太原市东山植物园建设工程可行性研究报告

1、trouble with the hero Jordan, yet he is a main character as his wife Pilar is. Minor characters are those in remote and static relation with the hero. It is wrong to think that minor characters are all unimportant. In some novels, one or some of the minor characters may serve a critical role, struct

2、urally or interpretationally.Foil characters are ones that help enhance the intensity of the hero by strengthening or contrasting. They may be main characters or minor characters. In a word, they serve as foils to the hero or heroine. Cohn in The Sun Also Rises is a good example. He is one of the ma

3、in characters. Like Jake, he is also “lost,” trying vainly to escape the past by courting women and drinking. But during their stay in Spain, Cohn displays qualities in contrast to those cherished by Jake, which makes Jake realize his own problems and finally find a solution, though temporarily. Coh

4、n works mainly by contrast. Wilson in The Great Gatsby works by presenting. Gatsby lost his lover to Tom and Wilson lost his wife to Tom. By presenting Wilsons case the novelist intends to point out the profound cause of Gatsbys tragedy. Dr. Watson in the stories of Sherlock Holmes serves as a foil

5、to the hero, rendering the detective smarter than he would otherwise appear to the reader.By the degree of their development, characters can be grouped as round characters and flat characters. This division is proposed by E.M Forster. Round characters are fully developed while flat characters are no

6、t. Or we can say that round characters grow while flat characters do not. Usually the reader is allowed access to the inner life of the round character and permitted to learn about many sides of the round character. The flat character is a “closed” character to whose inner thoughts the reader is den

7、ied access. Usually one side of the flat character is shown in the novel. Most heroes are round characters who grow emotionally or spiritually.Chapter Three ThemeAristotle in Poetics lists six basic elements of tragedy. Melody (song) and diction (language) fall in the general category of style, and

8、spectacle is relevant to setting in our discussion of fiction. The other three aspects are mythos or plot, ethos or character, and dianoia, which we generally translate into “thought” in English. According to Aristotle, plot is the “soul” or shaping principle or fiction, and characters exist primari

9、ly as functions of the plot. In most of the stories, plot plays the role of principal structure of the story. But, as Northrop Frye points out, besides the internal fiction of the character and his/her society, there is an external fiction consisting of a relation between the writer and the writers

10、society. We indeed have literary works by the likes of Shakespeare and Homer in which artistry is completely absorbed in their internal characters and we can hardly perceive the existence of the author. However, as soon as the authors personality appears on the horizon, a relation with the reader is

11、 established, and sometimes there seems no story at all apart from what the author is conveying to his/her reader. In this case, the primary interest in dianoia, the idea or thought that reader gets from the writer, which in modern criticism we generally call “theme”.I. What Is Theme?One of the safe

12、st comments to make about novels is on the theme. Everyone is entitled to extract a theme based upon his understanding of the novel. Theme may be the most democratic elements in literature, because its definition is the least restrictive. The theme of a novel is its controlling idea or its central i

13、nsight. Being an idea or an insight, the theme should be abstract and it should generalize about life. Labeled as controlling or central, the theme should be capable of unifying the whole novel. So the theme of a story, then, is whatever general idea or insight the entire story reveals. II. Clarific

14、ation about ThemeCommon as it is, theme suffers some misunderstandings. One misconception about theme is that each novel has a theme or themes, or theme is important to all novels. In fact, some novels, interesting ones though, do not provide any insight into life. For example, many novels of ratioc

15、ination and novels of horror. These novels are aimed at entertaining the reader, not at improving his understanding of life. They may sometimes touch upon the human nature or social problems, but these issues are only used to push the plot forward and they are not mentioned for their own value. Them

16、e exists only in the novel that seriously attempts to reflect life faithfully or intends to reveal truth about life, or in the novels that are based on ideas or theories of life. (for example, novels of ideas).Another misconception about theme is that the theme is largely what the novel is. Some peo

17、ple discard the novel when they think that they have got the theme. It should be made clear that the novel is not written to convey an idea but to convey an idea artistically. The novel is a work of art whereas the theme is only an abstract idea. An analogy from daily life may help clarify this ques

18、tion. People all need vitamins and get them from various kinds of vegetables and fruits. Only those with deficiency of one kind or another have to take vitamin pills to get the required amount. The difference between the theme and the novel is much like that between the vitamins and the vegetables.

