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1、神经系统的功能,您已经学过哪些有关 神经生理学的知识?,“ The decade of the brain”,诺贝尔奖,1901 首次颁发生理学或医学奖, 98项/100年 20项 与神经科学相关,诺贝尔奖,20项 与神经科学相关 1906年, Golgi(意大利), Cajal(西班牙)提出神经元学说. Sherrington, 提出突触 Adrian 记录神经纤维的电活动 1932年, 两位英国科学家获奖 - 1936年, Loewi(德国), Dale (英国),发现Ach,诺贝尔生理学或医学奖,Neuroscience,The Congress of USA: in the 90s o

2、f the 20th century) “ The decade of the brain” China : Neuroscience meeting Brain Research institute,脑研究计划: 2013年4月,美国总统奥巴马决定10年投入45亿美元用于“美国脑计划”。其中投资30亿美元的“通过推动创新性神经技术开展大脑研究”国家专项计划(2013年)、国家人工智能研究与发展战略规划(2016年); 欧盟将“人脑工程计划”列入未来新兴旗舰技术项目(2013年),10年投资10亿欧元。 日本、韩国、加拿大等先后发布大脑发展战略和共识, 。,中国脑研究计划 从2013年3月开始

3、,科技部、教育部、中科院等组织专家研讨会,着手对“中国脑计划”作准备。 复旦大学已牵头成立“脑科学协同创新中心”,该中心主任由复旦大学教授、中科院院士杨雄里担任,下设脑科学前沿研究部、脑疾病与脑保护研究部、脑技术与类脑智能研究部3个部门,恰好对应“中国脑计划”雏形中的“三脑”。,稳态 Homeostasis 调节 Regulation Neural regulation Humoral regulation Autoregulation 反馈 Feedback 前馈 Feed-forward,基本原理Principles in physiology,The nervous system,Can

4、 be subdivided into The central nervous system The peripheral nervous system The autonomic nervous system Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric nervous system,组成神经系统的细胞,神经元Neurons (1011) 神经胶质细胞Neuroglial cell Glia (1012 or more),How the brains cellular elements operate?,A typical neuron,The basic stru

5、cture of a neuron,Cell body Dendrite (spines) Axon (hillock, initial segmen Myelin sheath ( myelinated fiber and unmyelinated fiber) Presynaptic terminals (synaptic knobs),cell body (soma),initial segment of axon,Schwann cell,node of Ranvier,nucleus,axon hillock,dendrites,A motoneuron with myelinate

6、d axon,第一节 总论,一、神经元 (一)神经元的分类,Functions of the neuron,Receive signals (receptor) Generation of action potential (initial segment, initial node of Ranvier, Na+ channels highly concentrated ) Conduction of impulses (axon) Transmission of information (synapse) Neurotransmitter release Neurosecretion,Fu

7、nctions of the cell body,Responsible for many of the neuronal housekeeping functions, including the synthesis and processing of proteins,Functions of the dendrite,Collect (and integrate) information (may receive as many as 200,000 synaptic inputs) Have receptors on the membrane Dendritic membranes h

8、ave voltage-gated ion channels : amplify synaptic signals along the entire dendritic length,Functions of the axon,Conduction of nerve impulses Via local current,Nerve impulse conduction,Characteristics Structural and functional integrity Insulation Bi-directional conduction Relative infatigability,C

9、onduction velocity,Depends on Diameter of nerve fiber Myelin sheath Temperature V ( m / s ) = 6 D ( m ) Saltatory conduction: depolarization jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next,Classification of nerve fibers,According to the speed of conduction A , , , (12120 m/sec) B (315 m/sec) C (0.52.3 m/

10、sec) According to the diameter of the fibers I I a , I b (12 22 m) II (5 12 m) III (2 5 m) IV (0.1 1.3 m),action potential,stimulator,mixed nerve,direction of impulse,A,B,C,ms,Relative voltage,Compound action potential,神经元的主要功能:,感受刺激 整合后产生生理调节和控制效应 (反射弧) 神经内分泌 神经免疫,Axoplasmic transport,蛋白合成部位:胞体 轴浆运

