天然气汽车可行性研究(英文)Natural-Gas-Vehicles-A-Feasibility-Study课件

1、天然气汽车可行性研究(英文)Natural-Gas-Vehicles-A-Feasibility-Study,Natural Gas Vehicles:A Feasibility Study,天然气汽车可行性研究(英文)Natural-Gas-Vehicles-A-Feasibility-Study,Introduction: Natural Gas Vehicles,Dedicatednatural gas vehicles are designed to run on natural gas only, while dual-fuelorbi-fuelvehicles can also r

2、un on gasoline or diesel. Dual-fuel vehicles allow users to take advantage of the wide-spread availability of gasoline or diesel but also uses a cleaner, more economical alternative when natural gas is available. Natural gas used as a transportation fuel is called compressed natural gas because the

3、gas is compressed to a pressure of about 3,600 pounds per square inch (psi) and stored in a fuel cylinder aboard the vehicle. CNG flows into the engines combustion chamber and is ignited to create power to drive the vehicle. It is estimated that there are 9.6 million natural gas operated vehicles in

4、 the world (December 2009),天然气汽车可行性研究(英文)Natural-Gas-Vehicles-A-Feasibility-Study,Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural Gas Vehicles,* Depending on the type of vehicle,天然气汽车可行性研究(英文)Natural-Gas-Vehicles-A-Feasibility-Study,Worldwide Natural Gas Vehicle Statistics,Source: International Association

5、of Natural Gas Vehicles, 2009,Table 1: Number of Natural Gas Vehicles by Country,天然气汽车可行性研究(英文)Natural-Gas-Vehicles-A-Feasibility-Study,The Technology,Typical CNG Components in a Natural Gas Vehicle,天然气汽车可行性研究(英文)Natural-Gas-Vehicles-A-Feasibility-Study,The Technology (cont.),4th Generation CNG Syst

6、em,天然气汽车可行性研究(英文)Natural-Gas-Vehicles-A-Feasibility-Study,Conversion Costs (Gasoline to Natural Gas),A specially designed Conversion Kit is required consisting of cylinders to be fixed in the trunk of the car with associated equipment to allow the natural gas to flow into the engine and all cars can

7、 be converted irrespective of make or model.,*Government subsidized,Table 2: Conversion Cost Comparison by Country,天然气汽车可行性研究(英文)Natural-Gas-Vehicles-A-Feasibility-Study,Fuel Price Comparison,CNG is about 80 cents less than gasoline on an energy-equivalent basis, while E85 is about 28 cents less per

8、 gallon than gasoline.,Source: US Department of Energy (January 2010),Table 3: Fuel Price Comparison,天然气汽车可行性研究(英文)Natural-Gas-Vehicles-A-Feasibility-Study,Emission Standards,Light-Duty Vehicle Emissions: CNG vs. Gasoline Reduces carbon monoxide emissions 90%-97% Reduces carbon dioxide emissions 25%

9、 Reduces nitrogen oxide emissions 35%-60% Potentially reduces non-methane hydrocarbon emissions 50%-75% Emits fewer toxic and carcinogenic pollutants Emits little or no particulate matter Eliminates evaporative emissions,Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,天然气汽车可行性研究(英文)Natural-Gas-Vehicles

10、-A-Feasibility-Study,Savings from CNG Vehicles,As a vehicle fuel it is about 30-50% cheaper than gasoline. This is due to a combination of: The cost of natural gas on an energy equivalent basis relative to petroleum fuels and fuel taxes, the current pre-tax price of Russian H-gas (the assumed margin

11、al source for NG used in Europe) delivered in the form of CNG is, per lower heating value energy unit, only 63 % of the current price of petrol.,Table 4: Saving Chart between CNG and Gasoline (Asia),Source: International Association of Natural Gas Vehicles, 2009,天然气汽车可行性研究(英文)Natural-Gas-Vehicles-A-

12、Feasibility-Study,Savings (cont.),Table 5: Saving Chart between CNG and Gasoline (Europe),Source: International Association of Natural Gas Vehicles, 2009,天然气汽车可行性研究(英文)Natural-Gas-Vehicles-A-Feasibility-Study,Predicted Savings in USA,Source: US Department of Energy (April 2010),Based on the mileage

13、information from a 2005 Honda Civic and gasoline and CNG prices data from the Midwest region (CNG-$1.41* $3.71 in the city area and $2.14 in the highway Estimates do not include additional savings from lower maintenance costs from reduced wear and tear of the engine, less frequent oil changes and tu

14、ne-ups. * Average price as of 3rd May 2010 in OKC,Table 6: Savings in USA,天然气汽车可行性研究(英文)Natural-Gas-Vehicles-A-Feasibility-Study,Savings from Maintenance and Performance,Some fleet operators have reduced maintenance costs by as much as 40 percentby converting their vehicles to CNG. Intervals between

15、 tune-ups for natural gas vehicles are extended 30,000 to 50,000 miles. Intervals between oil changes for natural gas vehicles are dramatically extended-anywhere from 10,000 to 25,000 additional miles depending on how the vehicle is used. CNG has an octane rating of 130 and has a slight efficiency a

16、dvantage over gasoline. Because CNG is already in a gaseous state, NGVs have superior starting and drivability, even under severe hot and cold weather conditions,天然气汽车可行性研究(英文)Natural-Gas-Vehicles-A-Feasibility-Study,Tax Rate Comparison,* Currently only in the states of Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh

17、 * Depending on the size of the vehicle Federal tax of 18.4 cents/gallon plus state tax of 17 cents/gallon as a percentage of average gasoline price in OKC of $2.737 (04/29/2010) Federal tax of 18.3 cents/gallon plus state tax of 16 cents as a percentage of average CNG prices in OKC of $1.41 (05/03/

18、2010). However, a state tax waiver permit for CNG can be purchased from Oklahoma Tax Commission at a cost of $ 100 per year.,In order to recover the $100, a person would have to purchase ($100/0.16) 625 gallons of CNG. At an average tank size of 23 gallons, a person would have to fill up their car a

19、pproximately 27 times a year or drive approximately 17,500 miles a year. Otherwise it is better off to pay taxes during CNG purchase.,天然气汽车可行性研究(英文)Natural-Gas-Vehicles-A-Feasibility-Study,Incentives for Natural Gas Vehicles,The state of Oklahoma offers the following incentives a one-time income tax

20、 credit for 50% of the cost of converting a vehicle to operate on an alternative fuel or for 50% of the incremental cost of purchasing a new Original Equipment Manufacturer AFV The state also provides a tax credit for 10% of the total vehicle cost, up to $1,500 Federal Qualifying vehicles are also eligible for a federal income