高考英语一轮复习 语法专练三 并列句和状语从句 牛津译林版

1、语法专练三并列句和状语从句,高频考点一while连接的并列句 while作并列连词时,表示前后的对比,意为“然而,而”。 典例1(2013课标,32)Theres no way of knowing why one man makes an im-portant discoveryanother man,also intelligent,fails. 答案while 解析句意:没办法知道为什么有人能够有重大发现,而有的人同样聪明,却 不能。while 在这里表示两种情况的对比,高频考点二and,but,yet,so等连接的并列句 如果前后两分句之间是并列关系就用and连接;如果前后两分句之间是

2、转折关系就要用but/yet连接;如果前后两分句之间是因果关系时就要用so连接,典例2(2015北京,25)He is a shy man,he is not afraid of anything or anyone. 答案but/yet 解析句意:他是一个害羞的男人,但是他不害怕任何事,也不害怕任何人。 根据句意可知前后两个分句为转折关系,故用but/yet,高频考点三时间状语从句 1.before,since引导的时间状语从句 before引导的时间状语从句是高考中的考查热点。before引导的从句可以从两个方面去理解:在之前还有多久,在多久之后才。since表示从过去某个时间开始直到现在

3、,从句中谓语动词常用一般过去时,而主句往往用现在完成时,2.when,while和as的区别 while引导的动作必须是持续性的;when既可引导一个持续动作,也可引导一个短暂动作;as引导时间状语从句表示主句和从句的动作同时进行,意为“一边一边,随着”。 3.注意下列词或短语引导的时间状语从句,1)immediately,directly,the moment/minute/instant,no sooner.than.,hardly.when.(一就)等。 (2)every time,each time,next time,the last time,the first time(每当,每

4、次,下一次,最后一次,第一次)等。 4.till,until和not.until的区别 till,until表示“一直到时”。主句的谓语动词必须是延续性动词,主句和,典例3(2015天津,12)We need to get to the root of the problem we can solve it,从句都为肯定式,表示动作一直持续到某个时间。区别就是till不能置于句首,而until可以置于句首。not.until中主句的谓语动词必须是非延续性动词,从句为肯定式,表示动作直到某个时间才发生,答案before 解析句意:在能够解决这个问题之前,我们需要找到它的根源所在。根据 句意可知用

5、before,高频考点四条件状语从句,典例4(2013江西,28)She says that shell have to close the shopbusiness improves. 答案unless 解析句意:她说如果生意还没有起色的话,就不得不把店关掉。根据语境 可知,此处应该是表达商店关门的条件,即if business doesnt improve,故用un-less(=if.not,高频考点五让步状语从句 1.whether.or.(不管还是),疑问词+-ever与no matter+疑问词(不管;无论)引导让步状语从句。 2.while也可作从属连词引导让步状语从句,相当于al

6、though。 典例5(2015安徽,23)scientists have learned a lot about the universe,there is much we still dont know. 答案Although/Though/While 解析句意:虽然科学家已经了解了很多有关宇宙的东西,但是还有很多我 们不知道的。根据句意可知填Although/Though/While,高频考点六地点状语从句 引导地点状语从句的引导词有:where,wherever。该考点主要是考查where引导的地点状语从句和where引导的定语从句的区别。地点状语从句是说明前面动词动作发生的地点,意为

7、“的地方”。而where引导的定语从句是修饰前面的先行词(名词),意为:在上/中。 典例6(2015安徽,34)he once felt like giving up,he now has the determi-nation to push further and keep on going. 答案Where 解析句意:在他曾经想要放弃的地方,他现在有决心进一步推进并且坚持 下去了。根据句意可知用Where,高频考点七原因/目的/结果状语从句,典例7(2013山东,26)Mark needs to learn Chinese his pany is open-ing a branch in

8、Beijing. 答案since/as/because,解析句意:马克需要学习汉语,因为他的公司正准备在北京开一家分公 司。考查原因状语从句,所以填since/as/because,知识清单一并列句 一、句子的分类 句子,并列句由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。在并列句中,这些简单句常由并列连词连在一起。并列连词所连接的简单句被称为分句。 三、常见的并列句 1.表示递进关系:常用的并列连词有and,not only.but also.等。如: He had plenty of money and he spent it freely. 他有足够的钱,可以随便花。 Not only di