11、输(anxoplasmic transport) :双向 顺向(anterograde ):胞体轴突末梢 驱动蛋白(kinesin): 杆部 头部 快速:410mm/d(线粒体、递质囊泡、分泌颗 粒等); 慢速:1-12 mm/d(微管、微丝),Axoplasmic transport,轴浆运输(anxoplasmic transport) :双向 逆向(retrograde):轴突末梢胞体 205 mm/d (NGF、某些病毒、毒素) 动力蛋白(dynein):具有酶的活性 :逆向示踪,驱动蛋白和动力蛋白的构造(上)及顺向和逆向轴浆运输(下)模式图,Axoplasmic transport,

12、轴浆运输(anxoplasmic transport) :双向 逆向(retrograde):轴突末梢胞体 205 mm/d (NGF、某些病毒、毒素) 动力蛋白(dynein):具有酶的活性 :逆向示踪,Trophic action of the neuron,(1)trophic action 神经对支配组织的作用 功能性作用 营养性作用 (2)neurotrophin, NT 本质:蛋白质(逆向轴浆运输) 种类:NGF、BDNF、NT3、NT4/5 受体:TrkA、TrkB、TrkC,二、神经胶质细胞(neuroglia),种类: PNS-Schwann细胞、卫星细胞 CNS-星形胶质细

13、胞、少突胶质细胞、小胶 质细胞 特点: 有突起,但无轴、树突之分 不形成突触结构 不产生AP,神经胶质细胞的功能,支持作用 Support 修复、再生 Repair, regeneration 免疫应答作用 营养作用 Trophic action 绝缘、屏障 Form the blood-brain barrier 维持合适的离子浓度 Maintain appropriate concentrations 摄取和分泌神经递质 neurotransmitters (GABA, glutamate),Basic principles,Reflex: the fundamental activiti

14、es of the CNS a sensory stimulus evokes a certain response Reflex arc: the structural basis Synapse: the region where two neurons make contact Junction: contact between a neuron and an effector cell,突触 ( synapse ) 神经元之间发生联系和信息传递的部位 反射 (reflex ) 神经系统活动的基本方式,synapse,junction,Synaptic transmission,一、sy

15、napse 突触前膜 突触间隙 突触后膜,Synaptic transmission,Presynaptic membrane 7. 5 nm Synaptic vesicles Cleft 2040 nm Postsynaptic membrane Receptor Channel,a synaptic knob mitochondrion postsynaptic thickening a dendrite,2.突触分类,按接触部位 轴突-树突式突触 轴突-轴突式突触 轴突-胞体式突触 按性质 兴奋性突触 抑制性突触,The synaptic knobs,Function: impulse

16、s transmission,synapse,junction,Synaptic transmission,presynaptic neuron,skeletal muscle smooth muscle glandular cell,Classification of synapses,Axon dendritic synapse Axon somatic synapse Axon axonal synapse Others,Common synaptic arrangements in CNS,Synaptic transmission at chemical synapse,T,Na+,

17、Ca2+,Voltage-gated Ca2+ channel,Nerve action potential,Transmitter release (exocytosis),Chemically-gated ion channel Postsynaptic potential,Ca2+ influx triggers neurotransmitter release Ca2+ is restored by rapid sequestration and removal from the cell primarily by a Ca2+/Na+ antiport,Synaptic transm

18、ission at chemical synapse ( 7 steps ),化学性突触传递,突触前神经元(+)末梢去极化Ca2+通道开放 Ca2+内流递质释放至间隙递质作用于后膜受体引起突触后电位: 钠内流:去极化邻近膜上产生AP 兴奋 氯内流: 超极化抑制,The process of vesicle release,synapsin,mobilization,trafficking,docking,fusion,synaptobrevin,电-化学-电的传递过程,突触前神经元(+)末梢去极化Ca2+通道开放 Ca2+内流递质释放至间隙递质作用于后膜受体引起突触后电位: 钠内流:去极化邻近

