Producerservicesgrowthandrolesinlong-termeconomicdevelopment外文翻译(可编辑)

1、Producer services growth and roles in long-termeconomic development 外文翻译外文翻译原文Producer services: growth and roles in long-term economic development Material Source: The Service Industries Journal Vol. 28, No. 4, May 2008, 463?477Author: Karl-Johan Lundquist, Lars-Olof Olander and Martin Svensson Hen

2、ning.This new interest in services is spurred by the fact that research has shownthat producer services perform increasingly important functions in advanced capitalist economies. Phenomena are appearing, such as servicefication of the manufacturing sector, reflecting, for example, the internal growt

3、h of service functions within traditional manufacturing firms. The fact that this process is paralleled by an externalisation and outsourcing of service functions from manufacturing firms is another example, as is the notion that goods to an increasing degree are carriers of services, and that the m

4、anufacture and service sectors in interaction generate new types of products and services. The aim of this paper is therefore, with a background in Schumpeterian economics and evolutionary economic geography, to analyse the anatomy of the dramatic restructuring process that has been taking place in

5、Sweden since the late 1970s, with a special focus on the roles and growth patterns of producer services.Wewill thereby show a newand more complete picture of the transformation process in Sweden, including also producer services. Such analyses could be performed by merging the aggregated theories of

6、 technology shifts and long waves with the now emerging framework of evolutionary economic geography. Previously, wehave analysed the transformation of the Swedish economy from a long-term manufacturing perspective.This paper marks the first step in an integrative analysis of the Swedish technology

7、shift that started in the mid-1970s. The analysis covers both manufacturing and service sectors. In our research efforts, we largely agree with the arguments made by Wood 2005 on the merits of aservice informed approach to economic transformation and growth. This paper will show why such an approach

8、 is increasingly relevant in the wake of the third industrial revolution.Historical dataon growth in producer services is noteasilyobtainable. Even if the roles of producer services have been much researched in recent years, we lack detailed longitudinal accounts of their growth over longer periods

9、of time. In the empirical analysis, we use unique and recently constructed consistent time series obtained from the DEVIL databases Databases of Evolutionary Economic Geography in Lund on the longitudinal transformation of different producer service sectors since the end of the 1970s. Wewill however

10、 begin this paper by exploring the theoretical foundations of an evolutionary long-term approach to economic development.Accounts of technology shifts or long waves are often focused on manufacturing sectors. This naturally has to do with the focus of this approach on technology and manufacture tang

11、ible product, but also on the limited availability of time series describing producer services growth over time. However, in the present technology shift process, producer services could be assumedto play increasingly important roles. The term producer services is use d here to denote advanced, spec

12、ialised and knowledge-intensive service industries operating in a market consisting of other firms Bryson, Daniels, & Warf, 2004. There is a slight conceptual overlap between this definition and the one commonly used in the l iterature about, knowledge-intensive business services KIBS, although usua

13、lly the termproducer services includes also a morevaried spectrum of services directed towards firms see discussion in Aslesen & Isaksen, 2007. In this paper, we concentrate on a quite broad range of services, and we include also producer services of a more simple character for example security serv

14、ices. The dominating part of the analysis is however devoted to the more advanced producer service sectors, which could be considered as being parts of the KIBS sector.Numerous scholars have noted the extensive growth of servicesin general during the past decade or so. For example, Beyers 2003 analy

15、ses the extensive growth of IT-using industries during the 1990s in the USA, and notes especially the dramatic growth of producer services and health services. During the last few decades, especially in the USA, the service industries have accounted for the lion s share of the growth in employment,

16、and in many regional economies today services play a more central role in economic growth than was previously the case Beyers, 2005. Empirical evidence also indicates an increase of persons working with creative tasks within traditional industries, but primarily as a growth in the number of employee

17、s within creative industries, such as Information and Communication Technology ICT, advertising, marketing, music/film and design/fashion. Studies in the UK show an aggregated increase in these categories of 35%during the period 1994?2001 Bryson et al., 2004, p. 72. The important role of business an