9、d he speak more correctly,but also he spoke more easily.他不仅说得更正确,而且说得更轻松。 2.表示选择关系:常用的并列连词有or,either.or.等。如: Either you are right,or I am. 要么你对,要么我对,二、并列句的基本概念,Dont drive so fast,or youll have an accident. 不要开那么快,否则你会出事的。 3.表示转折关系:常用的并列连词有but,yet,whereas,while等。如: Jane said she was ill,yet I saw her

10、 in the street just now. 简说她病了,但刚才我在街上看到了她。 Some men are rich,while/whereas others are poor. 一些人很富有,但其他人很贫穷。 4.表示因果关系:常用的并列连词有so,for。如: It must have rained last night for it is wet all over. 昨晚一定下雨了,因为到处都是湿的。 The shops were closed so I didnt get any milk,商店都关门了,所以我没买到牛奶。 5.when还可用作并列连词,其意义为“这时,那时”,相

11、当于and at this/that time。常用于下列句式:sb.was doing sth.when.sb.was about to do/going to do/on the point of doing sth.when.sb.had just done sth.when.如: We were having a meeting when someone broke in. 我们正在开会,这时突然有人闯了进来。 We were about to set off when it suddenly began to rain. 我们正打算动身,突然下起了雨。 6.while作为并列连词,意

12、为“而,却”,表示对比。如: He likes pop music,while I am fond of folk music. 他喜欢流行音乐,而我喜欢民间音乐,知识清单二时间状语从句 一、when,while和as 1.when既可引导一个持续动作,也可引导一个短暂动作,可用于主句动作和从句动作同时发生,也可用于从句动作先于主句动作发生。如: When I lived there,I used to go to the seashore on Sundays. 我住在那里时,星期天常到海滨去。 When the film ended,the people went back. 电影一结束,

13、看电影的人便回去了。 当when引导的时间状语从句为系表结构,而且其主语和主句的主语一致,其表语又是一个名词时,就可以用as引导的省略句来代替when引导的从句。如: As a young man(=When he was a young man), he was fond of hunting,他年轻时喜欢打猎。 2.从属连词while引导的动作必须是持续性的,侧重主句动作和从句动作相对比。如: Please dont talk so loud while others are working. 别人在工作时,请别高声谈话。 3.从属连词as可表示从句和主句的两个动作交替进行或同时完成,可译

14、为“一边,一边”或“随着”。如: He hurried home,looking behind as he went. 他匆匆忙忙回家去,一边走一边回头望。 As time goes on,its getting warmer and warmer. 随着时间的推移,天气变得越来越暖和了,4.如果主句表示的是短暂动作,而从句用延续性动词的进行时态表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作,此时when,while与as可互换使用。如: When/While/As I was walking down the street,I came across an old friend of mine. 我正沿着大

15、街走时,碰巧遇到了我的一个老朋友。 二、as soon as,immediately,directly,instantly,the moment,the minute,the instant,no sooner.than.,hardly/scarcely.when. 这些从属连词引导从句时,常译为“一就”。如: The moment I heard the voice,I knew my father was ing. 我一听到那个声音,我就知道我的父亲来了。 No sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left,我们一到车站,

16、火车就离站了。 The boy burst into tears immediately he saw his mother. 那个男孩一见到他妈妈便放声大哭。 注意:no sooner.than.;hardly/scarcely.when.这一结构的时态搭配:no sooner与hardly/scarcely引导的句子的谓语动词应用过去完成时,而than与when引导的句子的谓语动词应用一般过去时。此外,当把no sooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首时,应用倒装语序。如: I had hardly got home when it began to rain. Hardly

17、had I got home when it began to rain. 我一到家就开始下雨了,1.肯定句:主句的谓语动词必须是延续性动词的肯定式,意为“某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止”。如: He remained there until/till she arrived. 他在那里一直等到她来。 You may stay here until/till the rain stops. 你可以在这里待到雨停。 2.否定句:主句的谓语动词必须是非延续性动词,意为“某动作直到某时间才开始”。如: He wont go to bed till/until she returns. 直到她回来他才

18、睡,三、till,until和not.until,Until you told me I had no idea of it. 4.not.until句型中的强调和倒装用法: 直到你告诉我,我才知道这件事。 It was not until you told me that I had any idea of it.(强调句型) Not until you told me did I have any idea of it.(not until置于句首,主句要倒装) 四、before和since 1.若表达“还未就;不到就;才;还没来得及就”时,需用连词before。如: We had sai