19、膜上产生AP 兴奋 氯内流: 超极化抑制,兴奋传递的其他方式,1.电突触传递(electricle synaptic transmission) 结构基础:缝隙连接 ( gap junction ) 2.接头传递 非突触性化学传递 曲张体(varicosity),电突触传递 (gap junction) 结构:2-3 nm 特点:双向、传递速度快、存在于中枢神经和 视网膜 中。主要发生在同类神经元之间。 功能:促进不同神经元的同步化活动。,非定向突触传递,神经-平滑肌 神经-心肌接头传递 特点: 1. 无特化的膜结构 2.间距大于20nm 3.作用分散 4.传递时间长 5.效应取决于有无受体,

20、影响突触传递的因素,影响递质释放的因素: Ca+量 突触囊泡蛋白:破伤风毒素 递质的摄取和酶解:利血平,有机磷农药 影响受体的因素,电-化学-电的传递过程,突触前神经元(+)末梢去极化Ca2+通道开放 Ca2+内流递质释放至间隙递质作用于后膜受体引起突触后电位: 钠内流:去极化邻近膜上产生AP 兴奋 氯内流: 超极化抑制,oscilloscope,microelectrode in cell,dorsal root,S1,S2,ventral root,Postsynaptic depolarization,Postsynaptic hyperpolarization,Intracellula

21、r recording for studying synaptic activity,Postsynaptic potential (突触后电位),2. 突触传递的一般过程,电-化学-电的传递过程,突触前神经元(+)末梢去极化Ca2+通道开放 Ca2+内流递质释放至间隙递质作用于后膜受体引起突触后电位: 钠内流:去极化邻近膜上产生AP 兴奋 氯内流: 超极化抑制,4.突触后神经元的电活动变化,兴奋性突触后电位(excitatory postsynaptic potential,EPSP) 抑制性突触后电位(inhibitory postsynaptic potential,IPSP) EPSP

22、特点、性质和机制: 钠内流大于钾外流 IPSP机制: 氯内流,2. 突触传递的一般过程,钠内流,2. 突触传递的一般过程,microelectrode in cell,dorsal root,S1,S2,ventral root,Postsynaptic depolarization,Postsynaptic hyperpolarization,Intracellular recording for studying synaptic activity,4.突触后神经元的电活动变化,兴奋性突触后电位(excitatory postsynaptic potential,EPSP) 抑制性突触后电

23、位(inhibitory postsynaptic potential,IPSP) EPSP特点、性质和机制: 钠内流大于钾外流 IPSP机制: 氯内流,A B,Spatial summation Temporal summation,Action potentials are usually initiated at the initial segment where the density of Na+ channels is high,突触的可塑性(plasticity),强直后增强(posttetanic potentiation) 习惯化(habituation)、 敏感化(sens

24、itization) 长时程增强(long-term potentiation,LTP) 长时程抑制(long-term depression,LTD),突触的可塑性 定义:突触传递的功能可发生较长时程的增强或减弱 形式: 1、强直后增强(posttetanic potentiation) 定义:突触前末梢接受一短串强直性刺激后引起突触后 神经元的突触后电位明显增强。 持续时间:几分至1小时 机制: Ca2+内流,突触前递质持续释放,突触的可塑性,2、习惯化和敏感化 a、习惯化 定义:温和重复刺激时,突触反应逐渐减弱甚至消失 机制: Ca 2+通道失活, Ca 2+ 内流减少,递质释放减少,b

25、、敏感化 定义:重复有害刺激,突触反应和传递效能增强 机制:激活腺苷酸环化酶,cAMP增多, Ca2+内流增加,递质释放增多,突触的可塑性,突触的可塑性,3、 长时程增强(long-term potentiation,LTP) 长时程抑制 (long-term depression,LTD) 长时程增强:突触前神经元短时间快速重复刺激后,突触后神经元电位快速形成和持续增强。持续时间长(几天),突触后神经元胞内Ca2+增加。 长时程抑制:突触传递效率的长时程降低,突触后神经元胞内Ca 2+ 少量内流。,Otto Loewi,1961,Neurotransmitters and receptors

