Image schema.ppt

1、Image schema,The original notion,George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, 1987, Women, Fire and Dangerous Things. What Categories reveal about the Mind. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Mark Johnson, 1987, The Body in the Mind. The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason. Chicago: Chicago U

2、niversity Press.,Characterization of their original conception,Image schemas are directly meaningful (“experiential”/ “embodied”), pre-conceptual structures, which arise from, or are grounded in, human recurrent bodily movements through space, perceptual interactions, and ways of manipulating object

3、s. Image schemas are highly schematic gestalts which capture the structural contours of sensory-motor experience, integrating information from multiple modalities. Image schemas exist as continuous and analogue patterns beneath conscious awareness, prior to and independently of other concepts.,Cente

4、r-periphery schema,Involves a physical or metaphorical core and edge, and degrees of distance from the core. Examples (English): The structure of an apple An individuals perceptual sphere An individuals social sphere, with family and friends at the core and others having degrees of peripherality,Con

5、tainment schema,Involves a physical or metaphorical boundary enclosed area or volume, or excluded area or volume.,Bodily experience: human bodies as containers. Structural elements: interior, boundary, exterior Basic logic: For all A, X, either IN (X,A) or not. For all A, B, X, if CONTAINER (A) and

6、CONTAINER (B) and IN (A, B) and IN (X, A), then IN (X, B). The ship is coming into view. Shes deep in thought. We stood in silence.,Cycle schema,Involves repetitious events and event series. Its structure includes the following: A starting point A progression through successive events without backtr

7、acking A return to the initial state The schema often has superimposed on it a structure that builds toward a climax and then goes through a release or decline.,Examples (English) Days Weeks Years Sleeping and waking Breathing Circulation Emotional buildup and release,End-of-path schema,An image sch

8、ema in which a location is understood as the termination of a prescribed path Example (English): In the following sentence, it is understood that one must traverse the hill before reaching Sams home, which is at the end of the path: Sam lives over the hill.,Force schema,Involves physical or metaphor

9、ical causal interaction. It includes the following elements: A source and target of the force A direction and intensity of the force A path of motion of the source and/or target A sequence of causation,Examples (English): Physical: Wind, Gravity Structural elements: force, path, entity, etc. Interac

10、tion, directionality, causality Compulsion Blockage Counterforce Diversion Removal of restraint,12,Link schema,Consists of two or more entities, connected physically or metaphorically, and the bond between them. Entity AEntity B,13,Examples (English): A child holding her mothers hand Someone pluggin

11、g a lamp into the wall A causal “connection” Kinship “ties”,14,Part-whole schema,Involves physical or metaphorical wholes along with their parts and a configuration of the parts. Examples (English): Physical: The body and its parts Metaphorical: The family; The caste structure of India,15,Path schem

12、a,Involves physical or metaphorical movement from place to place, and consists of a starting point, a goal, and a series of intermediate points.,16,Examples (English): Physical: Paths; Trajectories Metaphorical: The purpose-as-physical-goal metaphor, as expressed in the following sentences: Tom has

13、gone a long way toward changing his personality. You have reached the midpoint of your flight training. Shes just starting out to make her fortune. Jane was sidetracked in her search for self-understanding.,17,Scale schema,Involves an increase or decrease of physical or metaphorical amount, and cons

14、ists of any of the following: A closed- or open-ended progression of amount A position in the progression of amount One or more norms of amount A calibration of amount,18,Examples: Physical amounts Properties in the number system Economic entities such as supply and demand,19,Verticality schema,Involves “up” and “down” relations. Examples: Standing upright Climbing stairs Viewing a flagpole Watching water rise in a tub,A,B,Cross-linguistic Variations,English,Japanese,Tamil,English,Bowerman & Pederson,Dutch,