19、The reader sometimes finds that the theme of a novel is similar to or even the same as what he has already known about life and that he is still fascinated by the novel. Theme appeals solely to the intellectual level of reading while the novel as a whole mainly appeals to the emotional level.Another

20、 pitfall concerning the theme is to confuse a theme with moral or lesson. Usually, a moral or a lesson is the advice stated or implied in a parable or fable. It is something of a rule by which one can regulate his behavior. For example, “Be kind to your neighbors,” or “Honesty is the best policy.” B

21、ut a theme is more complicated than this as a novel is to enhance ones awareness of life rather than simply to tell him how to behave.A novel is a complicated matter and different readers may have different interpretations of the same novel, so it is incorrect to presume that one novel has only one

22、theme. In some cases, there are several subthemes to the main theme. In reality, some novels are appreciated for their thematic ambiguity. For example, Moby Dick can be interpreted in more ways than one.Finally, the theme is not to be confused with the subject. The theme is an idea while the subject

23、 is a matter or an affair. “Love is invincible” may be a theme, but “love” is only a subject. A subject may be universal. The subjects of The Scarlet Letter, The Great Gatsby, and Women in Love are all “love.” But these novels have different themes. A theme is particular to its novel, though there a

24、re many similar themes to be found in other novels.III. Five Requirements for Stating a ThemeThe statement of a theme may be brief or long. And there are different ways to express oneand the same theme. But it should meet the following requirements.A theme must be expressed in the form of a statemen

25、t with a subject and a predicate. For example, “Love of ones country often inspires heroic self-sacrifice.” If a theme is expressed in the form of a phrase, then the phrase must be convertible to sentence form. One can say that the theme of a novel is “futility of envy.” The phrase can be changed to

26、 “envy is futile.” When one chooses to state a theme in the phrase form, he must be very careful about its convertibility to sentence form. For instance ,the phrase “selfless maternal love” does not always mean that “maternal love is selfless.”The theme is generalization about life based on the nove

27、l, and the statement of theme should be true also of other people or life situations. Therefore, names of characters and places should not be mentioned, for they suggest specific things and invite limitations. So in thematic discussion of Wuthering Heights, one may mention “peoples psychology of rev

28、enge,” but not “Heathcliffs.”Though a theme is a generalization, over-generalization should be avoided. Since a theme is extracted from a particular novel (a particular event), it may not be applicable to all situations. So words like “always,” “never,” “all,” and “every” should be avoided. Instead,

29、 one should use words like “some,” “sometimes,” and “may.” When making a generalization, one should strictly keep to what is actually in the novel and not smuggle into it assumptions supplied from his past experience.Since theme is the central and unifying idea of the novel, it must account for all

30、the major details and must not be contradicted by an details in the novel.Since a theme is different from a moral or a lesson, one should avoid reducing a theme to a clich or platitude like “Beauty is only skin-deep.” If one crams every new experience into an old formula, he loses the opportunity of

31、 new perception provided by reading novels.IV. Where to Look for the ThemeThe novelist may state or imply the theme. He uses every possible method to convey the theme. Though the theme is based upon the whole novel, practically, we can specify some important areas in which to look for the theme.How

32、the novel is entitled. The title is the name of the novel and in many cases (almost all cases) the novelist intends it to tell something important about the novel. Sometimes the central theme of the novel is present in the title. For example, Pride and Prejudice is about Darcys pride and Elizabeth B

33、ennets prejudice. Main Street is about the life of middle-class people in a Midwestern town. Think what the title of For Whom the Bell Tolls tells about its theme, and As I lay Dying.How the novelist shows his interest. If the novelist is interested in something, he would allow more space to it, des

34、cribing or narrating in great detail. Yet, sometimes he emphasizes it by leaving it out, as in the case of Ernest Hemingway. The point concerned here is that why the novelist gives more attention to this particular character, since or event but not others.How the novelist deals with a common subject

