英语的时态和语态

1、english tenses,第三讲 英语的时态,从定义入手 时间与形态的结合与搭配关系 时态的分类：,何谓“时态”,过去,现在,未来,时间线,1、一般现在时 主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等时间状语； 表示客观规律和永恒真理等。 he usually goes to work at 7 oclock every morning. 他每天7点上班。 2、现在进行时 表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动：或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如always，constantly，conti

2、nually，again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。 we are having english class. 我们正在上英语课。 3、现在完成时 表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。 they have lived in beijing for five years. 他们在北京已经住了5年了。,现在时态,4一般过去时 表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; o

3、nce; during the war; before; a few days ago; he used to smoke a lot. 他过去抽烟比较厉害。 5. 过去进行时 表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。 beijing was hosting the 29th olympic games in august 2008. 在2008年8月，北京正在举行29届奥运会。 6. 过去完成时 表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用 ( before, after, by, up till )

4、 they finished earlier than we had expected. 他们提前完成了（工作）。,过去时态,7. 一般将来时 表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示将来的时间状语连用。 i am leaving for beijing tomorrow. 我明天就要离开北京。 8、将来进行时 表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。 ill be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。 9、将来完成时 表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时

5、间状语非常明显。常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。如：by the end of this year, by 8 oclock this evening, by march next year以及由by the time, before或when等引导的副词从句。 by the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot. 到下个月底，他步行将达到1000英里。,将来时态,amareisgoing todo 或 willshalldo am/is/are/about to + do am/is/are to + d

6、o; 一般将来时的表达方法 be going to +动词原形 be +不定式,be to+动词原形,be about to 动词原形 be able to +不定式 be about to+动词原形 will + 动词原形； 例如：he is going to work for us. he will work for us； he is coming.这是特殊的用一般现在时 表达 将来时态 的例子！,一般将来时,1. 肯定句 i am a student. 2. 否定句 she is not a student 3. 一般疑问句 are they students? 4. 特殊疑问句 wh

7、o is a student? when, where, what, whose, whom, why, how,四种基本句型结构的转换,be（was，were）going to+动词原形 be（was，were）about to+动词原形 be（was，were）to+动词原形 肯定句：主语+be（was，were）going to+动词原形. 否定句：主语+be（was，were）not going to+动词原形. 疑问句：be（was，were）+主语+going to+动词原形？ 肯定句：主语+would（should）+动词原形. 否定句：主语+would（should）not+动

8、词原形. 疑问句：would（should）+主语+动词原形？ he would work for us.,过去将来时,主语+be+v.ing现在分词形式(其中v表示动词) 表示现在正在进行的动作或最近在做的事。 例如：i am buying a book. 第一人称+am+doing+sth 第二人称+are+doing +sth （doing是泛指所有的v-ing形式） 第三人称+is+doing+sth 例：he is working.,现在进行时,肯定句：主语+was/were+doing+其它 否定句：主语+was/were+not+doing+其它 一般疑问句及答语：was/wer

9、e+主语+doing+其它 ；答语：yes,i主语+was/were./no,i主语+wasnt/werent. 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+was/were+主语+doing+其它 he was working when he was alive.,过去进行时,主语+will + be +现在分词 he will be working for us.=he will work for us.,将来进行时,基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done) 肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他 否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他 一般疑问句：have/has+主语

10、+过去分词+其他 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他 he has worked for us for ten years. has he worked for us for ten years.,现在完成时,基本结构：主语+had+过去分词(done) 肯定句：主语+had+过去分词+其他 否定句：主语+had+not+过去分词+其他 一般疑问句：had+主语+过去分词+其他 肯定回答：yes,主语+had 否定回答：no,主语+hadnt 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（had+主语+过去分词+其他） 语法判定: by + 过去的时间点。如： i

11、 had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night. by the end of + 过去的时间点。如： we had learnt over two thousand english words by the end of last term. before + 过去的时间点。如： they had planted six hundred trees before last wednesday.,过去完成时,（shall）will+have+动词过去分词 before+将来时间或by+将来时间 before或by the tim

12、e引导的现在时的从句 he will have worked for us. he will work for us.,将来完成时,基本与现在完成时相同，但是现在完成进行时只能表示仍然持续的概念 have/has been +-ing 分词 he has been working for us for ten years.=he has worked for us for ten years.,现在完成进行时,had been +-ing 分词 he said that he had been working for us for ten years.=he said that he had

13、worked for us for ten years.,过去完成进行时,主语+ shall/will have been doing he will have been working for us.=he will work for us. 翻译为：他最近一直在为我们工作（过去在工作，现在在工作，将来还会工作）,将来完成进行时,一般现在时：i listen 现在进行时：i am listening 过去进行时：i was listening 现在完成时：i have listened 现在完成进行时：i have been listening 一般将来时：i shall listen”或“

14、i will listen.” 将来进行时：i shall be listening 一般过去时：i listened 过去完成时：i had listened 过去完成进行时：i had been listening 将来完成时： i shall have listened 将来完成进行时： i shall have been listening,总结：,1. 句中是否有助动词? 2. 动作发生的时间:过去?现在?未来? 3. 句子的时态:一般?(do, does, did)进行?(am is are was were)完成(has have had) 4. 句子的主语?人称? 5. 特殊疑

