动词时态语法一致性

1、学习好资料欢迎下载I动词（时态，语态，用法，省略，一致性等）1. 时态1）现在完成进行时态（have/has been + -ing分词构成）:动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在，可能继续下去，也可能刚刚结束.I ve been writing letters for an hour.I ve been sitting in the garden.2）过去完成进行时（由had been + ing分词构成）:过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作I d been working for some timewhen he called.We had been waiting for her for

2、two hours by the time she came.3）将来完成进行时：将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.In another month s time she II have been studying here for three years.4）将来完成时（由shall/will have + 过去分词构成）:将来某时会业已发生的事.I shall have fini shed this one before lun ch.They ll have h

3、it the year s target by the end of October.2. 语态1）可以有两种被动结构的类型，例如：He was said to be jealous of her success.It was said that he was jealous of her success.能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示估计”，木“信”等意义的动词，常见的 assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,k no w,presume,report,say,suppose,u nderstand 等.It is supposed that the s

4、hip has bee n sunk.The ship is supposed to have bee n sunk.担当be supposed to与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如：Why are you driv ing so fast in this area? You are supposed to know thespeed to kn ow the speed limit.（你应该晓得速度限制）2）双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态a）双宾语结构的被动语态:双宾语结构变为被动语态时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾 语变为主语，另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面，但多数是把间接宾语变为主

5、语.He was asked a nu mber of questi ons at the press conference.Two days were allowed them for making the n ecessary preparati ons.b）宾补结构的被动语态：She was called Big Sister by everybody.Then he was made a squad leader.He was con sidered quite qualified for the job.The room was always kept clea n and tidy

6、.3. 短语动词1）Vi + advThe pla ne took off two hours late.2）Vi + prepThey looked round the Cathedral.3) Vi + prep (有被动语态)She s looking after her sister s children.The children were always well looked after.4) Vi + adv + prepI bega n to look forward to their visits.5) Vt + O + advSome wome n choose to sta

7、y at home and bring up their childre n.The childre n were brought up by their mother.They took him on.6) Vt + adv + O ( 无被动语态)I am trying to give up smok ing.7) Vt + O + prepWe talked Don ald into agreeme nt.4. 省略1) 在以as, than, when, if, unless等引导的从句中的省略：在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致 a),或者主语是it b

8、),就常常可以把从句中 的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉.a) Look out for cars whe n cross ing the street.Whe n take n accord ing to the directi ons, the drug has no side effects.While there he joined in voluntary labour on a project.Although not yet six mon ths old, she was able to walk without support.If not well man ag

9、ed, irrigati on can be harmful.Though reduced in nu mbers, they gained in fight ing capacity.This viewpo int, however un dersta ndable, is wrong. Enemies, once discovered, were tightly encircled and completely wiped out.She hurriedly left the room as though/if an gry.She worked extremely hard though

10、 still rather poor in health.Fill in the applicati on as in structed.Whe never known, such facts should be reported.The docume nts will be retur ned as soon as sig ned.He said that no acrobat could ever perform those dari ng feats uni ess trai ned very young.Once hav ing made a promise, you should k

11、eep it.b) If necessary I ll have the lettetuplicated.Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver) necessary.If possible, I should like to have two copies of it.As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chin ese Embassy.2) 在以than a) 或as b)引起的从句中，常会有一些成分省略.a) He told me not to use more material tha n

12、 (it is) n ecessary.We should thi nk more of the collective tha n of ourselves.b) They worked with as much en thusiasm as young people (did).He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen as before.Their training is free, as is all educati on.We will, as always, sta nd on your side.3

13、) 错误的省略His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.While sta nding there in her ni ghtgow n, two bullets struck the wall besideher.5. 一致1) 如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有 with, together with, as well as, as much as, noless than, more than等引导的短语，谓语动词仍旧用单数形式.Terry, along with her friend, goes skating ever

14、y Saturday.An expert, together with some assista nts, was sent to help in this work.The capta in, as well as the coaches, was disappo in ted in the team.2) 代词作主语时的一致a) each, either, neither 和由some, any, no, every构成的复合代词，都作单数看待.Each of us has somethi ng to say.Is everybody ready?Somebody is using the

