大学语法之时态及被动语态

1、1.,Who,s knocking at the door? -It,s,me,.,2.,He,ate,all his,food.,3.,We,have known,each other,for many years.,4.,He,ll be,himself,again in no time.,5.,She,is the girl,whose,painting won the first prize.,6.,Whatever she,did was right.,1. Interrogative pronoun; personal pronoun,2. Personal pronoun; in

2、definite pronoun; possessive pronoun,3. Personal pronoun; reciprocal pronoun,4. Personal pronoun; reflexive pronoun,5. Personal pronoun; relative pronoun,6. Conjunctive pronoun; personal pronoun,English Grammar (,第三讲,时态和被动语态）,Unit 3,Tense and Passive Voice,时态（,Tense),?,一般现在时,the present indefinite,t

3、ense,?,现在进行时,the present continuous,tense,?,一般将来时,the future indefinite tense,?,一般过去时,the past indefinite tense,?,现在完成时,the present perfect tense,?,过去进行时,the past continuous tense,?,过去完成时,the past perfect tense,?,过去将来时,the past future indefinite,tense,一、一般现在时的注意事项,一般现在时除表示一种经常性或习惯性的动作，以,及表示客观事物和普遍真理

4、外，表示存在、从属关,系、,静止状态的词和表示感觉、认识、感情的动词,也常用该时态，如：,appear, belong, consist, contain,deserve, owe, possess, imagine, mind, remember, suppose,dislike, hate, desire, forget, recall, matter, care, want,等等。,I,forget,when he promised to come.,I,hear,that you went to London last week.,二、现在进行时的注意事项,现在进行式,有时可以用来表示

5、一种经常性的动作或状,态。尤其和副词,always, constantly, continually, for ever,perpetually,等词连用，表示所有的时间或任何时间里一,个习惯性的不断重复的动作，这时往往,带有厌恶、不,满、责备、反对、惊奇、赞许等感情色彩,。,-He,is always doubting,my word.,- He,is for ever asking,silly questions.,三、一般将来时的注意事项,在时间状语从句与条件状语从句中的,将来,时态,的表示方,法要特别注意。,1,在你与他共同工作之时，你会从他那里学到很多东西。,-You will le

6、arn a lot from him while you,are working(work),with him.,2,树叶落完时，乡村的景色就大不相同了。,-The country will look quite different when the leaves,have fallen,.,四、一般过去时的注意事项,一般过去时主要表示过去某一时刻的动作或状态，但,是在表示过去某一时间内经常的反复再现的习惯动作，,常和一定的时间状语或频度状语连用，或使用,would +,动词原形，或者是,used to +,动词原形的形式。,When we lived in the country, we,w

7、ent,to town very often.,People,used to burn,candles in order to get light.,She,would sit,there for hours saying nothing.,Carey didn,t go to the party last night because she _,the baby for her sister until 9:30.,A.must have looked after,B.would have to looked after,C.had to look after,D.should have l

8、ooked after,C,五、,现在完成式的注意事项,要区分现在完成时和一般过去时的用法。,-My elder brother,has been,in the army for three years.,( He is still there.),- My elder brother,was,in the army for three years.,(He isn,t there now.),- The old man,has lived,through four great social revolutions.,这位老人已经历了,4,次大的社会革命。（老人仍活在世上。）,- The ol

9、d man,lived,through four great social revolutions.,这位老人一生中经历了,4,次大的社会革命。（老人现在不在,人世了。）,The changes that took (A) place in air travel during,(B),the,last,sixty,years,would,have,seemed,(C),completely,impossible,to,even,the,most,brilliant,scientists at (D) the turn of the 19,th,century.,A, took,改为,have

10、taken,六、过去完成时的注意事项,过去完成时指“过去的过去”，强调一个动作先于另,一个动作。两个动作的先后对比，一般要有上下文交,代，或是有确定的过去时间状语，或是用在某些宾语,从句里。如：,By the time we got there, the play had already begun.,I didn,t realize that the time had passed so quickly.,Between 1897 and 1919, at least 29 motion pictures in which,D,artificial beings were portrayed

11、 _.,A. had produced,B. have been produced,D. had been produced,C. would have produced,注,1,：在,scarcely,when, hardly,when,和,no sooner,than,句型中，主句动词一般用过去完成时，从句用,过去时。如果,scarcely, hardly, no sooner,放句首，则主句,要用倒装语序。,-,飞机一起飞我们才到达。,-,铃响时，我才写完练习。,We had no sooner arrived at the airport than the plane took off

12、.,Hardly had I finished my exercises when the bell rang.,D,We _ our breakfast when an old man came to the door.,A. just have had,C. just had,B. have just had,D. had just had,注,2,：,hope, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose, want,一类,动词，用于过去完成时可以表示,未曾实现的希望、,预期、意图、打算或愿望,。如：,1.,我们原本希望小李改变主意。,We,had hope

13、d that,Xiao Li would change her mind.,2.,他们本想参加我们的游戏，可是来不及赶到这里。,They,had wanted,to join us in the game but couldn,t get here,in time.,七、将来完成时的注意事项,动词的将来完成时表示在将来某个日期或某个动作,发生之前，而另一个动作将来要结束或完成,形式为,“,will/shall + have +,动词的过去分词”结构,。,B,By the time you arrive in London, we _ in Europe for two,weeks.,A. sh

