句子成分与分类.ppt

1、1,句子成分(constituent)与句子分类(classification),北京二中2010级新高一英语衔接课,2,Outline,一、句子(sentence)的定义 二、句子的成分(constituent) （一）句子成分的定义 （二）句子成分的构成 三、句子的分类 （一）按用途（function） （二）按结构（structure） 四、简单句的五种基本类型 五、复合句的三大基本类型,3,一、句子(sentence)的定义： 句子是按照一定的语法规律组成，具有主语部分和谓语部分，能表达一个完整的意思，并有一定的语调的一组词。句子开头的第一个字母要大写，句子末尾要有句号、问号或感叹号。

2、,4,二、句子的成分(constituent) （一）句子成分的定义 ：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。 （二）句子成分的构成 ：主语subject、谓语（或谓语动词）predicate、表语predicative、宾语object、定语attribute、状语adverbial、补足语complement、同位语appositive等。,5,主语 （subject）,定义：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，可由名词noun、代词pronoun、数词numeral、不定式infinitive、动名词gerund和主语从句subject clause等表示。 1. During the 1990s,

3、American country music has become more and more popular.（名词） 2. We often speak English in class.（代词） 3. One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词） 4. The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词） 5. To find the right way is not that easy. (不定式),6,谓语 (predicate),定义：谓语用来说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作

4、谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由简单动词或短语动词构成。 He reads English every morning. The plane took off at ten oclock. 2、复合谓语： （1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词的适当形式构成。 You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。We are students.,7,表语 (predicative),定义：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于连系动词（如be, become, tu

5、rn, grow, get, look, seem, appear, sound, smell, feel, taste等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。 1. He became king when he was very young. 2. Is it yours? 3. The weather has turned cold. 4. Time is up. The class is over.,8,宾语 (object),定义：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词的后面。 They went to see a

6、film yesterday. Are you for or against the plan? How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. 宾语种类： （1）双宾语（间宾indirect指人+直宾direct指物） Lend me your dictionary, please. （2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补） They elected him their monitor.,9,补足语 (complement),补足语是一种补足主语和宾语意义的句子成分。补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补足语，补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补足语。 补语种类：（

7、1）主语补语 （subject complement） （2）宾语补语 （object complement） 1. Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. (主补) 2. Phoebe was found alive. (主补) 3. He was called Oliver Barret. (主补) 4. His father named him Dongming.（宾补） 5. They painted their boat white.（宾补） 6. Let the fresh air in.（宾补）,10,定语 (attribute),定义：修饰名词或代词的

8、词、短语或从句。定语可由以下成 分表示： 1. Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） 2. China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） 3. There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词） 4. His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词） 5. Xiaoming is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）

9、6. The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词） 7. He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）,11,状语 (adverbial),定义：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、比较、方式和让步。 1. How about discussing it again at six? （时间状语） 2. Last night she didnt go to the party because of the rai

10、n.（原因状语） 3. I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语） 4. Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语） 5. She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语） 6. She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语） 7. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语） 8. He was so tired that

11、 he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语） 9. She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语） 10. I am taller than he is.（比较状语）,12,三、句子的分类（两种分类法） 1、按句子的用途可分四种： 1）陈述句 （肯定 、否定 ）： He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before. 2）疑问句 （一般、特殊、选择、反意）： Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years

12、old? Mary can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句 ： Be careful, boys. Dont talk in class. 4）感叹句 ： How clever the boy is!,13,2、按句子的结构可分三种： 1）简单句 ：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。 Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the newspapers. 2) 并列句 ：由并列连词（and, but, or, so, while, yet等）或分号

13、（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。如果有两个以上的并列句，通常只在最后一个句子前面用连词，其他句子之间用逗号。 Things change and we change. The future is bright; the road is tortuous. I came, I saw, and I conquer. 3）复合句 ：由两个或两个以上的分句以从属的关系组成。复合句包括：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。 These foreigners took a lot of pictures when they were at the G

14、reat Wall.,14,四、简单句的五种基本类型 1. 主语+不及物动词：We work. 2. 主语+系动词+表语（主语补语）： He is a student. 3. 主语+及物动词+宾语：Henry bought a new dictionary. 4. 主语+双宾动词+间接宾语+直接宾语： I bought my mother a new dress. 5. 主语+宾补动词+宾语+补语： Tom made the baby laugh.,15,五、复合句的三大基本类型 1. 名词性从句： 主语从句 What you said is quiet true. 宾语从句 He always says that he is born to succeed. 表语从句 My idea is that you should make good use of your time. 同位语从句 The questio