15、 phone.Neither of us has gone through regular tra ining.Has either of them told you?b) some, few, both, many等作复数c) some可后接复数，也可接单数，表示某一.none作复数看待时较多，但也有时作单数看待，主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念，但none在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数：None of the books are easy eno ugh for usNone of us seem to have thought of it.None (= not a sin

16、 gle one) of us has got a camera.None （= nobody） has felt it more keenly than she did.None of this worries me.all和most 可后接复数，也可接不可数名词（all of the,most of the 动词用）,单数3）由and 或bothand连接名词词组时，后用复数；由not only but （also）,either or, neither或nr连接的并列主语，谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致.Not only the switches but also the old writi

17、ng has been changed.My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work.Neither my wife n or I myself am able to persuade my daughter to cha ngeher mind.如果一个句子是由there 或here引导,而主语又不止一个，谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致.There was carved in the board a drag on and a phoe nix.Here is

18、a pen, a few en velopes and some paper for you.4）people, police, cattle, poultry （家禽）,militia （ 民兵）等通常都用作复数.Cattle are graz ing on the pasture.The police are look ing for him.有些集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待，主要根据意思来决定.His family isn t very large.His family are all music lovers.The committee meets twice a mon t

19、h.The committee are divided in opi nion.The audie nee was eno rmous.The audie nee were greatly moved at the words.有些名词单复数同形，可根据意思决定谓语动词的数：This new series is begi nning n ext mon th.These new series are begi nning n ext mon th.This species is now exti net.These species are now ext inct.5）表示时间，重量，长度，价

20、值等的名词，尽管仍是复数形式，如果作整体看待，动 词也可用单数形式（当然用复数动词也是可以的）:Three weeks was allowed for maki ng the n ecessary preparati ons.One hun dred li was covered in a sin gle ni ght.6）其他问题a）书名，国家名用单数：Tales from Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb.b）学科名, 如 mathematics, economics 用单数.c）many a 或more than one所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动

21、词多用单数形式：Many a pers on has had that kind of experie nee.More tha n one pers on has in volved in the case.a number of后接复数,the number of后接单数：A nu mber of books have bee n published on the subject.The nu mber of books published on the subject is simply amaz ing.d）one of those后用单数.在“ one of +复数名词+关系分句”结

22、构中，关系分句中谓语动词的单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式，一是根据先行词采用复数形式：Joa n is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.当one之前友the only 等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句谓语动词根据one而定，即采用单数形式：He is the only one of those boys who is willi ng to take on ano therassig nment.H非谓语动词1. 不定式1）形式主动形式被动形式一般式 to do to be done完成式 to have done

23、 to have been done进行式 to be doing完成进行式 to have bee n doinga）完成式：不定式的一般形式所表示的动作，通常与主要谓语表示的动作（状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或是在它之后发生.假如不定式所表示的动作，在谓语所表示的动作（状态）之前发生,就要用不定式的完成式 I am glad to have see n your mother (= I am glad I have see n your mother).(比较:I am glad to see you.)He is said to have written a new book abou

24、t workers.He prete nded not to have see n me.b) 进行式：如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这 时要用不定式的进行式.You are not supposed to be working. You haven t quite recovered yet.We didn t expect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be listening attentively.c) 完成进行式：在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作，就要用不定式的完成进行式.The st

25、ruggle was known to have bee n going for twenty years.We are happy to have bee n work ing with you.d) 被动式：当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式.It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.She hated to be flattered.He wan ted the letter to be typed at once.This is bound to be found out.There ar

26、e a lot of thi ngs to be done.She was too young to be assig ned such work.2) 功用：不定式可以作主语 (a),宾语(b),表语(c),定语(d)或是状语(e).a. To scold her would not be just.b. We are pla nning to build a reservoir here.c. One of our main tasks now is to mecha nize agriculture.d. Do you have any thi ng to declare?e. We h

27、ave come to lear n from you.3) 不带to的不定式：a) 在 动词+宾语+不定式结构中,如果动词是表示感觉意义的see, hear, watch,smell, feel, notice等，或是表示 致使”意义的have, make, let 等,其后的不定式结构不带to.Joh n made her tell him everythi ng.这类结构转换为被动语态时，后面的不带to的不定式一般还原为带to的不定式.She was made to tell him everythi ng.b) 在 had better, had best, would rather,