15、问词when where what why how加上一般疑问句who直接替换主语.,句型转换要点,按要求改写句子 1.the boy is playing basketball. 否定句：_ 一般疑问句：_ 肯定回答：_ 否定回答：_ 对“is playing basketball”提问：_ 对“ the boy”提问：_ 2.they are singing in the classroom. 否定句：_ 一般疑问句：_ 肯定回答：_ 否定回答：_ 对“are singing ”提问：_ 对“ in the classroom”提问：_,时态专项练习,翻译 我正在读英语。 他正在写字。 你

16、正在唱歌吗？是的，我在唱歌。不，我不在唱歌。 他(她)在听音乐吗？ 他在第三小学上学。他每天早上七点上学。 父亲每天早晨都浇花。 我女儿喜欢看电视和听音乐。 桑迪放学后打羽毛球吗？ 不。她学习很用功。放学后她总是看书。,时态专项练习,用括号内动词的适当形式填空。 1. he often (have) dinner at home. 2. daniel and tommy(be) in class one. 3. we(not watch) tv on monday. 4. nick(not go) to the zoo on sunday. 5. they (like) the world c

17、up? 6. whatthey often(do) on saturdays? 7. your parents(read) newspapers every day? 8. the girl (teach) us english on sundays. 9. she and i (take) a walk together every evening. 10. there (be) some water in the bottle. 11. mike(like) cooking. 12. they(have) the same hobby. 13. my aunt(look) after he

18、r baby carefully. 14. you always(do) your homework well. 15. i(be) ill. im staying in bed.,专项练习,语态是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般说来，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用被、受、给等词来表示被动意义。 如： he opened the door.他打开了这扇门。（主动语态） the door was opened.这扇门被打开

19、了（被动语态）,第四讲：英语中的语态,结构：主语 + be + 过去分词 时态：1. 一般现在时： am (is, are) done. 2.带情态动词的被动语态：must (can, may, should, need, would) be done 3. 一般过去时： was (were) done 4. 一般将来时： will (shall) be done 5. 现在进行时： am (is, are) being done 6. 现在完成时： have (has) been done,被动语态的时态及结构,1主语 + 连系动词 + 表语 (s+v+p) 此结构不可用被动语态。 (正)

20、the flowers smell sweet. (误) the flowers are smelt sweet. 2主语 + 不及物动词 (s+v) 此结构不可变被动语态。 (正) an accident happened last night. (误) an accident was happened last night.,应注意的问题,3主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 (s + v+ o) （1）将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语 children often sing this song this song is often sung by children. （2）将含有介词或副词的

21、动词短语变为被动结构时，不可将介词或副词去掉。 we should listen to the teachers carefully. the teachers should be listened to carefully.,应注意的问题,4主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 (s + v+ io+ do) （1）.将表人的间接宾语变为主语，直接宾语不变。 he showed us a picture . we were shown a picture. （2）.将指物的直接宾语变为主语，要在间接宾语前加介词to或for. 常用加to的动词give, show, pass, re

22、ad等 常用加for的动词 buy, get, make, sing, draw 等 a picture was shown to us. a dictionary was bought for me by my parents.,应注意的问题,5 主语+及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 (s+ v+ o + c) 如动词为 make, see, hear, watch 等，后接宾语补足语为不带“to”不定式时，变被动语态时要加上“to” 。 i saw him fall off the tree. he was seen to fall off the tree. 6. be + 过去分词

23、 并非都是被动语态，系动词 be, feel, seem,look,等词后面的过去分词已转化为形容词，作表语用，表示某种状态。 im interested in mathematics. 我对数学感兴趣。 7. 某些动词用主动语态来表示被动含义。 the womans clothes sell well. 女装卖的快。 this book sells best.这本书很畅销.,应注意的问题,某些系动词，如feel, look, seem, appear, taste, sound, smell, prove, remain等用主动形式表示被动意义；主语通常是事物，且表示该事物本身具有某一固有特

24、征。如： the material feels very soft. 这种料子摸起来很柔软。 误：the material is felt very soft. the music sounds beautiful. 这音乐听起来很美妙。 误：the music is sounded beautiful.,应注意的问题,1.they make machines in that factory. _machines are made in that factory._ 2.every body likes this song. this song is liked by everybody._

25、3.he didnt show the stamps to me. the stamps were not shown to me by him._ 4.people dont grow rice in the west of japan._ 5.he often helps tom when tom is in trouble._ 6.do the workers build many buildings? _are many buildings built by the workers?_ 7.does kate sometimes break glasses? _ 8.do you al

26、ways send a letter to mr hu? _ 9.what does the teacher often tell the boys to do?_ 10.how many desks do they buy every term? how many desks are bought by them every term?_,专项练习,11.they sold that kind of shoes in this shop last week. that kind of shoes were sold by them 12.granny told us a story last night. we were told a story by granny last night. 13.he didnt give the dictionary to me yesterday. the dictionary was not given to me by him