35、. Often the novelist has to include in his work some common subjects, but if he treats the common subjects in an uncommon way, it shows that he is trying to convey something new or important in the novel. Maybe it is the theme that demands him to do so.Important symbols. Symbols are loaded with impo

36、rtant meanings. So if a symbol appears repeatedly or at important moments, it may point to the theme of the novel. A good example is the letter “A” in The Scarlet Letter.Important speeches. Characters talk and in their talk are revealed their judgments of the other characters or event. The character

37、s judgments may give important clues to the theme.V. Obvious and unobvious themeObvious theme:The theme of a story, since we know, is whatever general idea or insight the entire story reveals. In some stories, the theme is rather obvious. For example, in Aesops fable about the council of the mice th

38、at cannot decide who will bell the cat, the theme is stated in the moral at the end: “It is easier to propose a thing than to carry it out.” In some novels, the title may offer a suggestion about the main theme. For example, Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice is named after its theme, and the whole st

39、ory unfolds itself around that theme. In some novels, the title is not so named but the plot exists primarily to illustrate the theme and it is not very difficult for us to infer what it is. For example, Uncle Toms Cabin by H.B.Stowe and The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck voice the themes of slav

40、ery and migratory labor respectively. The title of The Grapes of Wrath comes from a line in an extremely famous Civil War song, “The Battle Hymn of the Republic.” The line is, “He is trampling out the vintage where the Grapes of wrath are stored,” which means “an unjust or oppressive situation, acti

41、on or policy that may inflame desire for vengeance: an explosive condition.” The song was written by a famous and influential social activist, Julia Ward Howe. Unobvious theme: But in most literary works of fiction, the theme is seldom so obvious. That is, generally a theme is not a moral nor a mess

42、age, neither is it clearly conveyed in the title. When we finish reading a finely wrought story, it is easier to sum up the plotto say what happensthan to describe the main idea. To say of James Joyces “Araby” that it is about a boy who goes to a bazaar to buy a gift for a young woman but arrives to

43、o late is to summarize plot, not theme. In many fine short stories, theme is the center, the moving force, the principle of unity. Clearly, such a theme is something more than the characters and events of the story. Most of the short stories challenge an easy-come theme. In Hemingways “A Clean, Well

44、-Lighted Place,” as observed by Kennedy and Gioia, the events are rather simplea young waiter manages to get rid of the old man from the caf and the older waiter stops at a coffee bar on his way homebut while the events themselves seem relatively slight, the story as a whole is full of meaning. For

45、a deep understanding of the meaning, we have to look to other elements of the story besides what happens in it: narrative, symbols, tone, the dialogue between the two waiters, the monologue of the older waiter, etc. Evidently the author intends us to pay more attention to the thoughts and feelings o

46、f the older waiter, the character whose words echo the authors voice. One try on the theme may be: “The older waiter understands the old man and sympathizes with his need for a clean, well-lighted place.” But here we are still talking about what happens in the story, though we are not太原市东山植物园建设工程可行性

47、研究报告太原市林业调查规划院二00五年五月太原市东山植物园建设工程可行性研究报告第一章总论1.1项目提要1.1.1项目名称 太原市东山植物园1.1.2项目主管单位 太原市人民政府1.1.3项目建设单位 太原钧新科技发展有限公司1.1.4项目性质 新建1.1.5项目区范围 该工程区域位于杏花岭区中涧河乡丈子头村东南，建设面积1049.9亩1.1.6项目建设内容及规模（1）北方植物主体园14处引种驯化园20.4亩其它乡土树种区366.2亩丁香连翘园56.2亩药用植物园33.6亩牡丹芍药园18.8亩白腊园23.2亩碧桃园34.3亩月季园16.6亩银杏园22亩集秀园66.2亩松柏园98.4亩槭树园29

