《财务管理基础》英文课件ch15

1、Chapter 15,Required Returns and the Cost of Capital, Pearson Education Limited 2004 Fundamentals of Financial Management, 12/e Created by: Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D. Carroll College, Waukesha, WI,After studying Chapter 15, you should be able to:,Explain how a firm creates value and identify the ke

2、y sources of value creation. Define the overall “cost of capital” of the firm. Calculate the costs of the individual components of a firms cost of capital - cost of debt, cost of preferred stock, and cost of equity. Explain and use alternative models to determine the cost of equity, including the di

3、vidend discount approach, the capital-asset pricing model (CAPM) approach, and the before-tax cost of debt plus risk premium approach. Calculate the firms weighted average cost of capital (WACC) and understand its rationale, use, and limitations. Explain how the concept of Economic Value Added (EVA)

4、 is related to value creation and the firms cost of capital. Understand the capital-asset pricing models role in computing project-specific and group-specific required rates of return.,Required Returns and the Cost of Capital,Creation of Value Overall Cost of Capital of the Firm Project-Specific Req

5、uired Rates Group-Specific Required Rates Total Risk Evaluation,Key Sources of Value Creation,Growth phase of product cycle,Barriers to competitive entry,Other - e.g., patents, temporary monopoly power, oligopoly pricing,Cost,Marketing and price,Perceived quality,Superior organizational capability,I

6、ndustry Attractiveness,Competitive Advantage,Overall Cost of Capital of the Firm,Cost of Capital is the required rate of return on the various types of financing. The overall cost of capital is a weighted average of the individual required rates of return (costs).,Type of Financing Mkt ValWeight Lon

7、g-Term Debt $ 35M 35% Preferred Stock$ 15M 15% Common Stock Equity $ 50M 50% $ 100M 100%,Market Value of Long-Term Financing,Cost of Debt is the required rate of return on investment of the lenders of a company. ki = kd ( 1 - T ),Cost of Debt,P0 =,Ij + Pj,(1 + kd)j,S,n,j =1,Assume that Basket Wonder

8、s (BW) has $1,000 par value zero-coupon bonds outstanding. BW bonds are currently trading at $385.54 with 10 years to maturity. BW tax bracket is 40%.,Determination of the Cost of Debt,$385.54 =,$0 + $1,000,(1 + kd)10,(1 + kd)10 = $1,000 / $385.54= 2.5938 (1 + kd)= (2.5938) (1/10)= 1.1 kd= .1 or 10%

9、 ki = 10% ( 1 - .40 ) ki = 6%,Determination of the Cost of Debt,Cost of Preferred Stock is the required rate of return on investment of the preferred shareholders of the company. kP = DP / P0,Cost of Preferred Stock,Assume that Basket Wonders (BW) has preferred stock outstanding with par value of $1

10、00, dividend per share of $6.30, and a current market value of $70 per share. kP = $6.30 / $70 kP = 9%,Determination of the Cost of Preferred Stock,Dividend Discount Model Capital-Asset Pricing Model Before-Tax Cost of Debt plus Risk Premium,Cost of Equity Approaches,Dividend Discount Model,The cost

11、 of equity capital, ke, is the discount rate that equates the present value of all expected future dividends with the current market price of the stock.,D1 D2 D,(1+ke)1 (1+ke)2 (1+ke),+ . . . +,+,P0 =,Constant Growth Model,The constant dividend growth assumption reduces the model to: ke = ( D1 / P0

12、) + g Assumes that dividends will grow at the constant rate “g” forever.,Assume that Basket Wonders (BW) has common stock outstanding with a current market value of $64.80 per share, current dividend of $3 per share, and a dividend growth rate of 8% forever. ke = ( D1 / P0 ) + g ke = ($3(1.08) / $64

13、.80) + .08 ke = .05 + .08 = .13 or 13%,Determination of the Cost of Equity Capital,Growth Phases Model,D0(1+g1)t Da(1+g2)t-a,(1+ke)t (1+ke)t,P0 =,The growth phases assumption leads to the following formula (assume 3 growth phases):,S,+ S,t=1,a,t=a+1,b,t=b+1,Db(1+g3)t-b,(1+ke)t,+,S,Capital Asset Pric

14、ing Model,The cost of equity capital, ke, is equated to the required rate of return in market equilibrium. The risk-return relationship is described by the Security Market Line (SML). ke = Rj = Rf + (Rm - Rf)bj,Assume that Basket Wonders (BW) has a company beta of 1.25. Research by Julie Miller sugg

15、ests that the risk-free rate is 4% and the expected return on the market is 11.2% ke = Rf + (Rm - Rf)bj = 4% + (11.2% - 4%)1.25 ke = 4% + 9% = 13%,Determination of the Cost of Equity (CAPM),Before-Tax Cost of Debt Plus Risk Premium,The cost of equity capital, ke, is the sum of the before-tax cost of

16、 debt and a risk premium in expected return for common stock over debt. ke = kd + Risk Premium* * Risk premium is not the same as CAPM risk premium,Assume that Basket Wonders (BW) typically adds a 3% premium to the before-tax cost of debt. ke = kd + Risk Premium = 10% + 3% ke = 13%,Determination of

17、the Cost of Equity (kd + R.P.),Constant Growth Model13% Capital Asset Pricing Model13% Cost of Debt + Risk Premium13% Generally, the three methods will not agree.,Comparison of the Cost of Equity Methods,Cost of Capital = kx(Wx) WACC = .35(6%) + .15(9%) + .50(13%) WACC = .021 + .0135 + .065 = .0995