26、,1.神经递质(neurotransmitter) 递质条件 递质和调质的种类 胆碱类、单胺类(NE、Ad、DA、5-HT)、肽类、AA类、其他(NO、PG、腺苷) 递质共存 Dale原则/观点 递质代谢 合成-储存-释放-降解-再摄取、再合成,Classification of neurotransmitters,Choline: acetylcholine (ACh) Amines: norepinephrine , epinephrine , dopamine , 5-hydroxytryptamine , histamine Amino acids: glutamate , aspar

27、tate , glycine , -aminobutyric acid (GABA) Peptides: hypothalamic regulatory peptides , brain-gut peptides , ANP, VIP, CGRP, vasopressin , oxytocin , substance P , -endorphin , enkephalin , angiotensin II Purines: adenosine , ATP Gases: nitric oxide ( NO ) , carbon monoxide ( CO ), H2S Lipids: arach

28、idonic acid and derivatives, neurosteroids,Coexistence and co-release of transmitters,Two or more neurotransmitters coexist in the same neuron and release together when the neuron is activated Examples: Postganglionic sympathetic neuron: NE, NPY Parasympathetic neuron: ACh, VIP The Dales principle:

29、a neuron releases the same transmitter(s) at all its endings (Renshaw cell),Co-existence and co-release of neurotransmitters,Metabolism of transmitters,Synthesis Storage Release Degradation Reuptake Resynthesis,受体 Receptors,Proteins on cell membrane Specific binding with transmitter, hormone (ligand

30、) Have several subtypes Special agonists and antagonists Saturation Reversible (dissociation) Sensitization and desensitization (internalization),Examples for receptor subtypes,Adrenergic receptors adrenoceptors: 1, 2 adrenoceptors: 1, 2, 3 Cholinergic receptors Muscarinic receptors: M1, M2, M3, M4,

31、 M5 Nicotinic receptors: neuronal type, muscle-type Glutamate receptors Metabotropic receptors: many subtypes Ionotropic receptors: NMDA, AMPA, kainate,NE,presynaptic receptor ( 2 ),postsynaptic receptor ( 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 ),Presynaptic receptor,Receptor located on presynaptic membrane (autoreceptor),P

32、rincipal neurotransmitter systems,乙酰胆碱 ( acetylcholine ) Enzyme system 胆碱和乙酰辅酶A在胆碱乙酰转移酶的催化下合成 中枢神经系统内的 cholinergic neurons 胆碱能神经纤维 (cholinergic fibers): 支配骨骼肌的运动神经纤维 交感、副交感节前纤维 大多数副交感节后纤维 少数交感节后纤维(支配汗腺、骨骼肌舒血管纤维),M受体,毒蕈碱(M)受体 ( muscarinic receptor ): antagonist : 阿托品 atropin 七次跨膜结构,G蛋白耦联受体 分布于大多数副交感节

33、后纤维,少数交感节后纤维(支配汗腺、骨骼肌舒血管纤维)所支配的效应器细胞膜上。如心肌、平滑肌(胃肠道、血管、虹膜)和腺体等,M受体,兴奋后效应: 心脏活动(-) 支气管、胃肠平滑肌(+) 膀胱逼尿肌、虹膜环行肌(+) 消化腺、汗腺分泌(+) 骨骼肌血管(-),烟碱(N)受体 ( nicotinic receptor ): 分布于自主神经节节后神经元的突触后膜和 神经-肌接头的终板膜上 antagonist :筒箭毒碱 tubocurarine 神经元型烟碱受体 neuron-type nicotinic receptor N1 antagonist :六烃季铵 肌肉型烟碱受体 muscle-t