18、d professional services also goes for regional European economies outside the traditional service hot-spots such as London Daniels & Bryson, 2005; Lundquist, Olander, & Svensson Henning, 2006. As we will see,this discussion could also be extended tothe case of Sweden during recent decades.The differ

19、ent sub-sectors of producer services play different roles in the restructuring and renewal of the economy. For example, consultants engaged in the areas of management, organisation and purchasing contribute indirectly to the economic restructuring by supplying specialised and independent professiona

20、l knowledge, changing the routines of firms and consequently their productivity and profit.Other sub-sectors, such as R&D, product development, design and market research may play a more direct role due to their capacity to contribute to innovations and the development of new services, products and

21、industries. Explanations for the extensive growth of producer services and KIBS could therefore be of bothstatistical and functional natures. Statistically,some of thegrowthcouldbe attributedtooutsourcingof previously internalisedservicefunctionsinmanufacturingcompanies.During theFordistcrisis,down-

22、sizingandoutsourcing were important means to achieve lowered costs, increasing productivity and flexibility and meeting increasing international competition. The rapid development of microelectronics and ICT opened up newways of organizing production as well as different kinds of newcontrol systems,

23、 administration and service functions. These features can be regarded as central in the emerging post-Fordist capitalism, and the process resulted in a growth of companies specialised in handling the increasing technological and administrative complexity characterising a growing number of firms and

24、industries. The externalisation resulted in a situation where many functions previously performed within the firm especially manufacturing companies were contracted to small independent firms. Bryson et al. 2004, p. 14 however underline that similar strategies are adopted by larger service firms, an

25、d that the externalisation wave therefore is not restricted to manufacturing firms only.Functionally, scholars have emphasised the changing nature of the economy toward a knowledge-intensive learning economy Archibugi & Lundvall, 2001 or new economy Beyers, 2002, a transformation that whatever it is

26、 called has increased the demandfor qualified services Wood, 2002. Theoretically, the role of producer services in the first part of the technology shift process will be to contribute to the diffusion of new generic technologies. The first new services of the technology shift, developed in close ass

27、ociation with new production, most likely have broad application areas. As the key technology is developed and as the economy advances further into the technology shift, service transforms and becomesincreasingly advanced. Depending on their functional linkages to other different industries in the t

28、echnology shift process, and on the state of complementarities and development blocks, the different sectors of producer services can be expected to expand at different points in time. Our next challenge concerns the measuring of this longitudinal process.The service encapsulation concept Bryson et

29、al., 2004; Howells, 2004 illuminates the increasing interdependence between different sectors of theeconomy and stresses that the boundaries between different industries become increasingly blurred. New service types are developedto increase the profit of manufactured products at the same time as ma

30、ny tangible products, to an increased extent, are delivered and consumedonly together with accompanying services. All forms of encapsulation include producer services, other services, intermediary services and manufacturing companies. These actors create, in different constellations and through comp

31、lex interaction, the knowledge and renewal propelling the long-term transformation of the economy Explanations of externalisation, flexible specialization and outsourcing on the one hand, and explanations of the increased demandthat caused the growth of independent and creative producer services on

32、the other hand, are of similar character. The point is that outsourcing and vertical disintegration of large firms is an important sourceinflating thegrowth of producer service firms. However, this must not overshadow the fact that the most important source of growth in producer services is accelera

33、ting demand. At the sametime as this proceeds, an internal growth of service-related tasks and knowledge has taken place within other types of companies.The roles of producer services in contemporary processes of economic transformation and growth are thus complex, overlapping, and therefore theoret

34、ically not easily specified. However in this context most importantly, the KIBS provide specialist services to a range of industries. Bryson et al. 2004 argue that the traditional way of looking at innovations as primarily manufacturing based where service is only assumedto play a supporting role is

35、 erroneous. Rather, the concentration of knowledge and expertise found in some producer service sectors should be looked upon as having altered the balance of power in the economy, and that producer services has come to strongly influence other sectors of the economy. Wood2006 argues that KIBS facil