28、 would sooner, would just as soon,might (just) as well, cannot but等搭配之后，动词不定式也不带 to.I d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.They cannot but accept his term.c) 在 make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let goof, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of等

29、固定搭配中，用不带 to 的动词不定式.Joh n let fly a torre nt of abuse at me.I ve heard tell of him.d）在动词help（或help +宾语）之后可用不带to的不定式,也可用带to的不 定式.Can I help （to） lift this heavy box?e）在介词except, but 之后,如果其前有动词do的某种形式,不定式一般不带to, 反之带to.There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.Smith will do any thi ng bu

30、t work on a farm.There s no choice but to wait till it stops raining.f）连词rather than, sooner than置于句首时，其后的不定式不带 to.Rather tha n push the book back as he wan ted to do, he forced himself to pickit up.出现在句中其他位置时，其后的不定式有时带to,有时不带to.He decided to write rather tha n teleph one.The man ager believes it is

31、 importa nt to in vest in new machi nery rather tha nto in crease wages.g）用作补语的动词不定式，如果主语是由“ all +关系分句”“ thing +关系分句”“ what分句”或“ thing +不定式结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语 补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.What he will do is （to） spoil the whole thi ng.All you do now is complete the formThe only thi ng I can do now is go

32、on by myself.The thi ng to do now is clear up this mess.The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.4) 不定式的其他用法a) too tc结构通常表示否定意义：She was too young to un dersta nd all that.enoughto结构则表示肯定意义：She was not old eno ugh to un dersta nd all that.not too, but too, all too, only too等和不定式

33、连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义He s only too pleased to help her.soas (to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语：Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.b) 如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语：It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It is a great honour for us to be prese nt at this rally.在以某些形容词 (如 kind, good, nice, wise,

34、 unwise, clever, silly, wrong,right, foolish, stupid, careless, con siderate, rude, n aughty, impolite等)作表语时，不定式前可加一个of引起的短语，来说明不定式指的是谁的情况It srkd of you to think so much of us.(It is) Awfully good of you to come and meet us.It s very nice of you to be so con siderate.It s unwise of them to turn down

35、 the proposal.2. V+ing形式(现在分词及动名词)1）形式a）完成式：如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，通常用动名词的完成形式He d idn t mention having met me.I regret not hav ing take n her advice.在某些动词后（或成语中）,常用（或可以用）动名词的一般形式，尽管动作是在谓语所表 示的动作之前发生的.Excuse me for coming late.I don t remember ever see ing him any where.现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中，表示这动作在谓语所

36、表示的动作之前发生.Having bee n there many times, he offered to be our guide.Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.另外，独立结构也可用现在分词的完成形式.The guests hav ing left, they resumed their discussi on.The children, having eating their fill, were allowed to leave the table.b）被动式：当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动

37、作的对象时，动名词一般要用被动形式.His being n eglected by the host added to his un eas in ess.He couldn t bear being made fun of like that.但要注意，在want, need, deserve, require等动词后，尽管表示的是被动的意思却用动名词的主动形式.My pen n eeds filli ng.The point deserves men ti oning.This problem requires study ing with great care.在worth这个形容词后情

38、形也是这样.Her method is worth trying.现在分词的被动式可以用来作定语，宾语补足语，状语及用于独立结构中.This is one of the experime nts being carried on in our laboratory.You II find the topic being discussed everywhere.Being aske d to give a performanee, she couldn t very well refuse.These are sold at reduced prices, the defects always

39、 being poin ted outto the customers.c）完成被动式：如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生，有时需要用动名词的完成被动式.I don t remember having ever been given a chanee to try this method.但在多数情况下都避免使用这一形式，而用一般被动形式代替，以免句子显得累赘.现在分词的完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中Having bee n give n such a good cha nee, how could she let it slip away?The decisi on hav i

40、ng bee n made, the n ext problem was how to make a goodpla n.All the compositi ons hav ing bee n writte n and collected, the teacher sent thestude nts home.2）句法功用a) 作主语:Walk ing is good exercise.It s nice talking to you.There is no denying the fact that the new method has greatly raised labourproduc