19、led four days and four nights before we saw land. 我们航行了四天四夜才看到陆地。 We hadnt run a mile before he felt tired,3.till不可以置于句首,而until可以。如,我们跑了还不到一英里他就感觉累了。 Before I could get in a word,he had measured me. 我还没来得及插话,他就已经给我量好了尺寸。 2.before从句中谓语不用否定式。如: Before they reached the station,the train had gone. 他们到火车

20、站前,火车已开走了。 3.It will be+一段时间+before.还要多久才如: It will be half a year before I e back. 还得再过半年我才能回来。 It wont be long before we meet again. 过不了多长时间我们就会再见面了,4.since从句的谓语动词一般是非延续性动词,主句的谓语动词是延续性的或者是反复发生过的动作。since从句的时态若是一般过去时,相应地,主句中的时态是现在完成时或现在完成进行时。如: I have written home four times since I came here. 自从我来到

21、这儿,我已经给家里写过四次信了。 She has been working in this factory since she left school. 她离开学校以后就一直在这个工厂工作。 5.在“It is+一段时间+since从句”句型中,时间的计算一律从since从句中谓语动词所表示的动作完成或表示的状态结束时算起。如: It is three years since the war broke out. 自战争爆发以来有三年了,It is three years since I smoked a cigar(=since I stopped smoking a cigar). 我不吸

22、烟有三年了。 如果译成“我吸烟有三年了。”,应为:It is three years since I began to smoke. 五、every time,each time,next time,the last time,any time等名词短语用来引导时间状语从句,表示“每当;每次;下次”等。如: Next time you e,do remember to bring your son here. 下次你来的时候,一定记着把你儿子带来。 The last time she saw James,he was lying in bed. 上次她看见詹姆斯的时候,他正躺在床上,1.引导地

23、点状语从句的从属连词有where,wherever。 We should go where the Party needs us most. 我们应到党最需要我们的地方去。 You are free to go wherever you like. 你愿意去哪里就去哪里。 Wherever there is smoke,there is a fire. 无火不生烟。(无风不起浪。) 2.注意区分where引导的定语从句与状语从句: Youd better make a mark where you have any questions.(状语从句) Youd better make a mar

24、k at the place where you have any questions.(定语从句) 你最好在有问题的地方做一下标记,知识清单三地点状语从句和原因状语从句 一、地点状语从句,二、原因状语从句 1.引导原因状语从句的从属连词有:because,as,since,now that,每个连词的含义不尽相同,如: I was absent from the meeting because I was ill,因为我病了,所以我开会缺席了。 As it is raining,we shall not go to the park. 由于在下雨,我们不去公园了。 Now that/Sinc

25、e everybody is here,lets begin our meeting. 既然大家都在,我们开始开会吧。 2.此外,when也可以表示原因,意为:since;considering that 既然;考虑到。如: It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could walk there in five minutes. 既然你步行5分钟能到那里,却打的,真够愚蠢的,引导目的状语从句的从属连词有:so that,in order that,for fear that,in case,lest等。 1.in order that与so

26、 that 两个连词都意为“以便;为了”,它们引导的状语从句中常用情态动词。in order that比so that正式,引导的状语从句可置于主句之前或之后,而so that引导的从句只能置于主句之后。如: Ill speak slowly so that you can understand me. 我会慢慢说,以便你能懂。 In order that we might see the sunrise,we started for the peak early.为了能看到日出,我们很早就出发去了山顶,知识清单四目的状语从句和结果状语从句 一、目的状语从句,引导目的状语从句时,for fea

27、r that表示“害怕,担心”某事会发生;in case(that)表示“以防(万一)”出现某种情况。如: Mary didnt want to get out of bed,for fear that she might wake her baby(up).玛丽不想起床,担心吵醒她的宝宝。 Take your raincoat,in case it rains. 带上雨衣吧,以防下雨。 二、结果状语从句 1.引导结果状语从句的从属连词有:so that,so.that.,such.that.。在非正式语体中,由so.that.,such.that.引导的句子中that可以省略,注意其结构形式

28、,2.for fear that与in case,如: Mike is such an honest worker that we all believe him. =Mike is so honest a worker that we all believe him. 迈克是一个如此诚实的工人,以至于我们都相信他。 It is such fine weather that we all want to go to the park. 天气如此晴朗,以至于我们都想去公园。 He earned so little money that he couldnt support his family.