36、itate innovation in client companies through at least three related areas; organisational and managerial change, technical innovation, and market intelligence.Through this, they facilitate adaptation of new technologies in firms, but this could be generalised to a perspective where KIBS offer opport

37、unities for client firms to increase their adaptability to external changes Wood, 2005. From a technology shift perspective, the KIBS facilitates adaptation of the broad generic technologies to concrete application in manufacturing or other service firms. In rapidly changing phases of economic devel

38、opment, access to such services could be assumed to be vital to client manufacturing firms, at least to those with sufficiently high absorptive capacity Aslesen & Isaksen, 2007; Cohen & Levinthal, 1990. As a general conclusion from the literature, one could indeed argue that a well-functioningKIBS o

39、r producer services sector isa prerequisite for the growth of highly innovative firms in this current phase of economic development Wood,2006. Indeed Wood2006 argues, in line with the Dahme nian development block outlined above, that other formsof innovation, for example, organisational and strategy

40、 innovations, are prerequisites for technological innovation.译文Producer services: growth and roles in long-term economic development 资料来源 : The Service Industries Journal Vol. 28, No. 4, May2008, 463?477 作者:Karl-Johan Lundquist, Lars-Olof Olander and Martin Svensson Henning.新兴服务来源于这样一个事实 , 研究显示生产性服务

41、业在资本主义经济 发展中日益发挥着重要的功能。 现在诸如制造业服务化现象已经出现 , 例如 , 内在 增长的服务职能在传统的制造业公司发挥着作用。事实上 , 服务类型的细化和服 务外包就是另一个例子 , 这就像货物的运输服务越来越到位 , 而制造和服务部门 相互作用产生新型服务就是生产性服务。 20 世纪 70 年代后期以来 , 熊彼特经济 学说在瑞典当时的经济背景下以及演化经济地理学、 分析的解剖构造的重组中产 生 , 该学说特别注重发展生产性服务 , 并相信将因此而展现一个新的、 更完整的瑞 典的转变过程,其中包括了生产性服务业的转变。 在此之前,我们从长期的生产的 角度分析了瑞典经济转型

42、的问题。 本文分析的第一步是瑞典 20世纪 70年代中期 的转变 , 其中包括生产和服务部门。关于生产性服务业增长的历史数据是不轻易可信的 , 即使近年来对生产 性服务业有很多研究 , 但还是缺乏详细的数据。 在实证分析中 , 我们用最近一段时 间得到的魔鬼数据库的数据 , 对自 70 年代末以来不同的纵向转型生产者的服务业部门进行研究分析。生产性服务业和技术转型技术转型的数据来源于生产行业 , 技术转型也是自然是技术与加工的焦 点, 而且有利于在有限的时间里促进生产性服务业的发展。在现有技术转型过程 中, 生产性服务业被假定能发挥越来越重要的作用 , 并被赋予以先进、专业化和知 识密集型的特

43、点。即使生产性服务是一个更为广泛的含义 , 但在对“知识密集型 业务服务” 的定义和人们普遍使用上有很小的概念重叠。 所以我们主要讲的都是 广泛意义上的服务业 , 包括了简化并有特点的生产性服务业。在生产性服务中不同的部门在经济改制和革新有不同的作用。 例如 , 在各 领域的管理、组织和采购层中聘请顾问 , 间接为公司提供专业化知识 ,改善公司的 日常事务 , 提高他们的工作效率和利润。其它分部 , 由于他们的创新和发展新、 服务和产品行业能力 , 如研发、产品开发、设计和市场研究等 ,在公司的运营中起 着直接作用。从粗放型增长的角度解释生产性服务业和知识密集型服务业 , 其具 有的“统计”和“功能”的两种特点。从增长的统计分析 , 先前的服务功能型外 包制造公司就属于这种。 在福特危机 , 小型化和外包是实现降低成本 , 提高生产效 率, 灵活性和增加国际竞争的重要方式。微电子技术的飞速发展和信息技术开辟 了新途径组织生产 , 增加了不同种新控制系统、管理和服务功能。科学技术对经 济发展水