34、ype nicotinic receptor N2 antagonist :十烃季铵; Ach门控通道(离子通道),Structure of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor,N受体 兴奋后效应:骨骼肌收缩 自主神经节节后神经元兴奋,Principal neurotransmitter systems,Catecholamines Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Epinephrine (adrenaline) Dopamine Synthesis, transport, storage, release, reuptake Dis

35、tribution of adrenergic fibers Most of the sympathetic postganglionic fibers Adrenergic neurons in the CNS Noradrenergic neuron,Structure of Adrenergic receptor,2- adrenergic receptor,cytoplasmic surface,7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor (serpentine receptor),extracellular surface,Adrenergi

36、c receptor,7 transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor 心肌: 1 血管平滑肌: 皮肤、肾、胃肠: 骨骼肌、肝脏:2,catecholamine,CA,Adrenergic receptor (p348) 7 transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor 受体:酚妥拉明(phentolamine)阻断 1:哌唑嗪(prazosin)阻断 2:育亨宾(yohimbine)阻断 受体:普洛萘尔(propranolol,心得安)阻断 1:阿提洛尔(atenolol)、 美托洛尔(metoprolol ) 2:丁氧

37、胺(心得乐,butoxamine) 3: Also activated by circulating norepinephrine and epinephrine,NE、Ad效应,(复杂) 与不同受体亚型结合可产生不同效应 不同配体对受体作用强度不同 对同一器官的作用取决于两种受体数量,Dopamine DA,分布 黑质纹状体 中脑边缘系统 下丘脑结节漏斗部 受体:五种 D1、D5cAMP D2、D3、D4 cAMP 功能:运动、精神、内分泌、心血管活动等,Basal ganglia and their motor functions,Damage to the basal ganglia P

38、aralysis agitans Parkinsons disease,5-HT or serotonin,分布:中缝核群 raphe nuclei 上行:中缝核上部纹状体、丘脑、下丘脑、边缘前脑、大脑皮层 下行:中缝核下部脊髓(背角胶质区、侧角、前角) 内部联系:支配低位脑干 受体:5-HT1 5-HT7七种及多种亚型 功能:与镇痛、精神等,Neurotransmitter system Amino acids,Glutamate、aspartate、GABA、glycine Glutamate 分布:广泛,大脑皮层、脊髓含量高 受体 促离子型:NMDA受体:6 非NMDA受体(KA-5、

39、AMPA-4) 促代谢型受体:G蛋白耦联受体,Glutamate-gated channels,Glutamate,Neuotransmitter system Amino acids,Excitatory amino acids Glutamate Responsible for 75% of the excitatory transmission in the brain Aspartate,GABA,分布 大、小脑皮层 纹状体黑质通路 受体 GABAA:Cl-通道,可被荷包牡丹碱阻断 GABAB:G蛋白介导的K+通道 GABAc: Cl-通道 激活时,引起IPSP,Huntingtons

40、 disease (chorea),Motor disorders choreiform movements hyperkinetic Pathogenesis Loss of GABA-ergic and cholinergic neurons in the striatum A result of an abnormal gene on the short arm of chromosome 4 expanded CAG (cytosine-adenine-guanine) trinucleotide repeats,Basal ganglia and their motor functi

41、ons,Damage to the basal ganglia Chorea Huntington disease,甘氨酸(glysine),闰绍细胞(Renshaw cell)轴突末梢 受体: Cl-通道,主要为抑制作用,可被士的宁(strychnine)阻断 甘氨酸与NMDA受体结合,可产生兴奋效应,(5)肽类(peptides),下丘脑9种肽(TRH、GnRH、GHRH) 速激肽:substance P,neurokinin,neuropeptide 阿片肽(opioids) 种类:脑啡肽(enkephalin) 、-内啡肽(-endorphin) 、 强啡肽(dynorphin)等 受