18、or 9.95%,Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC),S,n,x=1,1.Weighting System Marginal Capital Costs Capital Raised in Different Proportions than WACC,Limitations of the WACC,2.Flotation Costs are the costs associated with issuing securities such as underwriting, legal, listing, and printing fees. a.A

19、djustment to Initial Outlay b.Adjustment to Discount Rate,Limitations of the WACC,A measure of business performance. It is another way of measuring that firms are earning returns on their invested capital that exceed their cost of capital. Specific measure developed by Stern Stewart and Company in l

20、ate 1980s.,Economic Value Added,EVA = NOPAT Cost of Capital x Capital Employed Since a cost is charged for equity capital also, a positive EVA generally indicates shareholder value is being created. Based on Economic NOT Accounting Profit. NOPAT net operating profit after tax is a companys potential

21、 after-tax profit if it was all-equity-financed or “unlevered.”,Economic Value Added,Add Flotation Costs (FC) to the Initial Cash Outlay (ICO). Impact: Reduces the NPV,Adjustment to Initial Outlay (AIO),NPV =,S,n,t=1,CFt,(1 + k)t,- ( ICO + FC ),Subtract Flotation Costs from the proceeds (price) of t

22、he security and recalculate yield figures. Impact: Increases the cost for any capital component with flotation costs. Result: Increases the WACC, which decreases the NPV.,Adjustment to Discount Rate (ADR),Initially assume all-equity financing. Determine project beta. Calculate the expected return. A

23、djust for capital structure of firm. Compare cost to IRR of project.,Determining Project-Specific Required Rates of Return,Use of CAPM in Project Selection:,Difficulty in Determining the Expected Return,Locate a proxy for the project (much easier if asset is traded). Plot the Characteristic Line rel

24、ationship between the market portfolio and the proxy asset excess returns. Estimate beta and create the SML.,Determining the SML:,Project Acceptance and/or Rejection,SML,X,X,X,X,X,X,X,O,O,O,O,O,O,O,SYSTEMATIC RISK (Beta),EXPECTED RATE OF RETURN,Rf,Accept,Reject,1. Calculate the required return for P

25、roject k (all-equity financed). Rk = Rf + (Rm - Rf)bk 2.Adjust for capital structure of thefirm (financing weights). Weighted Average Required Return =ki% of Debt + Rk% of Equity,Determining Project-Specific Required Rate of Return,Assume a computer networking project is being considered with an IRR

26、 of 19%. Examination of firms in the networking industry allows us to estimate an all-equity beta of 1.5. Our firm is financed with 70% Equity and 30% Debt at ki=6%. The expected return on the market is 11.2% and the risk-free rate is 4%.,Project-Specific Required Rate of Return Example,ke = Rf + (R

27、m - Rf)bj = 4% + (11.2% - 4%)1.5 ke = 4% + 10.8% = 14.8% WACC = .30(6%) + .70(14.8%)= 1.8% + 10.36%= 12.16% IRR = 19% WACC = 12.16%,Do You Accept the Project?,Determining Group-Specific Required Rates of Return,Initially assume all-equity financing. Determine group beta. Calculate the expected retur

28、n. Adjust for capital structure of group. Compare cost to IRR of group project.,Use of CAPM in Project Selection:,Comparing Group-Specific Required Rates of Return,Group-Specific Required Returns,Company Cost of Capital,Systematic Risk (Beta),Expected Rate of Return,Amount of non-equity financing re

29、lative to the proxy firm. Adjust project beta if necessary. Standard problems in the use of CAPM. Potential insolvency is a total-risk problem rather than just systematic risk (CAPM).,Qualifications to Using Group-Specific Rates,Risk-Adjusted Discount Rate Approach (RADR) The required return is incr

30、eased (decreased) relative to the firms overall cost of capital for projects or groups showing greater (smaller) than “average” risk.,Project Evaluation Based on Total Risk,RADR and NPV,Discount Rate (%),0 3 6 9 12 15,RADR “high” risk at 15% (Reject!),RADR “low” risk at 10% (Accept!),Adjusting for r

31、isk correctly may influence the ultimate Project decision.,Net Present Value,$000s,15,10,5,0,-4,Probability Distribution Approach Acceptance of a single project with a positive NPV depends on the dispersion of NPVs and the utility preferences of management.,Project Evaluation Based on Total Risk,Fir

32、m-Portfolio Approach,B,C,A,Indifference Curves,STANDARD DEVIATION,EXPECTED VALUE OF NPV,Curves show “HIGH” Risk Aversion,Firm-Portfolio Approach,B,C,A,Indifference Curves,STANDARD DEVIATION,EXPECTED VALUE OF NPV,Curves show “MODERATE” Risk Aversion,Firm-Portfolio Approach,B,C,A,Indifference Curves,S

33、TANDARD DEVIATION,EXPECTED VALUE OF NPV,Curves show “LOW” Risk Aversion,bj = bju 1 + (B/S)(1-TC) bj: Beta of a levered firm. bju: Beta of an unlevered firm (an all-equity financed firm). B/S:Debt-to-Equity ratio in Market Value terms. TC :The corporate tax rate.,Adjusting Beta for Financial Leverage

34、,Adjusted Present Value (APV) is the sum of the discounted value of a projects operating cash flows plus the value of any tax-shield benefits of interest associated with the projects financing minus any flotation costs.,Adjusted Present Value,APV =,Unlevered Project Value,+,Value of Project Financing,Assume Basket Wonders is considering a new $425,000 automated basket weaving machine that will save $100,000 per year for the next 6 years. The required rate on unlevered equity is 11%. BW can borrow $180,000 at 7% with $10,000 after-tax flotation costs. Principal is r