48、.8亩槐园22.5亩经济树木区143.4亩（花椒园4.4亩，桃杏园16.3亩，梨园23.4亩，枣园24.3亩，山楂园18.8亩，苹果园28.2亩，葡萄园16.9亩，核桃园11.1亩）（2）服务休闲区中心服务楼1000 停车场4200 休闲广场1500 喷泉1处雕塑1座娱乐设施6处（3）科普展览馆1处，400 （4）热带、亚热带植物温室1处，1000 （5）基础设施电力设施1套水井2眼蓄水池1处，300立方米供水管线11.5 km园区道路11.8 km观景桥5座观景亭5座厕所5座森保设施1处环保设施1处垃圾箱100个大门3个1.1.7工程建设期限太原市东山植物园工程建设期限为2005-2010年

49、。一期工程期限为2005-2007年，主要完成园区的基础设施建设和主体园区建设。二期工程期限为2008-2010年，主要完成科普展览区，热带、亚热带植物温室展区，休闲娱乐设施建设。1.1.8项目总投资项目建设总投资：4995.44万元（一期投资2055.70万元，二期投资2939.74万元）。资金来源:1、太原钧新科技发展有限公司投资2716.66万元；2、吸引社会力量投资2278.78万元。1.2可行性报告的依据（1）太原市东山生态建设总体规划（2）园林设计（中国林业出版社）（3）中共中央、国务院关于加快林业发展的决定（4）建设部城市绿化定额标准2000（5）山西省林业厅、省技术监督局林业生

50、产技术规程（6）山西省主要造林树种苗木标准（7）山西省关于加快山西林业发展的决定（8）太原市关于建设生态园林化城市的决定（9）太原市城市发展总体规划（10）太原市“十一五”林业发展规划1.3主要经济技术指标（详见下表）投资概算经济指标项目单位单价备注植物园区亩9464平均投资中心服务楼平方米1456含装潢办公设施标本馆平方米1456含装演办公设施热带亚热带植物温室平方米7280含全部白控设施雕塑平方米1456喷泉套36.4厕所平方米728蓄水池立方米2912钢筋水泥结构观景亭平方米728仿古造型供电设施及配套套728000地下电缆深井及配套套546000大门座72.8园外主门大门座36.4入园

51、门草坪平方米10.92含施工投资10元平方米1.4项目效益项目建设完成后，可以填补太原市乃至山西省植物园建设的空白，也可以作为以生态、科研、教学、观光为一体的休闲娱乐区。东山植物园建成后可有效地涵养水源，控制水土流失，减少排入汾河的泥沙量。第二章项目背景及建设必要性2.1项目由来和形成太原市是山西的省会，是全省政治、经济、文化的中心，同时又是中国重要的能源重化工基地，具有2500年悠久历史，根据太原市东山生态建设总体规划，在6年的时间内在太原市的东山建设成具有以北方植物为主体的，集生态、教学、科研、科普、娱乐、休闲、旅游为一体的多功能、多效益的北方综合植物园。2.2项目建设的必要性、目的意义该

52、工程地处城郊结合部，紧靠市区，交通便利，距动物园仅两公里，紧临太原解放纪念馆（牛驼寨烈士陵园），地理位置十分重要，该项目建成后不仅可以有效改善当地的生态环境，而且可以为广大中小学生和市民提供认识北方植物的重要场所，提高人们对保护生态环境的意识，填补太原市乃至山西省没有植物园的空白，提升太原市整体城市形象。太原市东山植物园建设工程符合国家生态环境建设中西部发展战略的要求，符合省委、省政府提出的省城太原率先发展的要求，符合太原市创建生态园林化城市的总体目标的要求，符合构建和谐太原的要求。第三章建设条件分析3.1工程位置太原市东山植物园区位于太原市城郊东山中涧河乡丈子头村东大脑山，距太原动物园仅2公

53、里，地理坐标为东经1120 36 11“至1120 37 09，北纬370 55 00至370 55 50之间，紧邻太原市。总面积为1049.9亩。3.2地形地貌、土壤、气候、植被条件工程区属黄土丘陵区，是多年弃耕的梯田地，坡度在0度一25度之间，海拔在910-1040米之间。本区属暖温带大陆性季风气候区。春季(4月一5月)干旱多风；夏季（6月一8月）暖湿多雨；春季（4月一5月）干旱多风；秋季(9月一10月)短暂凉爽；冬季（11月一3月）寒冷干燥。年日照时数为2400-2600小时，年均气温9，极端最高温度为400，极端最低温度为一25；无霜期为180-215天之间；年降雨量在450-500