42、体:主要有、等,为G蛋白耦联受体 脑-肠肽:CCK、VIP、胃泌素、胰泌素等 其他肽:Ang、SP、心房钠尿肽等,(6)其他递质,嘌呤: P1: 腺苷, 咖啡、茶可抑制腺苷而兴奋中枢 P2: ATP 气体(NO、CO、H2S) 组胺(histamine) PG,Nitric oxide synthesis in a neuron. Presynaptic glutamate release triggers the entry of Ca2+ through NMDA receptor channels or voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.,Action of NO

43、in the autonomic nervous system,H2S,Hypertension in Mice with Deletionof Cystathionine g-Lyase Rui Wang SCIENCE VOL 322 24 OCTOBER 2008,,Studies of nitric oxide over the past two decades have highlighted the fundamental importance of gaseous signaling molecules in biology and medic

44、ine. The physiological role of other gases such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is now receiving increasing attention. Here we show that H2S is physiologically generated by cystathionine g-lyase (CSE) and that genetic deletion of this enzyme in mice markedly reduces H2S levels in the s

45、erum, heart, aorta, and other tissues.,Mutant mice lacking CSE display pronounced hypertension and diminished endotheliumdependent vasorelaxation. CSE is physiologically activated by calcium-calmodulin, which is a mechanism for H2S formation in response to vascular activation. These findings provide

46、 direct evidence that H2S is a physiologic vasodilator and regulator of blood pressure.,反射活动的基本规律,Reflex and reflex arc Reflex: in the participation of the central nervous system, a regular response of the body is elicited by a certain stimulus Reflex arc Receptor: convert stimulus into nerve impuls

47、es Afferent nerve: transmit information to CNS Reflex center: analyze, store, compare, process Efferent nerve: send command to effector cells Effector: skeletal muscle, cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle, gland,The reflex arc,sense organ,afferent neuron,synapse,efferent neuron,muscle,neuromuscular juncti

48、on,generator potential,action potential,EPSPs (and IPSPs),action potential,end-plate potential,action potential,The reflex arc,Reflexes,Unconditioned reflex Innate Limited in number Fixed pattern Conditioned reflex A reflex response to a stimulus which did not previously elicit the response The resp

49、onse is acquired by repeatedly pairing the (conditioned) stimulus with another (unconditioned) stimulus which does produce the response Is an important type of learning,Reflexes,Monosynaptic reflex The simplest reflex knee jerk Polysynaptic reflex One or more interneurons (up to hundreds) are interp

50、osed Reflex activities are modified by facilitation, occlusion, and other effects Reflex activities can be integrated at primary centers and higher centers,反射活动的一般特性 适宜刺激(adequate stimulus) 最后公路(final common path) 中枢兴奋状态和抑制状态 (central excitatory 同一中枢许多神经元同步活动,Negative feedback inhibition via a Rensh

51、aw cell,突触前抑制(presynaptic inhibition),核心:突触前释放递质少,不能引起后膜产生AP 部位:突触前成分 特殊结构:轴突-轴突、轴突-胞体复合式突触 效应:后膜EPSP减小(抑制),presynaptic inhibition 机制: 末梢B兴奋末梢A的GABAA Cl- 末梢A去极化 传到末梢A的AP 幅度 进入末梢A 的Ca2+ 数量 末梢A递质释放 运动神经元EPSP,B,A,B,A,presynaptic inhibition 机制: 末梢B兴奋末梢A的GABAB G蛋白 K外流 进入末梢A 的Ca2+ 数量 末梢A递质释放 运动神经元EPSP,B,A

52、,B,A,presynaptic inhibition 3) B+A, receptor Transmitter release EPSP,B,A,presynaptic inhibition,motoneuron,postsynaptic inhibition,Presynaptic and postsynaptic inhibition,GABA,Cl- K+,_,B,A,A,C,Effects of presynaptic inhibition and facilitation on presynaptic action potential, Ca2+ current, and EPSP