41、tivity.b) 作宾语：Your shoes n eed polishi ng.You mus tn t delay sending the tractors over.He avoided giving us a definite answer.c) 作介词宾语：动名词作介词宾语用的时候最多.它常可以用在某些成语后面，常见的有:insist on, persist in, think of, dream of, object to, suspectof,accuse of, charge with, hear of, approve of, preventfrommkeep frstop

42、 from, refrain from, be engaged in, look forward to, opposed to,depend on, thank for, feel like, excusefor, aim at, devoteto, set about,spend in, get (be) used to, be fond of, be capable of, be afraid of, be tiredof, be sick of, succeed in, be in terested in, feel (be) ashamed of, be proud of,be kee

43、 n on, be resp on sible for.d) 作表语：The real problem is gett ing to know the n eeds of the people.动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语.一般说来，在表示抽象的一般的行为时多用动名词；在表示具体某词动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式e) 作宾语补足语 ： 分词可以在 see, hear, notice, watch, feel, find, keep, get,have等动词后作宾语补足语.The words immediately set us all laugh ing.Once we caught

44、 him doz ing off in class.His remark left me won deri ng what he was driv ing at.在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等动词后，及可用现在分词，也可用不定式构成宾语补足语.用现在分词时，表示动作正在发生，用不定式时表示动作发生了 .Do you hear some one knocking at the door?Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times.f) 作状语：现在分词作状语时，通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作，来对谓语表示的主要动作加以修

45、饰或作为陪衬.I ran out of the house shouti ng.I got home, feeli ng very tired.Driving to Chicago that ni ght, I was struck by a sudde n thought.现在分词短语有时可以用作状语表示原因，相当于一个表示原因的状语从句Not knowing her address, we couldn t get in touch with her.Seeing no body at home, she decided to leave them a no te.t want to ga

46、ctnema.Having already seen the film twice, she didn现在分词短语有时可用作时间状语，相当于when引起的从句Seeing those pictures, he could nt help thinking of those memorable daysthey spe nt together.如果两个动作是完全同时发生的,多用when或while加分词这种结构.Be careful when crossing the street.Whe n leav ing the airport, they waved agai n and aga in

47、to us.She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing.3）前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构：一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词（或名词的所有格结构）,来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语.Their coming to help was a great en courageme nt to us.Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.Do you mind my readi ng your paper?They in sisted on my stay ing

48、there for supper.如果不是在句子开头，这个结构常常可以用名词的普通格（或人称代词宾格）,这比用所有格更自然一些.I don t mind him going.She hates people los ing their temper.4）只能用动名词作宾语的动词 ：suggest, fin ish, avoid, stop, can t help, mi nd,admit, enjo y, leave off, require, postp one, put off, delay, practise, fan cy,excuse, pard on, advise, con si

49、der, deny, en dure, escape, miss5）既可用动名词，也可用不定式作宾语的动词：love, like, hate, dislike,t bear, propose, want,等.t affordbeg in, start, con ti nue, intend, attempt, can need , remember, forget, regret, neglect, try, deserve, can有时两种结构之间意义差别不大，有时却有不同的意思.在remember, regret,want, try等词后差别是比较明显的I remember see ing

50、 her once somewhere.I must remember to take my no tebooks with me.I regret not hav ing accepted your advice.I regret to say I have nt give n you eno ugh help.She doesn t want (need) to come.The house wants (n eeds) clea ning.We must try to get everythi ng done in time.Let s try doing the work some o

51、ther way.6）悬垂修饰：分词作状语时，表示的必须是主语的一个动作或状态Walk ing through the park, we saw a lot of flowers. (walk ing 确)是we的动作，正Walk ing through the park, the flowers looked very beautiful.(错误）Sta nding on the tower, we could see the whole city.(正确)Sta nding on the tower, the whole village could be see n.(令昔误)3.分词1）意义：过去分词通常来自及物动词，带有被动意义和完成意义；而现在分词有的来 自及物动词，有的来自不及物动词，通常带有主动意义和未完成意义.froze n food a freez ing wi nda bored traveller a bori ng jour neya lost cause a los ing battle a conq uered army a conq ueri ng army a finished article the last finishi