54、mm之间，集中在7、 8、9三个月份；年蒸发量在1700-1850 mm之间。本区上伏地层主要有奥陶系石灰岩地层和石炭系煤系地层，含水层有奥陶系灰岩，太原组灰岩，山西石盒子砂岩。奥灰岩裂隙岩溶发育，岩溶水比较发育，但埋藏较深；太原组灰岩裂隙岩溶水较为丰富；山西组二迭系石盒子以裂隙岩溶水为主，水文地质比较简单，水量相对较少。本区土壤为褐土性土，成土母质为黄土。土层厚度在60厘米以上，表层有机质含量5-10%左右，PH6.3-7.40主要植被有酸枣、荆条、篙类、白羊草等。3.3社会经济条件植物园区涉及太原市杏花岭区中涧河乡丈子头村，属城郊一体化区域，工矿企业较多，经济较发达。总人口0.25万人，2

55、003年度人均收入平均为3310元。3.4交通状况本区紧邻市区，交通便利，道路宽阔，离市区十分钟车程从丈子头村到植物园区新建一条宽阔的砂石路，完全满足目前植物园建设要求。3.5外部协作条件该项工程符合广大群众的利益，各级领导对此项工作非常重视，省林业厅的专家和领导在政策上和技术上给予了大力的支持，市委、市政府和有关部门也对此项工作倾注了大量的心血，工程的实施外部条件已经形成。第四章建设指导思想及原则4.1项目建设指导思想根据太原市东山生态建设总体规划要求，从实际出发，坚持以人为本的科学发展观，遵循植物进化和植物分类系统的理论，紧密结合省级、国家级生态园林化城市的建设目标，促进太原市率先发展，以

56、科技为支撑，以机制创新为动力，以追求生态效益、社会效益、经济效益和景观效益为目标，宏观上优化植物景观的时空分布，微观上强化植物造景和配置，统一规划，突出重点，分步实施，建设成为集生态、科研、科普、生产、观光、休闲、旅游为一体的多功能、多效益的北方综合植物园。4.2项目建设基本原则坚持适地适树的原则；坚持建设北方生态植物园特色的原则；坚持借势建园、植物造景的原则；坚持城郊生态旅游特色的原则；坚持与周边景观相协调的原则。第五章项目建设内容5.1服务休闲区5.1.1中心服务区（1）中心服务楼根据植物园区的总体布局，中心服务楼规划在4, 5号小班内，建筑结构为砼结构，建筑面积为1000平方米，投资18

57、9.28万元（包括附属设施）。（2）停车场在4、5小班区域规划停车场，材料选用优质的城市广场砖铺设，建设面积4200平方米。投资15.29万元。（3）绿化绿化面积15亩，投资79.93万元5.1.2休闲娱乐区规划在78号小班内，总面积58.1亩（1）休闲广场规划面积为15000平方米，地面处理，投资54.6万元；雕塑一座，投资21.84万元；喷泉设施一套，投资36.4万元；绿化面积28亩，投资116.41万元。（2）娱乐设施极地飞跃一套，投资145.6万元；过山车一套，投资364万元；攀岩一处，投资72.8万元；滑雪场一处258万元，蹦极一套180万元，自行车训练场一处180.8万元。5.2北

58、方植物展区北方植物展览区是把客观的自然规律和人类长期以来认识自然、利用自然、改造自然和保护自然的知识展示出来，供人们参观、游赏、学习。本区按照植物的进化系统和植物科、属分类结合起来布置。采用野生植物与栽植植物相结合、系统进化与专类观赏相结合布置，达到既有野生的原始种，也有人工栽培种；既有系统进化内容，又有观赏植物专类园。各专类园均突出植物造景的科学性和艺术性，从植物生物学特性和生态习性出发，运用传统园林艺术手法形成以专类花木为主景，以亭廊点景，形成各自不同的意境、不同的季向变化特色。既要为游人产生视觉上的愉悦，本身又要能健康生长。5.2.1主体园区1松柏园（1）规划面积及位置以华北的乡土树种油松、侧柏为主基调，构