53、,EPSP in postsynaptic neuron,Ca2+ current in presynaptic neuron,Presynaptic inhibition,Presynaptic facilitation,presynaptic action potential, 突触的易化 (synaptic facilitation) 突触后易化:EPSP, 若达阈电位AP 突触前易化:结构与突触前抑制相同 机制:末梢B兴奋末梢A内cAMP K+通道磷酸化而关闭传到末梢A AP 复极化延缓末梢A Ca2+内流 末梢A递质释放运动神经元EPSP,神经系统的感觉分析功能,Environmen

54、tal energy Sensory receptors / sense organs Electrochemical signals Brain (cerebral cortex) Specific sensation ( perception ),神经系统的感觉分析功能,感觉概述 中枢对躯体感觉的分析 中枢对内脏感觉的分析 中枢对特殊感觉的分析,Somatic sensations pathways,Somatic sensations pathways,1.内侧丘系(后索) 2.前外侧索(前外侧1/4) 脊髓丘脑侧束,精细触觉,本体感觉,背根神经节,薄束核 楔束核,丘脑 腹后核,特定皮层

55、感觉区,痛觉,温度觉,背根神经节,脊髓后角,丘脑腹后外侧核,特定皮层感觉区,Somatic sensations pathways,2.前外侧索(前外侧1/4) 脊髓丘脑前束 3.三叉丘系,粗糙触觉,压觉,脊髓 后角,丘脑腹后外侧核,丘脑中线区髓板内核,特定皮层感觉区,广泛皮层感觉区,头面部痛觉,温度觉,触觉,肌肉本体感觉,三叉神经脊束核,三叉神经 主核、中脑核,丘脑腹后内侧核,特定皮层感觉区,感觉传导道解剖特点及其受损时的表现,Sensory function of the thalamus,感觉接替核:腹后内侧核、腹后外侧核、内侧膝状体、外侧膝状体等 联络核:丘脑前核、腹外侧核、腹前核、丘

56、脑枕核 髓板内核群:板内核、束旁核、中央外侧核、中央中核等,右侧丘脑主要核团示意图 第一类细胞群:11.后外侧腹核;16.后内侧腹核; 18.外侧膝状体;19.内侧膝状体; 第二类细胞群:2. 前核; 5.外侧腹核;21.丘脑枕; 第三类细胞群:8. 髓板内核群;14.中央中核;15.束旁核, 特异感觉接替核(specific sensory relay ) 后腹核:外侧部分躯体感觉 内侧部分头面部感觉 外侧膝状体视觉 内侧膝状体听觉, 联络核(associated ) 各种感觉在丘脑和大脑皮层间的联系协调 前核:参与内脏活动的调节 外侧腹核:参与皮层对肌肉运动的调节 枕核:参与各种感觉的联系

57、功能 非特异投射核(nonspecific projection ) 维持和改变大脑皮层兴奋状态 束旁核可能与痛觉有关,特异投射系统(specific projection system) 丘脑特异核群(感觉接替核、联络核)大脑皮层特定区域 特点:点对点投射 通路:内侧丘系、前外侧系、三叉丘系、视觉、听觉等 功能:引起特定感觉,并激发大脑皮层发放冲动,Sensory projection system,Sensory projection system,非特异感觉投射系统(non-specific projection system) 丘脑非特异核群(髓板内核群)大脑皮层广泛区域 特点:点对片

58、、点对面投射 通路:经典传导通路的二级神经元侧支与脑干网状结构内神经元形成突触联系,由后者投射到髓板内核群,最后弥散地投射到大脑皮层。 功能:改变大脑皮层兴奋状态,特异投射系统和非特异投射系统的比较,4. 脑干网状结构上行激动系统 (ascending reticular activating system) 概念:部位+功能 部位:中脑头端网状结构 功能:上行唤醒作用 依据:刺激唤醒, 脑电呈同步化快波 切断昏睡, 脑电呈去同步化慢波 与非特异投射系统关系,cerebral cortex,afferent collaterals,cerebellum,thalamus,subthalamus and hypothalamus,ascending reticular activating system in brain stem,midbrain,bulb,pons,Diagram of ascendi

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