29、 他挣这么少的钱,以至于养不起家,当so或such置于句首时,主句要用倒装语序。如: So clever a student was he that he was able to work out all the difficult problems. 他是如此聪明的学生,以至于成功地解出了所有难题。 2.除结果状语从句外,too.to.(太而不能),enough to.(达到某种程度可以),so.as to.(那么以至于)等结构同样可以表示结果。如: 他起床太晚了,没有赶上那班公共汽车。 He didnt get up early enough to catch the bus. =He g

30、ot up too late to catch the bus. =He got up so late as to miss the bus,引导条件状语从句的从属连词有:if,unless(=if.not如果不;除非;否则),so/as long as(只要),in case(万一),on condition that(条件是),suppose/suppos-ing(假设,如果),provided/providing that(如果)等。如: Youll fail the exam unless you study hard(=if you dont study hard). 除非你努力学习

31、,否则你考试会不及格。 As long as you dont lose heart,you will succeed. 只要不灰心,你就会成功。 Suppose/Supposing(that)they refuse us,who else can we turn to for help? 假如他们拒绝了我们,我们还能求助于谁? In case there is a fire,what will we do first? 万一发生火灾,我们首先做什么,知识清单五条件状语从句和方式状语从句 一、条件状语从句,二、方式状语从句 引导方式状语从句的从属连词有:as,as if,as though等。

32、方式状语从句应放在主句之后。其中as if或as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气,但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现,也可用陈述语气。如: Do as you are told to,or youll be fired. 告诉你怎么做你就怎么做,否则你会被解雇。 The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son. 这位老太太对待这个男孩就像他是她自己的儿子似的。 I feel as if I have a fever. 我感觉好像发烧了,一、让步状语从句 1.although/though(尽管,虽然),even though/e

33、ven if(即使)引导的让步状语从句。 although与though两者意思相同,一般可互换,都可以与yet,still或nevertheless连用,但不能和but连用。如: He is unhappy,though/although he has a lot of money. 虽然他很有钱,但他并不幸福。 Although/Though it was raining hard,yet they went on playing football. 虽然雨下得很大,但他们还是继续踢足球。 Even though/if it is raining,well go there.(陈述语气)

34、即使正在下雨,我们也要去那里。 Even if I were busy,I would go.(虚拟语气,知识清单六让步状语从句和比较状语从句,即使忙,我也得去。 注意:though还可用作副词,意为“可是,然而”,置于句末。如: He said he would e;he didnt,though. 他说他会来,可是没有来。 2.as或though引导让步状语从句时倒装的情况 as或though引导从句一般放在主句之前,常用倒装语序。从句中的表语、状语或动词原形置于句首。若表语是单数名词,前置时要省略冠词。如: Child as/though he is,he knows a lot. 尽管

35、他是孩子,但他懂得很多。 Much as/though I like it,I wont buy it,for its too expensive. 虽然我很喜欢它,但不会买,因为它太贵了,注意:though引导的从句也可以像as引导的从句一样用倒装语序,但是although引导的从句只能用正常语序。注意比较下面的说法: ()Smart though/as she is,she doesnt study hard. ()Though she is smart,she doesnt study hard. ()Although she is smart,she doesnt study hard

36、. ()Smart although she is,she doesnt study hard. ()As she is smart,she doesnt study hard. 3.whether.or.(不管还是);疑问词+-ever与no matter+疑问词(不管;无论)。如: Whether you believe it or not,it is true. 不管你相信与否,那都是真的,Whatever(=No matter what)you say,he wont believe you. 无论你说什么,他都不会相信你。 Whoever you are(=No matter who you are),you must obey the rules.无论你是谁,你都要遵守规则。 注意:whoever,whatever,whomever,whichever还可以引导名词性从句。如: You can take whatever you like.(宾语从句) 你喜欢什么就可以拿什么。 4.when,while也可作从属连词,相当于although。如: Suddenly,she stopped short when she ought to have continued. 尽管她应该继续下去,她却突然停住了。 While I admit that there