14、all stay,B. will have stayed,D. have been staying,C. have stayed,八、,by the time,句型,现在时间概念,By the time,过去时间概念,将来时间概念,现在完成式,过去完成式,一般将来完成式,-,By now, I,have learnt,English for five years.,-,By the end of last term, we,had learnt,ten lessons.,-,Be the time of the year of 2009,we,ll have finished,our task

15、.,C,1. By the time you arrive in London, we _ in Europe for,two weeks.,A. shall stay,B. have stayed,C. will have stayed,D. Have been staying,C,2. By the year 2012, scientists probably _ a cure for,cancer.,A. will be discovering,B. are discovering,C. will have discovered,D. have discovered,1.,In this

16、 experiment, they are wakened several times during,the night, and asked to report what they _.,A.,had just been dreaming,C. have just been dreaming,C (,现在完成进行时）,B. are just dreaming,D. had just dreamt,D,2. The company _ a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has,happened yet.,A.,is promised,B. is pr

17、omising,D. has been promising,C. has been promised,3.,The school board listened quietly as John read the,demands that his followers _ for.,A.,be demonstrating for,B.,had been demonstrating,C.,demonstrate,D.,have demonstrated,B,被动语态,（,passive voice),一,.,被动语态的用法,当动词的执行者不必说出，不易说出或无从说出时常,用此语态；,当动作的承受者是谈

18、话的中心，是突出、强调和特别,注重的对象时常用此语态；,当处于谦虚、礼貌、措辞圆通或简练等方面的考虑，,常用此语态,；,A,He _ when the bus came to a sudden stop.,A.,was almost hurt,C. was hurt himself,B. was to hurt himself,D. was hurting himself,Between 1897 and 1919, at least 29 motion pictures,D,_ in which artificial beings were portrayed.,A.had produced

19、,B. have been produced,C. would have produced,D. had been produced,二、,主动语态不能变成被动语态的情况,-I borrowed the book.,（主）,-The book was borrowed by me.,（被）,- China possesses rich mineral deposits.,（正）,- Rich mineral deposits were possessed by China. (,误）,1.,某些表示所有，状态的动词不能变成被动语态，因,为主语不是动作的执行者，宾语也不是动作的承受者。,常见这类

20、动词有,become, contain, cost, fail, fit, get,have, hold, lack, last, own, possess, suit, weigh,等。,这颗钻石重,270,克拉。,-270 carats were weighed by this diamond.(,误）,-This diamond,weighs,270 carats. (,正）,2.,一些动词加名词构成的短语，常常用作不及物动词，所,以不可变成被动语态,如：,take place, break ones words,keep guard, kill time, lose heart, se

21、t sail,等。,-The evening party,takes place,in our classroom.,-The ship,sets sail,.,- The results,broke,his words finally.,3.,反身代词，相互代词，无意义的,it,等作宾语时，也,不用被动语态。,1.,- We teach ourselves.,- Ourselves were taught by us.,2.,- They often help each other.,- They each other are often helped.,3.,-,Its very near

22、 and we an walk it quite easily.,-,Its very near and it can be walked quite easily.,4.,当宾语是行为者身体的某一部分，某一器官时，,不用被动语态。,- He caught me by the arm.,- I was caught by the arm by him. (,误）,-The cat washed her face with her paw.,- Her face was washed by the cat with her paw.(,误）,5.,动名词和不定式作宾语时，不用被动。,-He de

23、nied stealing what I lost.,- The monitor suggested to hold an English evening.,6.,抽象名词以及表示组织机构和地点的词语作宾语，,不用被动。,-He joined the Youth League when he was in the,middle school.,- He got an idea.,三、,某些动词以主动形式表示被动意义,1,某些感官动词和系动词加形容词表示被动意义,如,:look,smell, taste, feel, prove, wear, sound,等,.,The flowers smel

24、ls sweet.,The dish tastes delicious.,Cotton feels very soft.,The stone have worn smooth.,2.,某些及物动词后,(,加副词,),也可以表示被动意义,.,如,:,wash,write, sell, read, open, cut, lock, peel, pack, play, shut, split,strike, record, act, clean, draw, iron,等,.,The type of recorder sells well.,That kind of shirt washed ver

25、y well.,The flat lets for 600 yuan a month.,3. want, deserve, need, require, stand, take worth,等词的后,面可以用动名词的主动表示被动的意义,.,The point deserves mentioning.,The coat requires mending.,The children need looking after.,The rule will take some learning.,4.,某些作表语的形容词后,用不定式主动形式表示被动意,义,.,She is easy to approach

26、.,The passage is difficult to read.,四、,被动语态中的几个常用介词,by (agent),引导动作的执行者或施动者；,with (tools),表示用某种工具；,of ( materials),表示由某种原料制成（制成品可见原料）；,from (substance),表示源于某种物质（制成品不可见原料）,The article was written by Jack.,The pencil was sharpened with a knife.,The bridge is made of stones.,Wine is made from rice.,注：被

27、动结构（系表结构）后也可视具体情况,接其他介词。如：,请你接电话。,You are wanted on the phone.,人人都知道他。,He is known to everyone.,他因为粗心大意而受到责备。,He is scolded for his carelessness.,“,Home,sweet,home”,is,a,phrase,that,express,an,essential,attitude,in,the,United,States.,Whether,the,reality,of,life,in,the,family house is sweet or no sweet, the cherished ideal of home has,great importance for many people. This ideal is a vital part of the,American,dream.,This,dream,dramatized,in,the,history,of,the,nineteenth,century,European,sett