、ce is concerned with individual requirement for affiliation and social contact. It is related to peoples need for others to acknowledge their friendliness and honesty. Similar to what we call “lien”, which refers to a good human being who is kind, generous, decent, and upright. The approval face ref

8、lects the desire to be treated with respect and dignity.,11,8,The Need for Admiration Admiration face is concerned with individual needs for displays of respect from others. It is related to peoples need for others to acknowledge their talents and accomplishments. It is similar to what we call “mien

9、-tzu”, which is built up through high position, wealth, power, ability, through cleverly establishing social ties to a number of prominent people, as well as through avoidance of acts that would cause unfavorable comment,11,9,3. Facework and Interpersonal Communication,Facework refers to the actions

10、 people take to deal with their own and others face needs. Normally, everyones face depends on everyone elses being maintained, and since people can be expect to defend their faces if threatened, and in defending their own to threatened others faces, it is in general in every participants best inter

11、est to maintain each others face. when to shake hands?,11,10,Reasons for Face-threatening,1. Control dimension of interp. communication Status, power, etc. 2. Affiliation dimension of interp. Communication Social distance, or social familiarity. Highly polite when meet in business, education and gov

12、ernmental contacts, but rather rude, pushy and aggressive when meet in subways, etc. 3. Culture-specific evaluation that people make. Collectivist culture and high-context culture: more sensitive to face needs,11,11,4. Facework and Intercultural Communication,Facework strategies/behaviors: apologies, excessive politeness, narra